{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:37:15Z","timestamp":1761514635995,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016019","name":"Free State of Thuringia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2015 FE 9108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015 FE 9108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pers Ubiquit Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>When operating a conditionally automated vehicle, humans occasionally have to take over control. If the driver is out of the loop, a certain amount of time is necessary to gain situation awareness. This work evaluates the potential of stereoscopic 3D (S3D) dashboards for presenting smart S3D take-over-requests (TORs) to support situation assessment. In a driving simulator study with a 4 \u00d7 2 between-within design, we presented 3 smart TORs showing the current traffic situation and a baseline TOR in 2D and S3D to 52 participants doing the n-back task. We further investigate if non-standard locations affect the results. Take-over performance indicates that participants looked at and processed the TORs\u2019 visual information and by that, could perform more safe take-overs. S3D warnings in general, as well as warnings appearing at the participants\u2019 focus of attention and warnings at the instrument cluster, performed best. We conclude that visual warnings, presented on an S3D dashboard, can be a valid option to support take-over while not increasing workload. We further discuss participants\u2019 gaze behavior in the context of visual warnings for automotive user interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-020-01438-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T08:03:42Z","timestamp":1598342622000},"page":"697-719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Stereoscopic 3D dashboards"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8677-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Weidner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Broll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1438_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1162\/1054746042545300","volume":"13","author":"R Arsenault","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arsenault R, Ware C (2004) The importance of stereo and eye-coupled perspective for eye-hand coordination in fish tank VR. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 13(5):549\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/1054746042545300","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt Environ"},{"issue":"February","key":"1438_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.04.001","volume":"56","author":"P Bazilinskyy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazilinskyy P, Petermeijer S, Petrovych V, Dodou D, de Winter J (2018) Take-over requests in highly automated driving: a crowdsourcing survey on auditory, vibrotactile, and visual displays. Transport Res Part F Traff Psychol Behav 56(February):82\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2018.04.001","journal-title":"Transport Res Part F Traff Psychol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"1438_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2010.12.001","volume":"14","author":"S Benedetto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Benedetto S, Pedrotti M, Minin L, Baccino T, Re A, Montanari R (2011) Driver workload and eye blink duration. Transport Res Part F Traff Psychol Behav 14 (3):199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2010.12.001","journal-title":"Transport Res Part F Traff Psychol Behav"},{"key":"1438_CR4","unstructured":"Blascheck T, Kurzhals K, Raschke M, Burch M, Weiskopf D, Ertl T (2014) State-of-the-art of visualization for eye tracking data. Eurographics Conf Visual (EuroVis) 1\u201320"},{"key":"1438_CR5","unstructured":"Borojeni SS, Boll S, Heuten W, B\u00fclthoff H, Chuang L (2018) Feel the movement: real motion influences responses to take-over requests in highly automated vehicles"},{"key":"1438_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borojeni SS, Wallbaum T, Heuten W, Boll S (2017) Comparing shape-changing and vibro-tactile steering wheels for take-over requests in highly automated driving. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI \u201917. ACM Press, New York, pp 221\u2013225. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3122986.3123003","DOI":"10.1145\/3122986.3123003"},{"key":"1438_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Broy N, Alt F, Schneegass S, Henze N, Schmidt A (2013) Perceiving layered information on 3D displays using binocular disparity. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays - PerDis \u201913, p 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2491568.2491582, http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2491568.2491582","DOI":"10.1145\/2491568.2491582"},{"key":"1438_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broy N, Alt F, Schneegass S, Pfleging B (2014) 3D displays in cars: exploring the user performance for a stereoscopic instrument cluster. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI \u201914, pp 1\u20139. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2667317.2667319","DOI":"10.1145\/2667317.2667319"},{"key":"1438_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broy N, Guo M, Schneegass S, Pfleging B, Alt F (2015) Introducing novel technologies in the car - conducting a real-world study to test 3D dashboards. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI \u201915. ACM Press, New York, pp 179\u2013186. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2799250.2799280","DOI":"10.1145\/2799250.2799280"},{"key":"1438_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Broy N, Schneegass S, Guo M, Alt F, Schmidt A (2015) Evaluating stereoscopic 3D for automotive user interfaces in a real-world driving study. In: Extended Abstracts of the ACM CHI\u201915 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2702613.2732902","DOI":"10.1145\/2702613.2732902"},{"key":"1438_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueno M, Dogan E, Hadj Selem F, Monacelli E, Boverie S, Guillaume A (2016) How different mental workload levels affect the take-over control after automated driving. In: 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, pp 2040\u20132045. http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7795886\/","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795886"},{"key":"1438_CR12","volume-title":"Mental workload and performance measurements in driving task: a review literature, vol 818","author":"T Butmee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Butmee T, Lansdown TC, Walker GH (2019) Mental workload and performance measurements in driving task: a review literature, vol 818. Springer International Publishing, New York. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-96074-6_31"},{"key":"1438_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.08.028","volume":"74","author":"RL Charles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charles RL, Nixon J (2019) Measuring mental workload using physiological measures: a systematic review. Appl Ergon 74:221\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.08.028","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"9","key":"1438_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7090171","volume":"7","author":"S-W Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi S-W, Lee S, Seo M-W, Kang S-J (2018) Time sequential motion-to-photon latency measurement system for virtual reality head-mounted displays. Electronics 7(9):171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics7090171, https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9292\/7\/9\/171","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"1438_CR15","unstructured":"Classic (2019) MaRS the digital archives of Mercedes-Benz 169 series A-class coupe, 2004 - 2008, https:\/\/mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com\/marsClassic\/en\/instance\/ko.xhtml?oid=453317"},{"key":"1438_CR16","unstructured":"Continental AG (2019) Continental and Leia\u2019s new 3D lightfield display bring the third dimension into automotive vehicles, https:\/\/www.continental.com\/en\/press\/press-releases\/2019-06-11-3d-instrument-cluster-174836"},{"key":"1438_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettmann A, Bullinger AC (2019) Autostereoscopic displays for in-vehicle applications. In: Bagnara S, Tartaglia R, Albolino S, Alexander T, Fujita Y (eds) Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018), Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer International Publishing, Cham., vol 821, pp 457\u2013466 https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-96074-6_48","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96074-6_48"},{"key":"1438_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duchowski AT, Krejtz K, Krejtz I, Biele C, Niedzielska A, Kiefer P, Raubal M, Giannopoulos I (2018) The index of pupillary activity. In: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201918. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3173574.3173856. ACM Press, New York, pp 1\u201313","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173856"},{"key":"1438_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott A, Woodward W (2007) Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook. SAGE Publications, Inc, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America. http:\/\/methods.sagepub.com\/book\/statistical-analysis-quick-reference-guidebook","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985949"},{"issue":"1","key":"1438_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543","volume":"37","author":"MR Endsley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Endsley MR (1995) Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors: J Human Fact Ergonom Soc 37(1):32\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872095779049543","journal-title":"Human Factors: J Human Fact Ergonom Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1438_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816681350","volume":"59","author":"MR Endsley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Endsley MR (2017) From here to autonomy: lessons learned from human-automation research. Hum Factors 59(1):5\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720816681350","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"1438_CR22","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using R","author":"AP Field","year":"2014","unstructured":"Field AP, Miles J, Field Z (2014) Discovering statistics using R. Sage, London. https:\/\/uk.sagepub.com\/en-gb\/eur\/discovering-statistics-using-r\/book236067"},{"key":"1438_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5679151","volume":"2018","author":"F Galante","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galante F, Bracco F, Chiorri C, Pariota L, Biggero L, Bifulco GN (2018) Validity of mental workload measures in a driving simulation environment. J Adv Transp 2018:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/5679151. https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jat\/2018\/5679151\/","journal-title":"J Adv Transp"},{"key":"1438_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gold C, Berisha I, Bengler K (2015) Utilization of drivetime - performing non-driving related tasks while driving highly automated. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931215591360","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931215591360"},{"issue":"1","key":"1438_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213571433","volume":"57","author":"C Gold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gold C, Damb\u00f6ck D, Lorenz L, Bengler K (2013) Take over how long does it take to get the driver back into the loop?. Proc Human Fact Ergonom Soc Annual Meeting 57(1):1938\u20131942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931213571433","journal-title":"Proc Human Fact Ergonom Soc Annual Meeting"},{"key":"1438_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research. In: Hancock PA, Meshkati N (eds) Human mental workload, advances in psychology, North-Holland, vol 52, pp 139\u2013183. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166411508623869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"1438_CR27","volume-title":"Binocular vision and stereopsis","author":"IP Howard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Howard IP, Rogers BJ (2008) Binocular vision and stereopsis. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"1438_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS, Lilienthal MG (1993) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3(3):203\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"1438_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim N, Jeong K, Yang M, Oh Y, Kim J (2017) Are you ready to take-over?. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA \u201917. ACM Press, pp 1771\u20131778, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3027063.3053155","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053155"},{"key":"1438_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer AF (1990) Physiological metrics of mental workload: a review of recent progress, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/docs\/citations\/ADA223701","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA223701"},{"issue":"9","key":"1438_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0203629","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203629","volume":"13","author":"K Krejtz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krejtz K, Duchowski AT, Niedzielska A, Biele C, Krejtz I (2018) Eye tracking cognitive load using pupil diameter and microsaccades with fixed gaze. Plos One 13(9):e0203629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203629","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"1438_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laugwitz B, Held T, Schrepp M (2008) Construction and evaluation of a user experience questionnaire. In: Symposium of the Austrian HCI and Usability Engineering Group. Springer, Berlin, pp 63\u201376, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-89350-9_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89350-9_6"},{"key":"1438_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locken A, Muller H, Heuten W, Boll S (2015) An experiment on ambient light patterns to support lane change decisions. In: 2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), IEEE, pp 505\u2013510. http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7225735\/","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2015.7225735"},{"issue":"March","key":"1438_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00057","volume":"13","author":"M Lohani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lohani M, Payne BR, Strayer DL (2019) A review of psychophysiological measures to assess cognitive states in real-world driving. Front Hum Neurosci 13(March):1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00057","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1438_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581351","volume":"58","author":"L Lorenz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lorenz L, Kerschbaum P, Schumann J (2014) Designing take over scenarios for automated driving. Proc Human Fact Ergonom Soc Annual Meeting 58(1):1681\u20131685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931214581351","journal-title":"Proc Human Fact Ergonom Soc Annual Meeting"},{"key":"1438_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.01.001","volume":"76","author":"T Louw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Louw T, Merat N (2017) Are you in the loop? Using gaze dispersion to understand driver visual attention during vehicle automation. Transport Res Part C Emerg Technol 76:35\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2017.01.001","journal-title":"Transport Res Part C Emerg Technol"},{"key":"1438_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.10.007","volume":"43","author":"Z Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu Z, Happee R, Cabrall CDD, Kyriakidis M, de Winter JCF (2016) Human factors of transitions in automated driving: a general framework and literature survey. Transport Res Part F Traf Psychol Behav 43:183\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2016.10.007","journal-title":"Transport Res Part F Traf Psychol Behav"},{"key":"1438_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marquart G, Cabrall C, de Winter J (2015) Review of eye-related measures of drivers\u2019 mental workload. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2015) and the Affiliated Conferences, AHFE 2015. The Authors. https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2351978915007842, pp 2854\u20132861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.783"},{"key":"1438_CR39","unstructured":"Marshall SP (2003) The index of cognitive activity: measuring cognitive workload. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 7th Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants, IEEE, pp 7\u20135\u20137\u20139. http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1042860\/"},{"key":"1438_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94700A","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2176997","volume":"9470","author":"JP McIntire","year":"2015","unstructured":"McIntire JP, Havig PR, Pinkus AR (2015) A guide for human factors research with stereoscopic 3D displays. SPIE Defense + Security 9470:94700A. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2176997, http:\/\/proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2299395","journal-title":"SPIE Defense + Security"},{"key":"1438_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McKendrick RD, Cherry E (2018) A deeper look at the NASA TLX and where it falls short. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, pp 44\u201348, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931218621010","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931218621010"},{"issue":"Ahfe","key":"1438_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.788","volume":"3","author":"V Melcher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Melcher V, Rauh S, Diederichs F, Widlroither H, Bauer W (2015) Take-over requests for automated driving. Procedia Manufact 3 (Ahfe):2867\u20132873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.788, https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2351978915007891","journal-title":"Procedia Manufact"},{"key":"1438_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meschtscherjakov A, Ju W, Tscheligi M, Szostak D, Krome S, Pfleging B, Ratan R, Politis I, Baltodano S, Miller D (2016) HCI and autonomous vehicles. In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA \u201916. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2851581.2856489. ACM Press, New York, pp 3542\u20133549","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2856489"},{"key":"1438_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller D, Sun A, Ju W (2014) Situation awareness with different levels of automation. In: Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pp 688\u2013693, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SMC.2014.6973989","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2014.6973989"},{"key":"1438_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirnig AG, G\u00e4rtner M, Laminger A, Meschtscherjakov A, Tr\u00f6sterer S, McCall R, McGee F, Tscheligi M (2017) Control transition interfaces in semiautonomous vehicles: a categorization framework and literature analysis. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI \u201917)","DOI":"10.1145\/3122986.3123014"},{"key":"1438_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mok B, Johns M, Miller D, Ju W (2017) Tunneled. In: Drivers with active secondary tasks need more time to transition from automation. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025713, http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3025453.3025713, pp 2840\u20132844","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025713"},{"key":"1438_CR47","unstructured":"Naikar N (1998) Perspective displays : a review of human factors. Tech rep. Defence science and technology organisation Canberra (Australia), https:\/\/catalogue.nla.gov.au\/Record\/2840016"},{"key":"1438_CR48","unstructured":"Naujoks F, Mai C, Neukum A (2014) The effect of urgency of take-over requests during highly automated driving under distraction conditions. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE, pp 2099\u20132106"},{"key":"1438_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palinko O, Kun AL, Cook Z, Downey A, Lecomte A, Swanson M, Tomaszewski T (2013) Towards augmented reality navigation using affordable technology. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI \u201913, pp 238\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2516540.2516569, http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2516540.2516569","DOI":"10.1145\/2516540.2516569"},{"issue":"4","key":"1438_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its:20080023","volume":"2","author":"A Pauzie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pauzie A (2008) A method to assess the driver mental workload: the driving activity load index (DALI). IET Intell Transp Syst 2(4):315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-its:20080023","journal-title":"IET Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"1438_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paxion J, Galy E, Berthelon C (2014) Mental workload and driving. Front Psychol 5, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01344","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01344"},{"key":"1438_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.02.023","volume":"62","author":"S Petermeijer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petermeijer S, Bazilinskyy P, Bengler K, de Winter J (2017) Take-over again: investigating multimodal and directional TORs to get the driver back into the loop. Appl Ergon 62:204\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.02.023","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"1438_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peterson RA, Cavanaugh JE (2019) Ordered quantile normalization: a semiparametric transformation built for the cross-validation era. J Appl Stat https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02664763.2019.1630372","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2019.1630372"},{"key":"1438_CR54","unstructured":"Peugeot Deutschland GmbH (2019) Der neue PEUGEOT 208 https:\/\/www.peugeot.de\/modelle\/alle-modelle\/neuer-peugeot-208.html"},{"key":"1438_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pfleging B, Fekety DK, Schmidt A, Kun AL (2016) A model relating pupil diameter to mental workload and lighting conditions. In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, NY, USA, pp 5776\u20135788, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2858036.2858117","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858117"},{"key":"1438_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitts MJ, Hased\u017ei\u0107 E, Skrypchuk L, Attridge A, Williams M (2015) Adding depth: establishing 3D display fundamentals for automotive applications. In: SAE Technical Paper. SAE International. http:\/\/papers.sae.org\/2015-01-0147\/","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-01-0147"},{"key":"1438_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qiu H, Ahmad F, Bai F, Gruteser M, Govindan R (2018) AVR: augmented vehicular reality. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, applications, and services. ACM, New York, pp 81\u201395, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3210240.3210319","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210319"},{"issue":"1","key":"1438_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581434","volume":"58","author":"J Radlmayr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Radlmayr J, Gold C, Lorenz L, Farid M, Bengler K (2014) How traffic situations and non-driving related tasks affect the take-over quality in highly automated driving. Proc Human Fact Ergonom Soc Annual Meeting 58(1):2063\u20132067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931214581434","journal-title":"Proc Human Fact Ergonom Soc Annual Meeting"},{"issue":"2","key":"1438_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600004406","volume":"11","author":"MA Recarte","year":"2008","unstructured":"Recarte MA, P\u00e9rez E, Conchillo A, Nunes LM (2008) Mental workload and visual impairment: differences between pupil, blink, and subjective rating. Spanish J Psychol 11(2):374\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1138741600004406. https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1138741600004406\/type\/journal_article","journal-title":"Spanish J Psychol"},{"key":"1438_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reimer B, Gulash C, Mehler B, Foley JP, Arredondo S, Waldmann A (2014) The MIT AgeLab n-back. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI \u201914. ACM Press, New York, pp 1\u20136. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2667239.2667293","DOI":"10.1145\/2667239.2667293"},{"key":"1438_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezvani T, Driggs-Campbell K, Sadigh D, Sastry S S, Seshia S A, Bajcsy R (2016) Towards trustworthy automation: user interfaces that convey internal and external awareness. In: 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), IEEE, pp 682\u2013688. http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7795627\/","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795627"},{"key":"1438_CR62","unstructured":"SAE International (2015) Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles (SAE J 3016). Tech. rep. SAE International, https:\/\/www.sae.org\/standards\/content\/j3016_201806\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"1438_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2017.445","volume":"4","author":"M Schrepp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schrepp M, Hinderks A, Thomaschewski J (2017) Construction of a benchmark for the user experience questionnaire (UEQ). Int J Interact Multimed Artif Intell 4(4):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9781\/ijimai.2017.445, http:\/\/www.ijimai.org\/journal\/node\/1514","journal-title":"Int J Interact Multimed Artif Intell"},{"key":"1438_CR64","unstructured":"Schwartz BL, Krantz JH (2018) Random dot stereograms, https:\/\/isle.hanover.edu\/Ch07DepthSize\/Ch07RandomDotStereograms.html"},{"key":"1438_CR65","unstructured":"Systems Technology Inc (2020) STISIM drive, https:\/\/stisimdrive.com\/"},{"key":"1438_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telpaz A, Rhindress B, Zelman I, Tsimhoni O (2015) Haptic seat for automated driving. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - AutomotiveUI \u201915. ACM Press, New York, pp 23\u201330. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2799250.2799267","DOI":"10.1145\/2799250.2799267"},{"key":"1438_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walch M, Lange K, Baumann M, Weber M (2015) Autonomous driving: investigating the feasibility of car-driver handover assistance. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, pp 11\u201318, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2799250.2799268","DOI":"10.1145\/2799250.2799268"},{"key":"1438_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ware C, Arthur K, Booth KS (1993) Fish tank virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI \u201993. ACM Press, New York, pp 37\u201342. http:\/\/portal.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=169059.169066","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169066"},{"key":"1438_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weidner F, Broll W (2017) Establishing design parameters for large stereoscopic 3D dashboards. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications Adjunct - AutomotiveUI \u201917. ACM Press, New York, pp 212\u2013216. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3131726.3131763","DOI":"10.1145\/3131726.3131763"},{"key":"1438_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weidner F, Broll W (2019) Exploring large stereoscopic 3D dashboards for future automotive user interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE. Springer, Orlando, pp 502\u2013513, DOI https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93885-1_45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93885-1_45"},{"key":"1438_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weidner F, Broll W (2019) Smart S3D TOR: intelligent warnings on large stereoscopic 3D dashboards during take-overs. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays - PerDis \u201919. ACM Press, New York, pp 1\u20137. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3321335.3324937","DOI":"10.1145\/3321335.3324937"},{"issue":"2","key":"1438_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220210123806","volume":"3","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wickens CD (2002) Multiple resources and performance prediction. Theor Issues Ergonom Sci 3(2):159\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14639220210123806","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergonom Sci"},{"key":"1438_CR73","volume-title":"Applied attention theory","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wickens CD, McCarley. JS (2012) Applied attention theory. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon"},{"key":"1438_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang C-K, Wacharamanotham C (2018) Alpscarf: augmenting scarf plots for exploring temporal gaze patterns 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3170427.3188490","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3188490"},{"issue":"12","key":"1438_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1080\/00949655.2010.520163","volume":"81","author":"BW Yap","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yap BW, Sim CH (2011) Comparisons of various types of normality tests. J Stat Comput Simul 81(12):2141\u20132155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00949655.2010.520163","journal-title":"J Stat Comput Simul"},{"key":"1438_CR76","unstructured":"Zarife R (2014) Integrative warning concept for multiple driver assistance systems, Ph.D. Thesis, Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, https:\/\/nbn-resolving.org\/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101118"}],"container-title":["Personal and Ubiquitous Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00779-020-01438-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00779-020-01438-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00779-020-01438-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T06:26:30Z","timestamp":1654842390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00779-020-01438-8"}},"subtitle":["An investigation of performance, workload, and gaze behavior during take-overs in semi-autonomous driving"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00779-020-01438-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1617-4909","1617-4917"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1617-4909"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1617-4917"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Conflict of interest"}}]}}