{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T18:25:23Z","timestamp":1770229523449,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["351247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["351247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Digit Libr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the last decades, cultural heritage collections have been digitized, for example, for the use of academic scholars. However, earlier studies have mainly focused on the use of textual materials. Thus, little is known about how digitized photographs are used and searched in digital humanities. The aim of this paper is to investigate the applied search tactics and perceived barriers when looking for historical photographs from a digital image archive for research and writing tasks. The case archive of this study contains approximately 160,000 historical wartime photographs that are openly available. The study is based on a qualitative interview and demonstration data of 15 expert users of the image collection searching photographs for research and writing tasks. Critical incident questions yielded a total of 37 detailed real-life search examples and 158 expressed barriers to searching. Results show that expert users apply and combine different tactics (keywords, filtering and browsing) for image searching, and rarely using one tactic only is enough. During searching users face various barriers, most of them focusing on keyword searching due to the shortcomings of image metadata. Barriers were mostly in the context of the collection and tools. Although scholars have benefited from the efforts put into digitizing cultural heritage collections, providing digitized content openly online is not enough if there are no sufficient means for accessing the content. Automatic annotation methods are one option for creating metadata to improve the findability of the images. However, a better understanding of human information interaction with image data is needed to better support digitalization in the humanities in this respect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-023-00390-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T14:52:11Z","timestamp":1706107931000},"page":"715-728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Image searching in an open photograph archive: search tactics and faced barriers in historical research"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elina","family":"Late","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hille","family":"Ruotsalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Kumpulainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"390_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01124-6","volume":"36","author":"M Azar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azar, M., Cox, G., Impett, L.: Introduction: ways of machine seeing. AI Soc 36, 1093\u20131104 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01124-6","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"key":"390_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-022-00331-4","volume":"23","author":"V Bartalesi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bartalesi, V., Pratelli, N., Lenzi, E.: Linking different scientific digital libraries in digital humanities: the imago case study. Int. J. Digit. Libr. 23, 1\u201315 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00799-022-00331-4","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Libr."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-12-2012-0157","volume":"70","author":"JE Beaudoin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beaudoin, J.E.: A framework of image use among archaeologists, architects, art historians and artists. J. Doc. 70(1), 119\u2013147 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JD-12-2012-0157","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"issue":"2","key":"390_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23387","volume":"67","author":"JE Beaudoin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beaudoin, J.E.: Content-based image retrieval methods and professional image users. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 67(2), 350\u2013365 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.23387","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"390_CR5","first-page":"24","volume":"30","author":"JE Beaudoin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beaudoin, J.E., Brady, J.E.: Finding visual information: a study of image resources used by archaeologists, architects, art historians, and artists. Art Doc. J. Art Libr. Soc. North Am. 30(2), 24\u201336 (2011)","journal-title":"Art Doc. J. Art Libr. Soc. North Am."},{"key":"390_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2424.003.0008","volume-title":"Digital Library Use: Social Practice in Design and Evaluation","author":"CL Borgman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Borgman, C.L.: Designing digital libraries for usability. In: Bishop, A.P., Van House, N.A., Buttenfield, B.P. (eds.) Digital Library Use: Social Practice in Design and Evaluation, pp. 85\u2013118. MIT Press, Cambridge Mass (2003)"},{"key":"390_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-015-0157-z","volume":"16","author":"CL Borgman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borgman, C.L., Darch, P.T., Sands, A.E., et al.: Knowledge infrastructures in science: data, diversity, and digital libraries. Int. J. Digit. Libr. 16, 207\u2013227 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00799-015-0157-z","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Libr."},{"issue":"8","key":"390_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging7080123","volume":"7","author":"E Cetinic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cetinic, E.: Towards generating and evaluating iconographic image captions of artworks. J. Imag. 7(8), 123 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging7080123","journal-title":"J. Imag."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.17723\/0360-9081-81.1.135","volume":"81","author":"AM Chassanoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chassanoff, A.M.: Historians\u2019 experiences using digitized archival photographs as evidence. Am. Arch. 81(1), 135\u2013164 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17723\/0360-9081-81.1.135","journal-title":"Am. Arch."},{"issue":"2","key":"390_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-10-2020-0172","volume":"78","author":"H Cho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cho, H., Pham, M.T., Leonard, K.N., et al.: A systematic literature review on image information needs and behaviors. J. Doc. 78(2), 207\u2013227 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JD-10-2020-0172","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"issue":"3","key":"390_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1353\/ils.2010.0004","volume":"34","author":"Y Choi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi, Y., Hsieh-Yee, I.: Finding images in an online public access catalogue: Analysis of user queries, subject headings, and description notes. Can. J. Inf. Libr. Sci. 34(3), 271\u2013295 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/ils.2010.0004","journal-title":"Can. J. Inf. Libr. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"390_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10237","volume":"54","author":"Y Choi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Choi, Y., Rasmussen, E.M.: Searching for images: The analysis of users\u2019 queries for image retrieval in american history. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 54(6), 498\u2013511 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.10237","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"390_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S0307472200012736","volume":"27","author":"L Conniss","year":"2002","unstructured":"Conniss, L., Ashford, J., Graham, M.E.: Information seeking behaviour in image retrieval: Visor i final report. Art Libr. J. 27(2), 46\u201347 (2002)","journal-title":"Art Libr. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10502-014-9219-z","volume":"15","author":"P Conway","year":"2015","unstructured":"Conway, P.: Digital transformations and the archival nature of surrogates. Arch. Sci. 15(1), 51\u201369 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10502-014-9219-z","journal-title":"Arch. Sci."},{"key":"390_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.29085\/9781783301539.005","volume-title":"Managing Digital Cultural Objects: Analysis, Discovery and Retrieval","author":"HM Dee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dee, H.M., Hughes, L.M., Roderick, G.L., et al.: Visual digital humanities: using image data to derive approximate metadata. In: Foster, R. (ed.) Managing Digital Cultural Objects: Analysis, Discovery and Retrieval, pp. 89\u2013110. ALA Neal-Schuman, Chicago (2016)"},{"key":"390_CR16","unstructured":"Elkins, J.: Visual Studies: A Skeptical Introduction. Routledge (2003)"},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/13614569708914689","volume":"3","author":"R Fidel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fidel, R.: The image retrieval task: implications for the design and evaluation of image databases. New Rev. Hypermed. Multimed. 3(1), 181\u2013199 (1997). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13614569708914689","journal-title":"New Rev. Hypermed. Multimed."},{"issue":"4","key":"390_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061470","volume":"51","author":"JC Flanagan","year":"1954","unstructured":"Flanagan, J.C.: The critical incident technique. Psychol. Bull. 51(4), 327 (1954). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0061470","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"390_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009979200555","volume":"1","author":"CO Frost","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frost, C.O., Taylor, B., Noakes, A., et al.: Browse and search patterns in a digital image database. Inf. Retr. 1(4), 287\u2013313 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1009979200555","journal-title":"Inf. Retr."},{"key":"390_CR20","unstructured":"Geddes, K.O., Czapor, S.R., Labahn, G.: The shallows: How the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember. Atlantic Books Ltd (2010)"},{"issue":"6","key":"390_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24008","volume":"69","author":"LM Given","year":"2018","unstructured":"Given, L.M., Willson, R.: Information technology and the humanities scholar: Documenting digital research practices. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 69(6), 807\u2013819 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-01-2014-0019","volume":"72","author":"A G\u00f6ker","year":"2016","unstructured":"G\u00f6ker, A., Butterworth, R., MacFarlane, A., et al.: Expeditions through image jungles: the commercial use of image libraries in an online environment. J. Doc. 72(1), 5\u201323 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JD-01-2014-0019","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"issue":"2","key":"390_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24571","volume":"73","author":"K Hansson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansson, K., N\u00e4slund Dahlgren, A.: Open research data repositories: Practices, norms, and metadata for sharing images. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 73(2), 303\u2013316 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24571","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"390_CR24","first-page":"438","volume":"48","author":"SK Hastings","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hastings, S.K.: Evaluation of image retrieval systems: Role of user feedback. Libr. Trends 48(2), 438\u2013452 (1999)","journal-title":"Libr. Trends"},{"issue":"3","key":"390_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5860\/crl-331","volume":"74","author":"K Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, K., Kelly, D.: The daily image information needs and seeking behavior of Chinese undergraduate students. Coll. Res. Libr. 74(3), 243\u2013261 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5860\/crl-331","journal-title":"Coll. Res. Libr."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1515\/opis-2022-0129","volume":"6","author":"I Huvila","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huvila, I.: Improving the usefulness of research data with better Paradata. Open Inform. Sci. 6(1), 28\u201348 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/opis-2022-0129","journal-title":"Open Inform. Sci."},{"key":"390_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139051095","volume-title":"The Look of the Past: Visual and Material Evidence in Historical Practice","author":"LJ Jordanova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jordanova, L.J.: The Look of the Past: Visual and Material Evidence in Historical Practice. Cambridge University Press (2012)"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"390_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(97)00077-0","volume":"34","author":"C J\u00f6rgensen","year":"1998","unstructured":"J\u00f6rgensen, C.: Attributes of images in describing tasks. Inform. Process. Manag. 34(2\u20133), 161\u2013174 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4573(97)00077-0","journal-title":"Inform. Process. Manag."},{"issue":"12","key":"390_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20229","volume":"56","author":"C J\u00f6rgensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"J\u00f6rgensen, C., J\u00f6rgensen, P.: Image querying by image professionals. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 56(12), 1346\u20131359 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.20229","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"390_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-04-2022-0082","volume":"78","author":"L Korkeam\u00e4ki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Korkeam\u00e4ki, L., Keskitalo, H., Kumulainen, S.: Task information types related to data gathering in media studies. J. Doc. 78(7), 528\u2013545 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JD-04-2022-0082","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"issue":"7","key":"390_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24608","volume":"73","author":"S Kumpulainen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumpulainen, S., Late, E.: Struggling with digitized historical newspapers: contextual barriers to information interaction in history research activities. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 73(7), 1012\u20131024 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24608","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"390_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumpulainen, S., Ruotsalainen, H.: Searching wartime photograph archive for serious leisure purposes. In: Linking Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries: 26th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries, TPDL 2022, Padua, Italy, September 20\u201323, 2022, Proceedings. Springer, pp. 81\u201392, (2022)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-16802-4_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16802-4_7"},{"key":"390_CR33","unstructured":"Lang, S., Ommer, B.: Transforming Information Into Knowledge: How Computational Methods Reshape Art History. DHQ Digital Human. Quarterly. 1;15(3) (2021)"},{"issue":"7","key":"390_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-04-2021-0078","volume":"78","author":"E Late","year":"2022","unstructured":"Late, E., Kumpulainen, S.: Interacting with digitised historical newspapers: understanding the use of digital surrogates as primary sources. J. Doc. 78(7), 106\u2013124 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JD-04-2021-0078","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.785","volume":"60","author":"E Late","year":"2023","unstructured":"Late, E., Ruotsalainen, H., Kumpulainen, S.: In a perfect world: exploring the desires and realities for digitized historical image archives. Proceed. Assoc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 60(1), 244\u2013254 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pra2.785","journal-title":"Proceed. Assoc. Inform. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"390_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Late, E., Ruotsalainen, H., Seker, M., et\u00a0al.: From textual to visual image searching: User experience of advanced image search tool. In: booktitle=International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries. Springer, pp. 277\u2013283, (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-43849-3_24","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43849-3_24"},{"issue":"4","key":"390_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009995816485","volume":"1","author":"M Markkula","year":"2000","unstructured":"Markkula, M., Sormunen, E.: End-user searching challenges indexing practices in the digital newspaper photo archive. Inf. Retr. 1(4), 259\u2013285 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1009995816485","journal-title":"Inf. Retr."},{"issue":"5","key":"390_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2006.05.009","volume":"32","author":"KK Matusiak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Matusiak, K.K.: Information seeking behavior in digital image collections: A cognitive approachs. J. Acad. Librariansh. 32(5), 479\u2013488 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acalib.2006.05.009","journal-title":"J. Acad. Librariansh."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lisr.2017.01.008","volume":"39","author":"KK Matusiak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matusiak, K.K.: Studying information behavior of image users: An overview of research methodology in list literature, 2004\u20132015. Library Inform. Sci. Res. 39(1), 53\u201360 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lisr.2017.01.008","journal-title":"Library Inform. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"390_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21202","volume":"60","author":"L McCay-Peet","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCay-Peet, L., Toms, E.: Image use within the work task model: images as information and illustration. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 60(12), 2416\u20132429 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.21202","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2006.05.009","volume":"32","author":"E M\u00e9nard","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00e9nard, E., Khashman, N.: Image retrieval behaviours: users are leading the way to a new bilingual search interface. Library Hi Tech. 32(1), 50\u201368 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acalib.2006.05.009","journal-title":"Library Hi Tech."},{"key":"390_CR42","volume-title":"Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology","author":"WT Mitchell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mitchell, W.T.: Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology. University of Chicago Press (2013)"},{"key":"390_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33373-7","author":"SL Mizruchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mizruchi, S.L.: Libraries and archives in the digital age. Palgrave Macmillan (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33373-7","journal-title":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"issue":"4","key":"390_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-018-0250-1","volume":"19","author":"S M\u00fcnster","year":"2018","unstructured":"M\u00fcnster, S., Kamposiori, C., Friedrichs, K., et al.: Image libraries and their scholarly use in the field of art and architectural history. Int. J. Digit. Libr. 19(4), 367\u2013383 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00799-018-0250-1","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Libr."},{"key":"390_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230365469","volume-title":"The Nineteenth-Century Press in the Digital Age","author":"J Mussell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mussell, J.: The Nineteenth-Century Press in the Digital Age. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire (2012)"},{"key":"390_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2022.2073562","author":"A N\u00e4slund Dahlgren","year":"2022","unstructured":"N\u00e4slund Dahlgren, A.: Image metadata. from information management to interpretative practice. Museum Manag. Curator. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09647775.2022.2073562","journal-title":"Museum Manag. Curator."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR47","first-page":"21","volume":"40","author":"A N\u00e4slund Dahlgren","year":"2021","unstructured":"N\u00e4slund Dahlgren, A., Hansson, K.: What an image is: the ontological gap between researchers and information specialists. Art Doc. J. Art Libr. Soc. North Am. 40(1), 21\u201332 (2021)","journal-title":"Art Doc. J. Art Libr. Soc. North Am."},{"key":"390_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01058-z","volume":"36","author":"F Offert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Offert, F., Bell, B.: Perceptual bias and technical metapictures: critical machine vision as a humanities challenge. AI Soc 36, 1133\u20131144 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-020-01058-z","journal-title":"AI Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"390_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1108\/02640471211221331","volume":"30","author":"D Petrelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Petrelli, D., Clough, P.: Analysing user\u2019s queries for cross-language image retrieval from digital library collections. Electron. Libr. 30(2), 197\u2013219 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02640471211221331","journal-title":"Electron. Libr."},{"issue":"3","key":"390_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/016555150708414","volume":"34","author":"HT Pu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pu, H.T.: An analysis of failed queries for web image retrieval. Int. J. Digit. Libr. 34(3), 275\u2013289 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016555150708414","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Libr."},{"issue":"11","key":"390_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.1145","volume":"52","author":"HE Roberts","year":"2001","unstructured":"Roberts, H.E.: A picture is worth a thousand words: Art indexing in electronic databases. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 52(11), 911\u2013916 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.1145","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lisr.2016.01.007","volume":"38","author":"R Savolainen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Savolainen, R.: Approaches to socio-cultural barriers to information seeking. Library Inform. Sci. Res. 38(1), 52\u201359 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lisr.2016.01.007","journal-title":"Library Inform. Sci. Res."},{"key":"390_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seker, M., M\u00e4nnist\u00f6, A., Iosifidis, A., et\u00a0al.: Automatic main character recognition for photographic studies. In: 2021 IEEE 23rd International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP). IEEE, pp. 1\u20136, (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MMSP53017.2021.9733624","DOI":"10.1109\/MMSP53017.2021.9733624"},{"issue":"9","key":"390_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23091","volume":"65","author":"D Sinn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sinn, D., Soares, N.: Historians\u2019 use of digital archival collections: the web, historical scholarship, and archival research. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 65(9), 1794\u20131809 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.23091","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"390_CR55","volume-title":"Grounded Theory in Practice","author":"A Strauss","year":"1997","unstructured":"Strauss, A., Corbin, J.M.: Grounded Theory in Practice. Sage, Thousand Oaks (1997)"},{"key":"390_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stvilia, B., J\u00f6rgensen, C.: Member activities and quality of tags in a collection of historical photographs in flickr. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 61(12), 2477\u20132489 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.21432","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21432"},{"issue":"1","key":"390_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410810844178","volume":"64","author":"EG Toms","year":"2008","unstructured":"Toms, E.G., O\u2019Brien, H.L.: Understanding the information and communication technology needs of the e-humanist. J. Doc. 64(1), 102\u2013130 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220410810844178","journal-title":"J. Doc."},{"key":"390_CR58","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Information Retrieval: Searching in the 21st Century","author":"S Westman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Westman, S.: Image users\u2019 needs and searching behaviour. In: Goker, A., Davies, J. (eds.) Information Retrieval: Searching in the 21st Century, pp. 85\u2013118. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (2009)"},{"key":"390_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilkinson, M.D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I.J., et al.: The fair guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci. Data 3(1), 1\u20139 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18"},{"issue":"2","key":"390_CR60","first-page":"19","volume":"24","author":"J Woll","year":"2005","unstructured":"Woll, J.: User access to digital image collections of cultural heritage materials: The thesaurus as pass-keyquasimonotonicity, regularity and duality for nonlinear systems of. Art Doc. J. Art Libraries Soc. North Am. 24(2), 19\u201328 (2005)","journal-title":"Art Doc. J. Art Libraries Soc. North Am."}],"container-title":["International Journal on Digital Libraries"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00799-023-00390-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00799-023-00390-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00799-023-00390-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T08:53:49Z","timestamp":1730192029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00799-023-00390-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00799-023-00390-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-5012","1432-1300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-5012","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Only adult participants with informed consents were interviewed in the research. Therefore, no ethical review was required according to The Ethics Committee of the Tampere region.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All protocols were conducted according to their guideline: \"Ethical review on non-medical research in the field of the human sciences\" ().","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}