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Existing techniques that use local differential privacy (LDP), which adds noise to users\u2019 data locally, make assumptions that significantly affect utility. In particular, they assume that all attributes in a dataset are correlated and materialize all pair-wise grids\/trees. Moreover, they assume that each pair-wise correlation is equally relevant when answering queries. These assumptions result in a low signal\/noise ratio, especially for datasets with a large number of attributes. To address the deficiency of existing techniques, we propose a new approach to answer multi-dimensional range queries that leverages multi-dimensional correlations and workload characteristics to selectively choose the data that is collected under the LDP model. Our approach first leverages the availability of a small number of DP users to build a correlation model to determine how attributes are correlated. Then, we use the notion of multi-dimensional grids to capture multi-dimensional correlations. That allows us to materialize fewer grids, boosting the signal\/noise ratio. Finally, we propose a new optimization step that makes use of available workload characteristics to identify the user distribution that minimizes the total error when answering multi-dimensional queries among users during the grid assignment process. We conduct extensive experiments on real and synthetic datasets and demonstrate the superiority of our method over existing approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-026-01001-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T03:30:21Z","timestamp":1786246221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PrivMDC: leveraging multi-dimensional correlations to answer differentially private range queries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 S. Costa","family":"Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe T.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor A. 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