{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T16:27:25Z","timestamp":1747153645836,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Digit Libr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-019-00269-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T11:04:07Z","timestamp":1555067047000},"page":"433-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expressiveness and machine processability of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS): an analysis of concepts and relations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0832-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manolis","family":"Peponakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5892-2831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mastora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8723-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarantos","family":"Kapidakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Doerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"269_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00168","volume":"40","author":"T Kuhn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuhn, T.: A survey and classification of controlled natural languages. Comput. Linguist. 40, 121\u2013170 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/COLI_a_00168","journal-title":"Comput. Linguist."},{"key":"269_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21382","volume":"61","author":"WG Stock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stock, W.G.: Concepts and semantic relations in information science. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 61, 1951\u20131969 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.21382","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"269_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0501-34","volume":"284","author":"T Berners-Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J., Lassila, O.: The semantic web. Sci. Am. 284, 34\u201343 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/scientificamerican0501-34","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"269_CR4","volume-title":"A Semantic Web Primer","author":"G Antoniou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Antoniou, G., Van Harmelen, F.: A Semantic Web Primer. MIT Press, Cambridge (2008)"},{"key":"269_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09357-4","volume-title":"The Elements of Knowledge Organization","author":"RP Smiraglia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smiraglia, R.P.: The Elements of Knowledge Organization. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)"},{"key":"269_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.2007.1440410115","volume":"41","author":"B Hj\u00f8rland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hj\u00f8rland, B.: Semantics and knowledge organization. Annu. Rev. Inf. Sci. Technol. 41, 367\u2013405 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aris.2007.1440410115","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"269_CR7","unstructured":"Hj\u00f8rland, B.: Concepts, paradigms and knowledge organization. In: Gnoli, C., Mazzocchi, F. (eds.) Paradigms and Conceptual Systems in Knowledge Organization: Proceedings of the 11th International ISKO Conference, 23\u201326 February 2010, Rome, Italy, pp. 38\u201342. Ergon, W\u00fcrzburg (2010)"},{"key":"269_CR8","unstructured":"Margolis, E., Laurence, S.: Concepts (2011). http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2014\/entries\/concepts\/ . Accessed 30 May 2018"},{"key":"269_CR9","volume-title":"Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind","author":"G Lakoff","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lakoff, G.: Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1990)"},{"key":"269_CR10","first-page":"177","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning","author":"LJ Rips","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rips, L.J., Smith, E.E., Medin, D.L.: Concepts and categories: memory, meaning, and metaphysics. In: Holyoak, K.J., Morrison, R.G. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning, pp. 177\u2013209. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2013)"},{"key":"269_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226470993.001.0001","volume-title":"Metaphors We Live By","author":"G Lakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lakoff, G., Johnson, M.: Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2003)"},{"key":"269_CR12","volume-title":"The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language","author":"S Pinker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pinker, S.: The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, New York (2007)"},{"key":"269_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-07-2012-0092","volume":"69","author":"R Smiraglia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smiraglia, R., den Heuvel, C.V.: Classifications and concepts: towards an elementary theory of knowledge interaction. J. Doc. 69, 360\u2013383 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JD-07-2012-0092","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"269_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4583-2_3","volume-title":"Wittgenstein, Language and Information: \u201cBack to the Rough Ground!\u201d","author":"D Blair","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blair, D.: Wittgenstein, Language and Information: \u201cBack to the Rough Ground!\u201d. Springer, Dordrecht (2006)"},{"key":"269_CR15","first-page":"515","volume":"52","author":"EK Jacob","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jacob, E.K.: Classification and categorization: a difference that makes a difference. Libr. Trends. 52, 515\u2013540 (2004)","journal-title":"Libr. Trends."},{"key":"269_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1108\/00220411211225557","volume":"68","author":"B Hj\u00f8rland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hj\u00f8rland, B.: Is classification necessary after Google? J. Doc. 68, 299\u2013317 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220411211225557","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"269_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/19386389.2012.699829","volume":"12","author":"OL Zavalina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zavalina, O.L.: Subject access: conceptual models, functional requirements, and empirical data. J. Libr. Metadata 12, 140\u2013163 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19386389.2012.699829","journal-title":"J. Libr. Metadata"},{"key":"269_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J104v29n01_02","volume":"29","author":"E Svenonius","year":"2000","unstructured":"Svenonius, E.: LCSH: semantics, syntax and specificity. Cat. Classif. Q. 29, 17\u201330 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J104v29n01_02","journal-title":"Cat. Classif. Q."},{"key":"269_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salah, A.A., Gao, C., Suchecki, K., Scharnhorst, A., Smiraglia, R.P.: The evolution of classification systems: ontogeny of the UDC. In: Neelameghan, A., Raghavan, K.S. (eds.) Categories, Contexts and Relations in Knowledge Organization: Proceedings of the 12th International ISKO Conference, 6\u20139 August 2012, Mysore, India, pp. 51\u201357. Ergon, W\u00fcrzburg (2012)","DOI":"10.5771\/9783956504402-51"},{"key":"269_CR20","unstructured":"Mai, J.-E.: A postmodern theory of knowledge organization. In: Woods, L. (ed.) ASIS\u201999: Proceedings of the 62nd ASIS Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, October 31\u2013November 4, 1999: Knowledge, Creation, Organization and Use, pp. 547\u2013556. Information Today, Medford, NJ (1999)"},{"key":"269_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21635","volume":"62","author":"R Szostak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Szostak, R.: Complex concepts into basic concepts. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 62, 2247\u20132265 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.21635","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"269_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21082","volume":"60","author":"B Hj\u00f8rland","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hj\u00f8rland, B.: Concept theory. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 60, 1519\u20131536 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.21082","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"269_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410510625804","volume":"61","author":"B Hj\u00f8rland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hj\u00f8rland, B., Pedersen, K.N.: A substantive theory of classification for information retrieval. J. Doc. 61, 582\u2013597 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220410510625804","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"269_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1108\/00220411111145061","volume":"67","author":"J-E Mai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mai, J.-E.: The modernity of classification. J. Doc. 67, 710\u2013730 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220411111145061","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"269_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1300\/J104v29n01_04","volume":"29","author":"HA Olson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Olson, H.A.: Difference, culture and change: the untapped potential of LCSH. Cat. Classif. Q. 29, 53\u201371 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J104v29n01_04","journal-title":"Cat. Classif. Q."},{"key":"269_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1086\/495624","volume":"26","author":"HA Olson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Olson, H.A.: The power to name: representation in library catalogs. Signs 26, 639\u2013668 (2001)","journal-title":"Signs"},{"key":"269_CR27","volume-title":"A Companion to Digital Humanities","author":"CM Sperberg-McQueen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sperberg-McQueen, C.M.: Classification and its structures. In: Schreibman, S., Siemens, R., Unsworth, J. (eds.) A Companion to Digital Humanities. Blackwell, Oxford (2004)"},{"key":"269_CR28","unstructured":"Alexiev, B., Marksbury, N.: Terminology as organized knowledge. In: Gnoli, C., Mazzocchi, F. (eds.) Paradigms and Conceptual Systems in Knowledge Organization: Proceedings of the 11th International ISKO Conference, 23\u201326 February 2010, Rome, Italy, pp. 363\u2013370. Ergon, W\u00fcrzburg (2010)"},{"key":"269_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-2012-0116","volume":"7","author":"M-C L\u2019Homme","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u2019Homme, M.-C., Bernier-Colborne, G.: Terms as labels for concepts, terms as lexical units: A comparative analysis in ontologies and specialized dictionaries. Appl. Ontol. 7, 387\u2013400 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/AO-2012-0116","journal-title":"Appl. Ontol."},{"key":"269_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(74)80017-9","volume":"6","author":"JAJ Goguen","year":"1974","unstructured":"Goguen, J.A.J.: Concept representation in natural and artificial languages: axioms, extensions and applications for fuzzy sets. Int. J. Man Mach. Stud. 6, 513\u2013561 (1974). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-7373(74)80017-9","journal-title":"Int. J. Man Mach. Stud."},{"key":"269_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9696-1_3","volume-title":"Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge","author":"SD Clarke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clarke, S.D.: Thesaural relationships. In: Bean, C.A., Green, R. (eds.) Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, pp. 37\u201352. Springer, Amsterdam (2001)"},{"key":"269_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9696-1_1","volume-title":"Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge","author":"R Green","year":"2001","unstructured":"Green, R.: Relationships in the organization of knowledge: an overview. In: Bean, C.A., Green, R. (eds.) Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, pp. 3\u201318. Springer, Amsterdam (2001)"},{"key":"269_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23783","volume":"68","author":"V Engerer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Engerer, V.: Control and syntagmatization: vocabulary requirements in information retrieval thesauri and natural language lexicons. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 68, 1480\u20131490 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.23783","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"269_CR34","volume-title":"Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD): A Conceptual Model","author":"IFLA","year":"2010","unstructured":"IFLA: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD): A Conceptual Model. IFLA, Edinburgh (2010)"},{"key":"269_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/01639374.2012.681269","volume":"50","author":"J Furner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Furner, J.: FRSAD and the ontology of subjects of works. Cat. Classif. Q. 50, 494\u2013516 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639374.2012.681269","journal-title":"Cat. Classif. Q."},{"key":"269_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/01639371003745413","volume":"48","author":"T Gemberling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gemberling, T.: Thema and FRBR\u2019s third group. Cat. Classif. Q. 48, 445\u2013449 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639371003745413","journal-title":"Cat. Classif. Q."},{"key":"269_CR37","unstructured":"Panzer, M.: Two tales: aligning FRSAD with SKOS. In: Boteram, F., G\u00f6dert, W., Hubrich, J. (eds.) Concepts in Context: Proceedings of the Cologne Conference on Interoperability and Semantics in Knowledge Organization, July 19th\u201320th, 2010, pp. 157\u2013168. Ergon, W\u00fcrzburg (2010)"},{"key":"269_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23856","volume":"68","author":"ET O\u2019Neill","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, E.T., Kammerer, K.A., Bennett, R.: The aboutness of words. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 68, 2471\u20132483 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.23856","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"269_CR39","unstructured":"BBC: The man who has focused on one word for 23\u00a0years (2017). http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/magazine-40781213 . Accessed 30 May 2018"},{"key":"269_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.6017\/ital.v35i2.8749","volume":"35","author":"M Peponakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peponakis, M.: In the name of the name: RDF literals, ER attributes and the potential to rethink the structures and visualizations of catalogs. Inf. Technol. Libr. 35, 19\u201338 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6017\/ital.v35i2.8749","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Libr."},{"key":"269_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9696-1_11","volume-title":"Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge","author":"SJ Nelson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nelson, S.J., Johnston, W.D., Humphreys, B.L.: Relationships in medical subject headings (MeSH). In: Bean, C.A., Green, R. (eds.) Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, pp. 171\u2013184. Springer, Amsterdam (2001)"},{"key":"269_CR42","volume-title":"IFLA Library Reference Model: A Conceptual Model for Bibliographic Information","author":"IFLA","year":"2017","unstructured":"IFLA: IFLA Library Reference Model: A Conceptual Model for Bibliographic Information. IFLA, Edinburgh (2017)"},{"key":"269_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2015.04.006","volume":"51","author":"A Ben Abacha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben Abacha, A., Zweigenbaum, P.: MEANS: a medical question-answering system combining NLP techniques and semantic Web technologies. Inf. Process. Manag. 51, 570\u2013594 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2015.04.006","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"269_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7152\/acro.v24i1.14672","volume":"24","author":"A Shiri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shiri, A.: Linked data meets big data: a knowledge organization systems perspective. Adv. Classif. Res. Online. 24, 16\u201320 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7152\/acro.v24i1.14672","journal-title":"Adv. Classif. Res. Online."},{"key":"269_CR45","volume-title":"SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference","author":"W3C","year":"2009","unstructured":"W3C: SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference. W3C, Cambridge (2009)"},{"key":"269_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2013.05.001","volume":"20","author":"T Baker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baker, T., Bechhofer, S., Isaac, A., Miles, A., Schreiber, G., Summers, E.: Key choices in the design of simple knowledge organization system (SKOS). Web Semant. Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web 20, 35\u201349 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.websem.2013.05.001","journal-title":"Web Semant. Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web"},{"key":"269_CR47","unstructured":"Maltese, V., Farazi, F.: Towards the integration of knowledge organization systems with the linked data cloud. In: Slavic, A., Civallero, E. (eds.) Classification and Ontology: Formal Approaches and Access to Knowledge: Proceedings of the International UDC Seminar 19\u201320 September 2011, The Hague, the Netherlands, Organized by UDC Consortium, The Hague, pp. 75\u201390. Ergon, W\u00fcrzburg (2011)"},{"key":"269_CR48","volume-title":"SKOS eXtension for Labels (SKOS-XL) Namespace Document\u2014HTML Variant","author":"W3C","year":"2009","unstructured":"W3C: SKOS eXtension for Labels (SKOS-XL) Namespace Document\u2014HTML Variant. W3C, Cambridge (2009)"},{"key":"269_CR49","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries","author":"C Mader","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mader, C., Haslhofer, B., Isaac, A.: Finding quality issues in SKOS vocabularies. In: Zaphiris, P., Buchanan, G., Rasmussen, E., Loizides, F. (eds.) Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries. Springer, Paphos (2012)"},{"key":"269_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-150194","volume":"7","author":"D Kless","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kless, D., Jansen, L., Milton, S.: A content-focused method for re-engineering thesauri into semantically adequate ontologies using OWL. Semant. Web 7, 543\u2013576 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/SW-150194","journal-title":"Semant. Web"},{"key":"269_CR51","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence","author":"P Jain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jain, P., Hitzler, P., Yeh, P.Z., Verma, K., Sheth, A.: Linked data is merely more data. In: Brickley, D., Chaudhri, V.K., Halpin, H., McGuinness, D. (eds.) Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence, pp. 82\u201386. AAAI Press, California (2010)"},{"key":"269_CR52","volume-title":"Language universals and linguistic typology: syntax and morphology","author":"B Comrie","year":"1989","unstructured":"Comrie, B.: Language universals and linguistic typology: syntax and morphology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1989)"},{"key":"269_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511486333","volume-title":"Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure","author":"GT Stump","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stump, G.T.: Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)"},{"key":"269_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000007085","volume":"57","author":"A Pirkola","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pirkola, A.: Morphological typology of languages for IR. J. Doc. 57, 330\u2013348 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EUM0000000007085","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"269_CR55","unstructured":"Prokopidis, P., Georgantopoulos, B., Papageorgiou, H.: A suite of NLP tools for Greek. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Greek Linguistics, Komotini, Greece (2011)"},{"key":"269_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5771\/0943-7444-2017-3-163","volume":"44","author":"SC Abreu de","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Abreu, S.C., Vieira, R.: RelP: portuguese open relation extraction. Knowl. Organ. 44, 163\u2013177 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5771\/0943-7444-2017-3-163","journal-title":"Knowl. Organ."},{"key":"269_CR57","first-page":"vii","volume-title":"The Semantics of Relationships","author":"CA Bean","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bean, C.A., Green, R., Myaeng, S.H.: Introduction. In: Green, R., Bean, C.A., Myaeng, S.H. (eds.) The Semantics of Relationships, pp. vii\u2013xvi. Springer, Amsterdam (2002)"},{"key":"269_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20315","volume":"57","author":"N Wacholder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wacholder, N., Liu, L.: User preference: a measure of query-term quality. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 57, 1566\u20131580 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.20315","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"269_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2006.12.005","volume":"44","author":"C Lioma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lioma, C., Ounis, I.: A syntactically-based query reformulation technique for information retrieval. Inf. Process. Manag. 44, 143\u2013162 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2006.12.005","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"269_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1602.001.0001","volume-title":"The Big Book of Concepts","author":"GL Murphy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murphy, G.L.: The Big Book of Concepts. MIT Press, Cambridge (2002)"},{"key":"269_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551516648108","volume":"43","author":"A Mastora","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mastora, A., Peponakis, M., Kapidakis, S.: SKOS concepts and natural language concepts: an analysis of latent relationships in KOSs. J. Inf. Sci. 43, 492\u2013508 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551516648108","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"269_CR62","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Applied Ontology: An Introduction","author":"I Johansson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johansson, I.: Four kinds of Is_a relation. In: Munn, K., Smith, B. (eds.) Applied Ontology: An Introduction, pp. 235\u2013254. De Gruyter, Berlin (2008)"},{"key":"269_CR63","first-page":"100","volume":"59","author":"I Peters","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peters, I., Weller, K.: Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in knowledge organization systems. Inf. Wiss. Prax. 59, 100\u2013107 (2008)","journal-title":"Inf. Wiss. Prax."},{"key":"269_CR64","volume-title":"Information and Documentation\u2014Thesauri and Interoperability with Other Vocabularies\u2014Part 1: Thesauri for Information Retrieval","author":"ISO: ISO 25964-1","year":"2011","unstructured":"ISO: ISO 25964-1: Information and Documentation\u2014Thesauri and Interoperability with Other Vocabularies\u2014Part 1: Thesauri for Information Retrieval. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva (2011)"},{"key":"269_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1300\/J104v37n03_02","volume":"37","author":"J Aitchison","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aitchison, J., Clarke, S.D.: The thesaurus: a historical viewpoint, with a look to the future. Cat. Classif. Q. 37, 5\u201321 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J104v37n03_02","journal-title":"Cat. Classif. Q."},{"key":"269_CR66","unstructured":"Doerr, M.: Semantic problems of thesaurus mapping. J. Digit. Inf. 1 (2001). https:\/\/journals.tdl.org\/jodi\/index.php\/jodi\/article\/view\/31"},{"key":"269_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60060-4","volume":"11","author":"A Stellato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stellato, A.: Dictionary, thesaurus or ontology? Disentangling our choices in the semantic web jungle. J. Integr. Agric. 11, 710\u2013719 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60060-4","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"269_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-015-0162-2","volume":"17","author":"V Alexiev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexiev, V., Isaac, A., Lindenthal, J.: On the composition of ISO 25964 hierarchical relations (BTG, BTP, BTI). Int. J. Digit. Libr. 17, 39\u201348 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00799-015-0162-2","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Libr."},{"key":"269_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J104v29n01_01","volume":"29","author":"AT Stone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stone, A.T.: The LCSH century: a brief history of the library of congress subject headings, and introduction to the centennial essays. Cat. Classif. Q. 29, 1\u201315 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J104v29n01_01","journal-title":"Cat. Classif. Q."},{"key":"269_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1300\/J104v29n01_13","volume":"29","author":"M Heiner-Freiling","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heiner-Freiling, M.: Survey on subject heading languages used in national libraries and bibliographies. Cat. Classif. Q. 29, 189\u2013198 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J104v29n01_13","journal-title":"Cat. Classif. Q."},{"key":"269_CR71","unstructured":"Harper, C.A.: Encoding library of congress subject headings in SKOS: authority control for the semantic web. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, Manzanillo, Mexico (2006)"},{"key":"269_CR72","unstructured":"Summers, E., Isaac, A., Redding, C., Krech, D.: LCSH, SKOS and linked data. In: Greenberg, J., Wolfgang, K. (eds.) Metadata for Semantic and Social Applications: Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, pp. 25\u201333. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, Berlin, Germany (2008)"},{"key":"269_CR73","unstructured":"Kwa\u015bnik, B.H.: Approaches to providing context in knowledge representation structures. In: Slavic, A., Civallero, E. (eds.) Classification and Ontology: Formal Approaches and Access to Knowledge: Proceedings of the International UDC Seminar 19\u201320 September 2011, The Hague, The Netherlands, Organized by UDC Consortium, The Hague, pp. 9\u201323. Ergon, W\u00fcrzburg (2011)"},{"key":"269_CR74","unstructured":"Panzer, M.: Cool URIs for the DDC: towards web-scale accessibility of a large classification system. In: Greenberg, J., Wolfgang, K. (eds.) Metadata for Semantic and Social Applications: Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, pp. 183\u2013190. Berlin, Germany (2008)"},{"key":"269_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026895","volume":"48","author":"B Hj\u00f8rland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hj\u00f8rland, B.: The concept of \u2018subject\u2019 in information science. J. Doc. 48, 172\u2013200 (1992). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/eb026895","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"269_CR76","unstructured":"Green, R., Panzer, M.: Relations in the notational hierarchy of the dewey decimal classification. In: Slavic, A., Civallero, E. (eds.) Classification and Ontology: Formal Approaches and Access to Knowledge: Proceedings of the International UDC Seminar 19\u201320 September 2011, The Hague, The Netherlands, Organized by UDC Consortium, The Hague, pp. 161\u2013176. Ergon, W\u00fcrzburg (2011)"},{"key":"269_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-05-2016-0063","volume":"73","author":"F Mazzocchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mazzocchi, F.: Relations in KOS: Is it possible to couple a common nature with different roles? J. Doc. 73, 368\u2013383 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JD-05-2016-0063","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"269_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/01639374.2013.845620","volume":"52","author":"JS Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell, J.S., Zeng, M.L., \u017dumer, M.: Modeling classification systems in multicultural and multilingual contexts. Cat. Classif. Q. 52, 90\u2013101 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639374.2013.845620","journal-title":"Cat. Classif. Q."},{"key":"269_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8847-5","volume-title":"Theory and Applications of Ontology: Computer Applications","author":"R Poli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poli, R., Obrst, L.: The interplay between ontology as categorial analysis and ontology as technology. In: Poli, R., Healy, M., Kameas, A. (eds.) Theory and Applications of Ontology: Computer Applications, pp. 1\u201326. Springer, Amsterdam (2010)"},{"key":"269_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1995.1081","volume":"43","author":"TR Gruber","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gruber, T.R.: Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing? Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 43, 907\u2013928 (1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ijhc.1995.1081","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"269_CR81","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Philosophy, Computing and Information Science","author":"J Kohne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kohne, J.: Ontology, its origins and its meaning in information science. In: Hagengruber, R., Riss, U. (eds.) Philosophy, Computing and Information Science, pp. 85\u201389. Pickering & Chatto, London (2014)"},{"key":"269_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/19386389.2015.1099979","volume":"15","author":"MC Pattuelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pattuelli, M.C., Provo, A., Thorsen, H.: Ontology building for linked open data: a pragmatic perspective. J. Libr. Metadata 15, 265\u2013294 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19386389.2015.1099979","journal-title":"J. Libr. Metadata"},{"key":"269_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v24i3.1720","volume":"24","author":"M Doerr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Doerr, M.: The CIDOC conceptual reference module: an ontological approach to semantic interoperability of metadata. AI Mag. 24, 75 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aimag.v24i3.1720","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"269_CR84","volume-title":"Information and Documentation: A Reference Ontology for the Interchange of Cultural Heritage Information","author":"ISO: ISO 21127","year":"2006","unstructured":"ISO: ISO 21127: Information and Documentation: A Reference Ontology for the Interchange of Cultural Heritage Information. ISO, Geneva (2006)"},{"key":"269_CR85","unstructured":"Jupp, S., Bechhofer, S., Stevens, R.: SKOS with OWL: Don\u2019t be full-ish! In: Presented at the CEUR Workshop Proceedings (2009)"},{"key":"269_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/lht-03-2017-0060","author":"M Nowroozi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nowroozi, M., Mirzabeigi, M., Sotudeh, H.: The comparison of thesaurus and ontology: case of ASIS&T web-based thesaurus and designed ontology. Libr. Hi Tech. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/lht-03-2017-0060","journal-title":"Libr. Hi Tech."},{"key":"269_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243915594025","volume":"40","author":"G Hoeppe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoeppe, G.: Representing representation. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 40, 1077\u20131092 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0162243915594025","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Hum. Values"},{"key":"269_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.5771\/0943-7444-2017-3-178","volume":"44","author":"ML Almeida Campos de","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Almeida Campos, M.L., Gomes, H.E.: Ontology: several theories on the representation of knowledge domains. Knowl. Organ. 44, 178\u2013186 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5771\/0943-7444-2017-3-178","journal-title":"Knowl. Organ."},{"key":"269_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23268","volume":"66","author":"D Kless","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kless, D., Milton, S., Kazmierczak, E., Lindenthal, J.: Thesaurus and ontology structure: Formal and pragmatic differences and similarities. J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 66, 1348\u20131366 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.23268","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"269_CR90","unstructured":"Spero, S.E.: LCSH is to thesaurus as doorbell is to mammal: visualizing structural problems in the library of congress subject headings. In: Metadata for Semantic and Social Applications: Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications, p. 203 (2008)"},{"key":"269_CR91","volume-title":"Applied Ontology An Introduction","author":"U Schwarz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schwarz, U., Smith, B.: Ontological relations. In: Munn, K., Smith, B. (eds.) Applied Ontology An Introduction. De Gruyter, Berlin (2008)"},{"key":"269_CR92","volume-title":"The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind\u2019s Hidden Complexities","author":"G Fauconnier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fauconnier, G., Turner, M.: The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind\u2019s Hidden Complexities. Basic Books, New York (2003)"},{"key":"269_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41924-9_7","volume-title":"Conceptual Modeling","author":"I Wilmont","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilmont, I., Hengeveld, S., Barendsen, E., Hoppenbrouwers, S.: Cognitive mechanisms of conceptual modelling. In: Ng, W., Storey, V.C., Trujillo, J.C. (eds.) Conceptual Modeling, pp. 74\u201387. Springer, Berlin (2013)"},{"key":"269_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-018-0241-2","author":"ML Zeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeng, M.L., Mayr, P.: Knowledge organization systems (KOS) in the semantic web: a multi-dimensional review. Int. J. Digit. Libr. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00799-018-0241-2","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Libr."},{"key":"269_CR95","unstructured":"Kless, D., Lindenthal, J., Milton, S., Kazmierczak, E.: Interoperability of knowledge organization systems with and through ontologies. In: Slavic, A., Civallero, E. (eds.) Classification and Ontology: Formal Approaches and Access to Knowledge: Proceedings of the International UDC Seminar 19\u201320 September 2011, The Hague, The Netherlands, Organized by UDC Consortium, The Hague, pp. 55\u201374. Ergon, W\u00fcrzburg (2011)"},{"key":"269_CR96","volume-title":"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus","author":"L Wittgenstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wittgenstein, L.: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Routledge, London (2001)"}],"container-title":["International Journal on Digital Libraries"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00799-019-00269-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00799-019-00269-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00799-019-00269-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T21:32:17Z","timestamp":1663277537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00799-019-00269-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00799-019-00269-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-5012","1432-1300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1432-5012"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-1300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}