{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:09:33Z","timestamp":1777734573736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]],"date-time":"2019-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]],"date-time":"2019-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00403-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]],"date-time":"2019-09-21T09:02:21Z","timestamp":1569056541000},"page":"411-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["How latency, action modality and display modality influence the sense of agency: a virtual reality study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5285-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Winkler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Stiens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Krems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aylett MP, Kristensson PO, Whittaker S, Vazquez-Alvarez Y (2014) None of a CHIind: relationship counselling for HCI and speech technology. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM annual conference on human factors in computing systems-CHI \u201914. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2559206.2578868","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2578868"},{"issue":"3","key":"403_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034075","volume":"7","author":"B Berberian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berberian B, Sarrazin J-C, Le Blaye P, Haggard P (2012) Automation technology and sense of control: a window on human agency. PLoS ONE 7(3):e34075. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0034075","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"403_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(02)01907-1","volume":"6","author":"S-J Blakemore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blakemore S-J, Wolpert DM, Frith CD (2002) Abnormalities in the awareness of action. Trends Cogn Sci 6(6):237\u2013242. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1364-6613(02)01907-1","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"403_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-013-0232-y","volume":"18","author":"KJ Blom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blom KJ, Beckhaus S (2014) The design space of dynamic interactive virtual environments. Virtual Real 18(2):101\u2013116. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-013-0232-y","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"2","key":"403_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0286-8","volume":"20","author":"S Borsci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borsci S, Lawson G, Salanitri D, Jha B (2016) When simulated environments make the difference: the effectiveness of different types of training of car service procedures. Virtual Real 20(2):83\u201399. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-016-0286-8","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"1","key":"403_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen J (1992) A power primer. Psychol Bull 112(1):155\u2013159. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"403_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coyle D, Moore J, Kristensson PO, Fletcher P, Blackwell A (2012) I did that!. In: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on human factors in computing systems-CHI \u201912. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2207676.2208350","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208350"},{"issue":"1","key":"403_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2009.10.002","volume":"19","author":"JP Ebert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ebert JP, Wegner DM (2010) Time warp: authorship shapes the perceived timing of actions and events. Conscious Cognit 19(1):481\u2013489. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2009.10.002","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"issue":"6","key":"403_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.33.6.1261","volume":"33","author":"K Engbert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Engbert K, Wohlschl\u00e4ger A, Thomas R, Haggard P (2007) Agency, subjective time, and other minds. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Peform 33(6):1261\u20131268. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.33.6.1261","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Peform"},{"issue":"2","key":"403_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.07.021","volume":"107","author":"K Engbert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Engbert K, Wohlschl\u00e4ger A, Haggard P (2008) Who is causing what? The sense of agency is relational and efferent-triggered. Cognition 107(2):693\u2013704. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.07.021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"6","key":"403_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0130019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130019","volume":"10","author":"N Evans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Evans N, Gale S, Schurger A, Blanke O (2015) Visual feedback dominates the sense of agency for brain-machine actions. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0130019. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0130019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"403_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.09.010","volume":"22","author":"C Farrer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farrer C, Valentin G, Hup\u00e9 JM (2013) The time windows of the sense of agency. Conscious Cognit 22(4):1431\u20131441. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2013.09.010","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"key":"403_CR13","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPPS statistics and sex and drugs and rock \u201cn\u201d roll","author":"AP Field","year":"2009","unstructured":"Field AP (2009) Discovering statistics using IBM SPPS statistics and sex and drugs and rock \u201cn\u201d roll, 3rd edn. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks","edition":"3"},{"issue":"4","key":"403_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/nn827","volume":"5","author":"P Haggard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haggard P, Clark S, Kalogeras J (2002) Voluntary action and conscious awareness. Nat Neurosci 5(4):382\u2013385. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn827","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"403_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-8-34","volume":"8","author":"M Havranek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Havranek M, Langer N, Cheetham M, J\u00e4ncke L (2012) Perspective and agency during video gaming influences spatial presence experience and brain activation patterns. Behav Brain Funct 8(1):34. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1744-9081-8-34","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"issue":"4","key":"403_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.4.455","volume":"15","author":"WA Ijsselsteijn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ijsselsteijn WA, de Kort YAW, Haans A (2006) Is this my hand I see before me? The rubber hand illusion in reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 15(4):455\u2013464. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.15.4.455","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"403_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.01.006","volume":"22","author":"T Kawabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kawabe T (2013) Inferring sense of agency from the quantitative aspect of action outcome. Conscious Cognit 22(2):407\u2013412. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2013.01.006","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"key":"403_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130991","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0991","volume":"280","author":"T Kawabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kawabe T, Roseboom W, Nishida S (2013) The sense of agency is action-effect causality perception based on cross-modal grouping. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280:20130991. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2013.0991","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"403_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00124","volume":"21","author":"K Kilteni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kilteni K, Groten R, Slater M (2012) The sense of embodiment in virtual reality. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 21(4):373\u2013387. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres_a_00124","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"403_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-013-0230-0","volume":"17","author":"M Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee M, Billinghurst M, Baek W, Green R, Woo W (2013) A usability study of multimodal input in an augmented reality environment. Virtual Real 17(4):293\u2013305. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-013-0230-0","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"403_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Limerick H, Moore JW, Coyle D (2015) Empirical evidence for a diminished sense of agency in speech interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems-CHI \u201915. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2702123.2702379","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702379"},{"issue":"1","key":"403_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.12.002","volume":"21","author":"JW Moore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moore JW, Obhi SS (2012) Intentional binding and the sense of agency: a review. Conscious Cognit 21(1):546\u2013561. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2011.12.002","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"issue":"4","key":"403_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2012.10.005","volume":"21","author":"JW Moore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moore JW, Middleton D, Haggard P, Fletcher PC (2012) Exploring implicit and explicit aspects of sense of agency. Conscious Cognit 21(4):1748\u20131753. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2012.10.005","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"key":"403_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2662-7","volume":"211","author":"SS Obhi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Obhi SS, Hall P (2011) Sense of agency in join action: influence of human and computer co-actors. Exp Brain Res 211:663\u2013670. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-011-2662-7","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"403_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-015-0270-8","volume":"19","author":"M Schoeffler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schoeffler M, Gernert JL, Neumayer M, Westphal S, Herre J (2015) On the validity of virtual reality-based auditory experiments: a case study about ratings of the overall listening experience. Virtual Real 19(3):181\u2013200. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-015-0270-8","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"403_CR26","volume-title":"Designing the user interface: strategies for effective human\u2013computer interaction","author":"B Shneiderman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shneiderman B, Plaisant C (2004) Designing the user interface: strategies for effective human\u2013computer interaction, 4th edn. Pearson Education, London","edition":"4"},{"issue":"2","key":"403_CR27","first-page":"193","volume":"40","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater M, Lotto B, Arnold MM, S\u00e1nchez-Vives MV (2009) How we experience immersive virtual environments: the concept of presence and its measurement. Anu Psicol 40(2):193\u2013210","journal-title":"Anu Psicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"403_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00104.2006","volume":"96","author":"M Synofzik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Synofzik M, Thier P, Lindner A (2006) Internalizing agency of self-action: perception of one\u2019s own hand movements depends on an adaptable prediction about the sensory action outcome. J Neurophysiol 96(3):1592\u20131601. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00104.2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"403_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.03.008","volume":"17","author":"M Synofzik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Synofzik M, Vosgerau G, Newen A (2008a) I move, therefore I am: a new theoretical framework to investigate agency and ownership. Conscious Cognit 17(2):411\u2013424. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2008.03.008","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"issue":"1","key":"403_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2007.03.010","volume":"17","author":"M Synofzik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Synofzik M, Vosgerau G, Newen A (2008b) Beyond the comparator model: a multifactorial two-step account of agency. Conscious Cognit 17(1):219\u2013239. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2007.03.010","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"issue":"4","key":"403_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2009.07.007","volume":"18","author":"M Synofzik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Synofzik M, Vosgerau G, Lindner A (2009) Me or not me\u2014an optimal integration of agency cues? Conscious Cognit 18(4):1065\u20131068. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2009.07.007","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"key":"403_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00127","author":"M Synofzik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Synofzik M, Vosgerau G, Voss M (2013) The experience of agency: an interplay between prediction and postdiction. Front Psychol. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00127","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"403_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-015-0267-3","volume":"19","author":"L Turchet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turchet L (2015) Designing presence for real locomotion in immersive virtual environments: an affordance-based experiential approach. Virtual Real 19(3):277\u2013290. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-015-0267-3","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"403_CR34","unstructured":"Vorderer P, Wirth W, Gouveia FR, Biocca F, Saari T, J\u00e4ncke F, B\u00f6cking S, Schramm H, Gysbers A, Hartmann T, Klimmt C, Laarni J, Ravaja N, Sacau A, Baumgartner T, J\u00e4ncke P (2004) MEC spatial presence questionnaire (MEC-SPQ): short documentation and instructions for application. Report to the European Community, project presence: MEC (IST-2001-37661). \nhttps:\/\/academic.csuohio.edu\/kneuendorf\/frames\/MECFull.pdf\n\n. Accessed 10 Sept 2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"403_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260701283079","volume":"9","author":"W Wirth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wirth W, Hartmann T, B\u00f6cking S, Vorderer P, Klimmt C, Schramm H, Saari T, Laarni J, Ravaja N, Gouveia FR, Biocca F, Sacau A, J\u00e4ncke L, Baumgartner T, J\u00e4ncke P (2007) A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences. Media Psychol 9(3):493\u2013525. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213260701283079","journal-title":"Media Psychol"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00403-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00403-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00403-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T23:14:12Z","timestamp":1600557252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00403-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00403-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}