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Such virtual training may be useful for preparing trainees for distress, fear, or frustration experienced during real rescue operations. Evoking cognitive schemas, especially of other people, during training appears to be crucial as well, as the greatest stressors in the firefighting profession are social. Based on interviews with firefighters, two types of people (children and young women) were chosen as stimuli in the research design. In an experimental study with three iterations, the stimuli designed to evoke the schema of a significant other were implemented in a virtual reality simulator to evoke a cognitive schema in firefighters through emotions (positive and negative) and several dimensions of stress. The first iteration of the study did not yield expected results, as the stimulus (a child\u2019s toy) was not as suggestive and vivid as it was expected. In the second attempt, the stimulus was improved and evoked feelings of challenge, harm, and loss in the participants. In the third iteration, the stimulus was changed once more (to a white dress) and this time it evoked negative emotions of fear, anger, guilt, and sadness. However, after correcting for multiple comparisons, only results regarding emotional response remained statistically significant. The results are discussed in light of cognitive schemas\u2019 activation, and perspectives for further research in this scope are proposed. Due to research outcomes, the issues of manipulation checks in experimental psychology and limitations of the VR technology are taken into consideration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00454-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T12:02:36Z","timestamp":1593777756000},"page":"279-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evoking emotions in virtual reality: schema activation via a freeze-frame stimulus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5738-6771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Lipp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7769-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Du\u017cma\u0144ska-Misiarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0625-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Strojny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6016-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Strojny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"454_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"AL Alexander","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alexander AL, Bruny\u00e9 T, Sidman J, Weil SA (2005) From gaming to training: a review of studies on fidelity, immersion, presence, and buy-in and their effects on transfer in PC-based simulations and games. 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However, as the connection between the authors and a commercial company could be viewed as one, it was decided to provide more arguments in this matter. Firstly, the VR simulator described in the study may (and most probably will) be commercialized in the future. However, the R&D team is not responsible for sales and marketing in any way. The primary goal of the present paper is of purely research nature, both basic and applied. It could be used as an argument for the substantive value of the simulators as well. The project is co-founded by the National Centre for Research and Development in Poland and the structure of the grant proposal required pre-planning of any empirical studies to be conducted and declaration of intention to publish the results. The research part of the project was viewed as an important one, and the results of it are valuable separately from any future sales results. All information about the study design, the data collected during the experiment, and not only the confirmed hypotheses, but also the ones that were not confirmed in the study, is provided in the article text and the Supplementary Materials. The authors believe that this enhances the transparency of the presented study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}