{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:27:44Z","timestamp":1786980464361,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,21]],"date-time":"2012-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJDAR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-012-0190-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,20]],"date-time":"2012-10-20T05:16:04Z","timestamp":1350710164000},"page":"295-308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["IESK-ArDB: a database for handwritten Arabic and an optimized topological segmentation approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Moftah","family":"Elzobi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayoub","family":"Al-Hamadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaher","family":"Al Aghbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laslo","family":"Dings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"190_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bela\u00efd, A., Choisy, C.: Human reading based strategies for off-line arabic word recognition. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Arabic and Chinese Handwriting Recognition, SACH\u201906, pp. 36\u201356. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78199-8_3"},{"issue":"5","key":"190_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.102","volume":"28","author":"LM Lorigo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lorigo, L.M., Govindaraju, V.: Offline arabic handwriting recognition: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28(5), 712\u2013724 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"190_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1987.4767970","volume":"9","author":"H Almuallim","year":"1987","unstructured":"Almuallim, H., Yamaguchi, S.: A method of recognition of Arabic cursive handwriting. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 9, 715\u2013722 (1987)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"190_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elzobi, M., Al-Hamadi, A., Dinges, L., Michaelis, B.: A structural features based segmentation for off-line handwritten Arabic text. In: 2010 5th International Symposium on I\/V Communications and Mobile Network (ISVC), pp. 1\u20134. Rabat, Morocco (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVC.2010.5656153"},{"issue":"2","key":"190_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1109\/5326.941845","volume":"31","author":"N Arica","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arica, N., Yarman-Vural, F.T.: An overview of character recognition focused on off-line handwriting. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev. 31(2), 216\u2013233 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"190_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.02.024","volume":"36","author":"Z Al Aghbari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al Aghbari, Z., Brook, S.: Hah manuscripts: a holistic paradigm for classifying and retrieving historical arabic handwritten documents. Expert Syst. Appl. 36(8), 10942\u201310951 (2009)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"190_CR7","unstructured":"Elzobi, M., Al-Hamadi, A., Al Aghbari, Z.: Off-line handwritten Arabic words segmentation based on structural features and connected components analysis. In: Baranoski, G., Skala, V. (eds.) WSCG\u2019 2011 Communication Papers Proceedings, pp. 135\u2013142. Vaclav Skala Union Agency, Plzen, Czech Republic (2011)"},{"key":"190_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatos, B., Stamatopoulos, N., Louloudis, G.: Icdar 2009 handwriting segmentation contest. In: 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR \u201909, pp. 1393\u20131397. Catalonia, Spain (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.245"},{"key":"190_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavrenko, V., Rath, T.M., Manmatha, R.: Holisticword recognition for handwritten historical documents. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Document Image Analysis for Libraries, pp. 278\u2013287. ACM, New York (2004)","DOI":"10.1109\/DIAL.2004.1263256"},{"key":"190_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320050040","volume":"2","author":"T Steinherz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Steinherz, T., Rivlin, E., Intrator, N.: Offline cursive script word recognition a survey. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 2, 90\u2013110 (1999)","journal-title":"Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit."},{"key":"190_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(98)00081-8","volume":"31","author":"B Yanikoglu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yanikoglu, B., Sandon, P.A.: Segmentation of off-line cursive handwriting using linear programming. Pattern Recognit. 31, 1825\u20131833 (1998)","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"190_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorigo, L.M., Govindaraju, V.: Segmentation and pre-recognition of Arabic handwriting. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition 2005, vol. 2, pp. 605\u2013609. Washington","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2005.207"},{"issue":"7","key":"190_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1109\/34.506792","volume":"18","author":"RG Casey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Casey, R.G., Lecolinet, E.: A survey of methods and strategies in character segmentation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 18(7), 690\u2013706 (1996)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"190_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76280-5_10","volume-title":"Machine Learning in Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 90 of Studies in Computational Intelligence","author":"M Blumenstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blumenstein, M.: Cursive character segmentation using neural network techniques. In: Marinai, S., Fujisawa, H. (eds.) Machine Learning in Document Analysis and Recognition, vol. 90 of Studies in Computational Intelligence, pp. 259\u2013275. Springer, Berlin (2008)"},{"key":"190_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4rgner, V., El Abed, H.: Databases and competitions: strategies to improve arabic recognition systems. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Arabic and Chinese Handwriting Recognition, SACH\u201906, pp. 82\u2013103. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78199-8_6"},{"key":"190_CR16","unstructured":"Srihari, S., Srinivasan, H., Babu, P., Bhole, C.: Handwritten Arabic word spotting using the cedarabic document analysis system. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Document Image Understanding Technology (SDIUT-05), pp. 123\u2013132. College Park, MD (2005)"},{"key":"190_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ma\u2019adeed, S., Elliman, D., Higgins, C.: A data base for arabic handwritten text recognition research. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition 2002, pp. 485\u2013489 (2002)","DOI":"10.1109\/IWFHR.2002.1030957"},{"key":"190_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ohali, Y., Cheriet, M., Suen, C.: Databases for recognition of handwritten Arabic cheques. Pattern Recognit. 36(1), 111\u2013121 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(02)00064-X"},{"key":"190_CR19","unstructured":"Stephanie, M.S.: Linguistic resources for arabic handwriting recognition. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference for Arabic Handwriting Recognition (2009)"},{"key":"190_CR20","unstructured":"Slimane, F., Ingold, R., Kanoun, S., Alimi, A., Hennebert, J.: Database and evaluation protocols for Arabic printed text recognition. Technical Report 296-09-01. Department of Informatics, University of Fribourg (2009)"},{"key":"190_CR21","unstructured":"Schlosser, S.: Erim Arabic Database. Document Processing Research Program, Information and Materials Applications Laboratory, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. http:\/\/documents.cfar.umd.edu\/resources\/database\/erim_Arabic_DB.html (1995)"},{"key":"190_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrahi Moghaddam, R., Cheriet, M., Adankon, M.M., Filonenko, K., Wisnovsky, R.: Ibn sina: a database for research on processing and understanding of Arabic manuscripts images. In: Proceedings of the 9th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, DAS \u201910, pp. 11\u201318. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2010)","DOI":"10.1145\/1815330.1815332"},{"key":"190_CR23","unstructured":"Mozaffari, S., El Abed, H., Maergner, V., Faez, K., Amirshahi, A.: A Database of Farsi Handwritten City Names. IfN\/Farsi-Database (2008)"},{"key":"190_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziaratban, M., Faez, K., Bagheri, F.: Fht: an unconstraint farsi handwritten text database. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR\u201909, pp. 281\u2013285. Catalonia, Spain (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.56"},{"key":"190_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamri, H., Lei He, C., Suen, C.Y.: A new approach for segmentation and recognition of Arabic handwritten touching numeral pairs. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, CAIP \u201909, pp. 165\u2013172. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03767-2_20"},{"key":"190_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiu, P., Peng, L., Ding, X., Wang, H.: Offline Handwritten Arabic Character Segmentation with Probabilistic Model, pp. 402\u2013412. Number project 60472002. Springer, Berlin (2006)","DOI":"10.1007\/11669487_36"},{"key":"190_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srihari, S.N., Yang, X., Ball, G.R.: Offline Chinese handwriting recognition: A survey. In: Frontiers of Computer Science in, p. 2007 (2007)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-007-0015-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"190_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(96)01119-5","volume":"15","author":"B Bushofa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bushofa, B.: Segmentation and recognition of Arabic characters by structural classification. Image Vis. Comput. 15(3), 167\u2013179 (1997)","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"190_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(97)00117-5","volume":"62","author":"A Atici","year":"1997","unstructured":"Atici, A., Yarman-Vural, F.T.: A heuristic algorithm for optical character recognition of Arabic script. Signal Process. 62(1), 87\u201399 (1997)","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"190_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1997.0629","volume":"71","author":"ISI Abuhaiba","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abuhaiba, I.S.I., Holt, M.J.J., Datta, S.: Recognition of off-line cursive handwriting. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 71(1), 19\u201338 (1998)","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"issue":"3","key":"190_CR31","first-page":"92","volume":"3","author":"T Nawaz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nawaz, T., Naqvi, S., Rehman, H., Faiz, A.: Optical character recognition system for urdu (naskh font) using pattern matching technique. Int. J. Image Process. 3(3), 92\u2013104 (2008)","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Process."},{"key":"190_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1109\/34.161346","volume":"14","author":"L Lam","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lam, L., Lee, S.-W., Suen, C.Y.: Thinning methodologies: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 14, 869\u2013885 (1992)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"190_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenfeld, R.: Two decades of statistical language modeling: where do we go from here. In. Proceedings of the IEEE, p. 2000 (2000)","DOI":"10.1145\/338622.342328"},{"key":"190_CR34","unstructured":"Madi, M.: A study of Arabic letter frequency analysis. WWW page, (2011)"},{"key":"190_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/361237.361242","volume":"15","author":"RO Duda","year":"1972","unstructured":"Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E.: Use of the hough transformation to detect lines and curves in pictures. Commun. ACM 15, 11\u201315 (1972)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"190_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boubaker, H., Kherallah, M., Alimi, A.M.: New algorithm of straight or curved baseline detection for short arabic handwritten writing. In: Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, ICDAR \u201909, pp. 778\u2013782. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.265"},{"key":"190_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cote, M., Lecolinet, E., Cheriet, M., Suen, C.Y.: Automatic reading of cursive scripts using human knowledge. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition 1997, vol. 1, pp. 107\u2013111 (1997)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.1997.619823"},{"key":"190_CR38","unstructured":"Slavik, P., Govindaraju, V. (eds.): Equivalence of different methods for slant and skew corrections in word recognition applications. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(3), 323\u2013326 (2001)"},{"key":"190_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunke, H., Wang, P.S.P. (eds.): Handbook of character recognition and document image analysis. In: Image Processing Methods for Document Image Analysis, pp. 15\u201319. World Scientific, Singapore (1997)","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830968"},{"key":"190_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/83.217222","volume":"2","author":"L Vincent","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vincent, L.: Morphological grayscale reconstruction in image analysis: applications and efficient algorithms. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 2, 176\u2013201 (1993)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."}],"container-title":["International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10032-012-0190-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10032-012-0190-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10032-012-0190-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T11:53:24Z","timestamp":1744718004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10032-012-0190-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10032-012-0190-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-2833","1433-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-2833","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,21]]}}}