{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:19:25Z","timestamp":1782123565925,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pattern Anal Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-022-01112-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T08:03:27Z","timestamp":1663661007000},"page":"381-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Fast facial expression recognition using Boosted Histogram of Oriented Gradient (BHOG) features"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-4107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumeet","family":"Saurav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1427-3","volume":"4","author":"P Carcagn\u00ec","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carcagn\u00ec P, Del Coco M, Leo M, Distante C (2015) Facial expression recognition and histograms of oriented gradients: a comprehensive study. Springerplus 4(1):645","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1387-y","volume":"17","author":"BL Jian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jian BL, Chen CL, Chu WL, Huang MW (2017) The facial expression of schizophrenic patients applied with infrared thermal facial image sequence. BMC Psychiatry 17(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1112_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2676238","volume":"5","author":"MZ Uddin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uddin MZ, Hassan MM, Almogren A, Alamri A, Alrubaian M, Fortino G (2017) Facial expression recognition utilizing local direction-based robust features and deep belief network. IEEE Access 5:4525\u20134536","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1112_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2018.08.035","volume":"47","author":"J Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao J, Mao X, Chen L (2019) Speech emotion recognition using deep 1d & 2d cnn lstm networks. Biomed Signal Process Control 47:312\u2013323","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"1112_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101721","volume":"56","author":"V Mehdizadehfar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehdizadehfar V, Ghassemi F, Fallah A, Pouretemad H (2020) Eeg study of facial emotion recognition in the fathers of autistic children. Biomed Signal Process Control 56:101721","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"1112_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030866","volume":"20","author":"S Oh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oh S, Lee JY, Kim DK (2020) The design of cnn architectures for optimal six basic emotion classification using multiple physiological signals. Sensors 20(3):866","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"5","key":"1112_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-018-0960-9","volume":"30","author":"E Avots","year":"2019","unstructured":"Avots E, Sapi\u0144ski T, Bachmann M, Kami\u0144ska D (2019) Audiovisual emotion recognition in wild. Mach Vis Appl 30(5):975\u2013985","journal-title":"Mach Vis Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"1112_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11050105","volume":"11","author":"Y Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang Y, Yang J, Liu S, Pan J (2019) Combining facial expressions and electroencephalography to enhance emotion recognition. Future Internet 11(5):105","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"1112_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2015.09.015","volume":"147","author":"X Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang X, Kortelainen J, Zhao G, Li X, Moilanen A, Sepp\u00e4nen T, Pietik\u00e4inen M (2016) Multi-modal emotion analysis from facial expressions and electroencephalogram. Comput Vis Image Underst 147:114\u2013124","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-016-0535-3","volume":"19","author":"M Alhussein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alhussein M (2016) Automatic facial emotion recognition using weber local descriptor for e-healthcare system. Clust Comput 19(1):99\u2013108","journal-title":"Clust Comput"},{"issue":"12","key":"1112_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124270","volume":"18","author":"M Jeong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeong M, Ko BC (2018) Driver\u2019s facial expression recognition in real-time for safe driving. Sensors 18(12):4270","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"1112_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9030518","volume":"9","author":"J Sini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sini J, Marceddu AC, Violante M (2020) Automatic emotion recognition for the calibration of autonomous driving functions. Electronics 9(3):518","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"1112_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93998","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928364","volume":"7","author":"THS Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li THS, Kuo PH, Tsai TN, Luan PC (2019) Cnn and lstm based facial expression analysis model for a humanoid robot. IEEE Access 7:93998\u201394011","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"22","key":"1112_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-07959-6","volume":"78","author":"G Yolcu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yolcu G, Oztel I, Kazan S, Oz C, Palaniappan K, Lever TE, Bunyak F (2019) Facial expression recognition for monitoring neurological disorders based on convolutional neural network. Multimed Tools Appl 78(22):31581\u201331603","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"1112_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","volume":"27","author":"C Shan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PW (2009) Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: A comprehensive study. Image Vis Comput 27(6):803\u2013816","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"1112_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-017-0190-5","volume":"1","author":"RP Holder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holder RP (2017) Tapamo JR (2017) Improved gradient local ternary patterns for facial expression recognition. EURASIP J Image Video Process 1:42","journal-title":"EURASIP J Image Video Process"},{"issue":"8","key":"1112_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-020-02125-0","volume":"51","author":"S Saurav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saurav S, Saini R, Singh S (2021) Emnet: a deep integrated convolutional neural network for facial emotion recognition in the wild. Appl Intell 51(8):5543\u20135570","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"issue":"8","key":"1112_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.3390\/app10082816","volume":"10","author":"S Saha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saha S, Ghosh M, Ghosh S, Sen S, Singh PK, Geem ZW, Sarkar R (2020) Feature selection for facial emotion recognition using cosine similarity-based harmony search algorithm. Appl Sci 10(8):2816","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"1112_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-07811-x","volume":"78","author":"M Ghosh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghosh M, Kundu T, Ghosh D, Sarkar R (2019) Feature selection for facial emotion recognition using late hill-climbing based memetic algorithm. Multimed Tools Appl 78(18):25753\u201325779","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"1112_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040712","volume":"17","author":"Y Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Y, Li Y, Ma X, Song R (2017) Facial expression recognition with fusion features extracted from salient facial areas. Sensors 17(4):712","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1112_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saurav S, Singh S, Saini R, Yadav M (2020) Facial expression recognition using improved adaptive local ternary pattern. In: Proceedings of 3rd international conference on computer vision and image processing, Springer, pp 39\u201352","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9291-8_4"},{"key":"1112_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2019.04.013","volume":"62","author":"IM Revina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Revina IM, Emmanuel WS (2019) Face expression recognition with the optimization based multi-svnn classifier and the modified ldp features. J Vis Commun Image Represent 62:43\u201355","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"issue":"5","key":"1112_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2235848","volume":"22","author":"AR Rivera","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rivera AR, Castillo JR, Chae OO (2012) Local directional number pattern for face analysis: face and expression recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 22(5):1740\u20131752","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR24","first-page":"546","volume":"15","author":"X Feng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feng X, Pietikainen M, Hadid A (2005) Facial expression recognition with local binary patterns and linear programming. Pattern Recognit Image Anal C\/C Raspoznavaniye Obrazov I Analiz Izobrazhenii 15(2):546","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Image Anal C\/C Raspoznavaniye Obrazov I Analiz Izobrazhenii"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3282-9","volume":"76","author":"M Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo M, Hou X, Ma Y, Wu X (2017) Facial expression recognition using elbp based on covariance matrix transform in klt. Multimed Tools Appl 76(2):2995\u20133010","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"1112_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3419-x","volume":"76","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W, Chang F, Liu Y, Wu X (2017) Expression recognition method based on evidence theory and local texture. Multimed Tools Appl 76(5):7365\u20137379","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2386334","volume":"6","author":"S Happy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Happy S, Routray A (2014) Automatic facial expression recognition using features of salient facial patches. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 6(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"1112_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/831747","volume":"2013","author":"F Ahmed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmed F, Hossain E (2013) Automated facial expression recognition using gradient-based ternary texture patterns. Chin J Eng 2013:831787","journal-title":"Chin J Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"1112_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11801-019-8136-z","volume":"15","author":"Y Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo Y, Xy Liu, Zhang Y, Xf Chen, Chen Z (2019) Facial expression recognition based on improved completed local ternary patterns. Optoelectron Lett 15(3):224\u2013230","journal-title":"Optoelectron Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2829707","volume":"11","author":"MTB Iqbal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iqbal MTB, Abdullah-Al-Wadud M, Ryu B, Makhmudkhujaev F, Chae O (2018) Facial expression recognition with neighborhood-aware edge directional pattern (nedp). IEEE Trans Affect Comput 11(1):125\u2013137","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"1112_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120844","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3108029","volume":"9","author":"S Saurav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saurav S, Saini R, Singh S (2021) Facial expression recognition using dynamic local ternary patterns with kernel extreme learning machine classifier. IEEE Access 9:120844\u2013120868","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"12","key":"1112_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-7069-z","volume":"78","author":"S Kherchaoui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kherchaoui S, Houacine A (2019) Facial expression identification using gradient local phase. Multimed Tools Appl 78(12):16843\u201316859","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"12","key":"1112_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6006","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2726010","volume":"26","author":"B Ryu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryu B, Rivera AR, Kim J, Chae O (2017) Local directional ternary pattern for facial expression recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 26(12):6006\u20136018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-4324-z","volume":"77","author":"SA Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan SA, Hussain A, Usman M (2018) Reliable facial expression recognition for multi-scale images using weber local binary image based cosine transform features. Multimed Tools Appl 77(1):1133\u20131165","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"1112_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood A, Hussain S, Iqbal K, Elkilani WS (2019) Recognition of facial expressions under varying conditions using dual-feature fusion. Math Prob Eng","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9185481"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-2333-3","volume":"75","author":"MH Siddiqi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siddiqi MH, Ali R, Idris M, Khan AM, Kim ES, Whang MC, Lee S (2016) Human facial expression recognition using curvelet feature extraction and normalized mutual information feature selection. Multimed Tools Appl 75(2):935\u2013959","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"1112_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.06.007","volume":"71","author":"SA Al-Sumaidaee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Sumaidaee SA, Abdullah MA, Al-Nima RRO, Dlay SS, Chambers JA (2017) Multi-gradient features and elongated quinary pattern encoding for image-based facial expression recognition. Pattern Recogn 71:249\u2013263","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"16","key":"1112_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7646-9","volume":"78","author":"AS Alphonse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alphonse AS, Starvin M (2019) A novel maximum and minimum response-based gabor (mmrg) feature extraction method for facial expression recognition. Multimed Tools Appl 78(16):23369\u201323397","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-018-1585-8","volume":"36","author":"I Gogi\u0107","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gogi\u0107 I, Manhart M, Pand\u017ei\u0107 IS, Ahlberg J (2018) Fast facial expression recognition using local binary features and shallow neural networks. Visual Comput 36(1):97\u2013112","journal-title":"Visual Comput"},{"issue":"18","key":"1112_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7711-4","volume":"78","author":"IM Revina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Revina IM, Emmanuel WS (2019) Mdtp: a novel multi-directional triangles pattern for face expression recognition. Multimed Tools Appl 78(18):26223\u201326238","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-015-0810-4","volume":"9","author":"U Mlakar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mlakar U, Poto\u010dnik B (2015) Automated facial expression recognition based on histograms of oriented gradient feature vector differences. SIViP 9(1):245\u2013253","journal-title":"SIViP"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-0921-5","volume":"21","author":"M Nazir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nazir M, Jan Z, Sajjad M (2018) Facial expression recognition using histogram of oriented gradients based transformed features. Clust Comput 21(1):539\u2013548","journal-title":"Clust Comput"},{"issue":"21","key":"1112_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6040-3","volume":"77","author":"S Nigam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nigam S, Singh R, Misra A (2018) Efficient facial expression recognition using histogram of oriented gradients in wavelet domain. Multimed Tools Appl 77(21):28725\u201328747","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"1112_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-015-0677-y","volume":"26","author":"X Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang X, Mahoor MH, Mavadati SM (2015) Facial expression recognition using $$l_p$$-norm mkl multiclass-svm. Mach Vis Appl 26(4):467\u2013483","journal-title":"Mach Vis Appl"},{"key":"1112_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2017.08.001","volume":"58","author":"K Lekdioui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lekdioui K, Messoussi R, Ruichek Y, Chaabi Y, Touahni R (2017) Facial decomposition for expression recognition using texture\/shape descriptors and svm classifier. Signal Process Image Commun 58:300\u2013312","journal-title":"Signal Process Image Commun"},{"key":"1112_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2784096","volume":"6","author":"B Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang B, Cao J, Ni R, Zhang Y (2017) Facial expression recognition using weighted mixture deep neural network based on double-channel facial images. IEEE Access 6:4630\u20134640","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"1112_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3418-y","volume":"76","author":"D Ghimire","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghimire D, Jeong S, Lee J, Park SH (2017) Facial expression recognition based on local region specific features and support vector machines. Multimed Tools Appl 76(6):7803\u20137821","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"1112_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10105-2","volume":"80","author":"P Shanthi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shanthi P, Nickolas S (2020) An efficient automatic facial expression recognition using local neighborhood feature fusion. Multimed Tools Appl 80(7):10187\u201310212","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2009.0100","volume":"4","author":"SM Lajevardi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lajevardi SM, Hussain ZM (2010) Novel higher-order local autocorrelation-like feature extraction methodology for facial expression recognition. IET Image Proc 4(2):114\u2013119","journal-title":"IET Image Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-010-0177-5","volume":"6","author":"SM Lajevardi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lajevardi SM, Hussain ZM (2012) Automatic facial expression recognition: feature extraction and selection. SIViP 6(1):159\u2013169","journal-title":"SIViP"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb","volume":"57","author":"P Viola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viola P, Jones MJ (2004) Robust real-time face detection. Int J Comput Vision 57(2):137\u2013154","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vision"},{"key":"1112_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong X, De\u00a0la Torre F (2013) Supervised descent method and its applications to face alignment. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 532\u2013539","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.75"},{"key":"1112_CR53","unstructured":"K\u00f6stinger M (2013) Efficient metric learning for real-world face recognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"1112_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.167","volume":"32","author":"PF Felzenszwalb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Felzenszwalb PF, Girshick RB, McAllester D, Ramanan D (2009) Object detection with discriminatively trained part-based models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 32(9):1627\u20131645","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"1112_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahnle M, Saxen F, Hisung M, Brunsmann U, Doll K (2013) Fpga-based real-time pedestrian detection on high-resolution images. In: 2013 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, IEEE, pp 629\u2013635","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.95"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2284666","volume":"15","author":"PY Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen PY, Huang CC, Lien CY, Tsai YH (2013) An efficient hardware implementation of hog feature extraction for human detection. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 15(2):656\u2013662","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"1112_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2016.2533424","volume":"47","author":"Z Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang Z, Yu Y, Gu J, Liu H (2016) An efficient method for traffic sign recognition based on extreme learning machine. IEEE Trans Cybern 47(4):920\u2013933","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2013.11.024","volume":"40","author":"G Chandrashekar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chandrashekar G, Sahin F (2014) A survey on feature selection methods. Comput Electrical Eng 40(1):16\u201328","journal-title":"Comput Electrical Eng"},{"key":"1112_CR59","unstructured":"Gu Q, Li Z, Han J (2012) Generalized fisher score for feature selection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.3725"},{"key":"1112_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schapire RE, Freund Y (2013) Boosting: Foundations and algorithms. Kybernetes","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8291.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2011.2168604","volume":"42","author":"GB Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang GB, Zhou H, Ding X, Zhang R (2011) Extreme learning machine for regression and multiclass classification. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B (Cybernetics) 42(2):513\u2013529","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B (Cybernetics)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1112_CR62","first-page":"1647","volume":"18","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeng Y, Xu X, Shen D, Fang Y, Xiao Z (2016) Traffic sign recognition using kernel extreme learning machines with deep perceptual features. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 18(6):1647\u20131653","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"1112_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vedaldi A, Fulkerson B (2010) Vlfeat: An open and portable library of computer vision algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp 1469\u20131472","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1874249"},{"key":"1112_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucey P, Cohn JF, Kanade T, Saragih J, Ambadar Z, Matthews I (2010) The extended cohn-kanade dataset (ck+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: 2010 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition-workshops, IEEE, pp 94\u2013101","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543262"},{"key":"1112_CR65","unstructured":"Lyons MJ, Akamatsu S, Kamachi M, Gyoba J, Budynek J (1998) The japanese female facial expression (jaffe) database. In: Proceedings of third international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, pp 14\u201316"},{"issue":"8","key":"1112_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903485076","volume":"24","author":"O Langner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Langner O, Dotsch R, Bijlstra G, Wigboldus DH, Hawk ST, Van Knippenberg A (2010) Presentation and validation of the radboud faces database. Cogn Emot 24(8):1377\u20131388","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"4","key":"1112_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231304","volume":"15","author":"T Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang T, Yang Z, Xu G, Gao D, Zhang Z, Wang H, Liu S, Han L, Zhu Z, Tian Y et al (2020) Tsinghua facial expression database-a database of facial expressions in chinese young and older women and men: Development and validation. PLoS ONE 15(4):e0231304","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2868382","volume":"28","author":"S Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li S, Deng W (2018) Reliable crowdsourcing and deep locality-preserving learning for unconstrained facial expression recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 28(1):356\u2013370","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR69","first-page":"33","volume":"8","author":"A Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun A, Li Y, Huang YM, Li Q, Lu G (2018) Facial expression recognition using optimized active regions. HCIS 8(1):33","journal-title":"HCIS"},{"key":"1112_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2017.10.022","volume":"119","author":"N Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun N, Li Q, Huan R, Liu J, Han G (2019) Deep spatial-temporal feature fusion for facial expression recognition in static images. Pattern Recogn Lett 119:49\u201361","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"1112_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.03.019","volume":"92","author":"S Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie S, Hu H, Wu Y (2019) Deep multi-path convolutional neural network joint with salient region attention for facial expression recognition. Pattern Recogn 92:177\u2013191","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-019-01627-4","volume":"36","author":"K Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li K, Jin Y, Akram MW, Han R, Chen J (2020) Facial expression recognition with convolutional neural networks via a new face cropping and rotation strategy. Vis Comput 36(2):391\u2013404","journal-title":"Vis Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2880201","volume":"12","author":"M Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li M, Xu H, Huang X, Song Z, Liu X, Li X (2018) Facial expression recognition with identity and emotion joint learning. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 12(2):544\u2013550","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"1112_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen Z, Lin W, Wang T, Xu G (2021) Distract your attention: Multi-head cross attention network for facial expression recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07270","DOI":"10.1109\/FG52635.2021.9667041"},{"key":"1112_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.08.043","volume":"580","author":"Q Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang Q, Huang C, Wang X, Jiang F (2021) Facial expression recognition with grid-wise attention and visual transformer. Inf Sci 580:35\u201354","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"1112_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12790-7","author":"A Greco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greco A, Strisciuglio N, Vento M, Vigilante V (2022) Benchmarking deep networks for facial emotion recognition in the wild. Multimed Tools Appl. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12790-7","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"1112_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02069-7","volume":"38","author":"S Saurav","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saurav S, Gidde P, Saini R, Singh S (2022) Dual integrated convolutional neural network for real-time facial expression recognition in the wild. Vis Comput 38(3):1083\u20131096","journal-title":"Vis Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"1112_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06613-3","volume":"34","author":"S Saurav","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saurav S, Saini AK, Saini R, Singh S (2022) Deep learning inspired intelligent embedded system for haptic rendering of facial emotions to the blind. Neural Comput Appl 34(6):4595\u20134623","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"1112_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi J, Zhu S, Liang Z (2021) Learning to amend facial expression representation via de-albino and affinity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.10189","DOI":"10.23919\/CCC55666.2022.9901738"},{"key":"1112_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundqvist D, Flykt A, \u00d6hman A (1998) The karolinska directed emotional faces (kdef). CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology section, Karolinska Institutet 91(630):2\u20132","DOI":"10.1037\/t27732-000"},{"issue":"2","key":"1112_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023015","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JEI.24.2.023015","volume":"24","author":"FAM da Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"da Silva FAM, Pedrini H (2015) Effects of cultural characteristics on building an emotion classifier through facial expression analysis. J Electron Imaging 24(2):023015","journal-title":"J Electron Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"1112_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2018.2844085","volume":"21","author":"S Xie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xie S, Hu H (2018) Facial expression recognition using hierarchical features with deep comprehensive multipatches aggregation convolutional neural networks. IEEE Trans Multimed 21(1):211\u2013220","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Multimed"}],"container-title":["Pattern Analysis and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10044-022-01112-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10044-022-01112-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10044-022-01112-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]],"date-time":"2023-02-05T06:10:21Z","timestamp":1675577421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10044-022-01112-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10044-022-01112-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1433-7541","1433-755X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1433-7541","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-755X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}