{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T16:42:29Z","timestamp":1779122549879,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["30-CE-0885096\/00-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-CE-0885096\/00-34"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience a variety of difficulties related to three primary symptoms: hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. The most common type of ADHD has a combination of all three symptom areas. These core symptoms may negatively impact the academic and social performance of children throughout their school life. The AHA (ADHD-Augmented) project focused specifically on the impact of digital technologies\u2019 intervention on literacy skills of children that participated in the pilot study and were diagnosed with ADHD prior to the intervention. Existing research has shown that augmented reality (AR) can improve academic outcomes by stimulating pupils\u2019 attention. AHA project aimed at implementing an evidence-based intervention to improve ADHD children\u2019s reading and spelling abilities through the enhancement of an existing literacy programme with AR functionality. The present paper reports preliminary findings of the pilot study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the AHA system in promoting the acquisition of literacy skills in a sample of children diagnosed with ADHD compared to the literacy programme as usual. Background information on the main characteristics and difficulties related to the teaching and learning process associated with children diagnosed with ADHD are first introduced; the design and methodology of the AHA project intervention are also described. The preliminary findings have shown that AHA project succeeded in delivering an AR solution within an existing online literacy programme, which integrates a set of specific technologies and supports interactive educational content, services, assessment, and feedback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00485-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T15:07:54Z","timestamp":1606230474000},"page":"879-894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Exploring the effect of an augmented reality literacy programme for reading and spelling difficulties for children diagnosed with ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Crispino","family":"Tosto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Mangina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Chifari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Treacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0228-6204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Chiazzese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"485_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. Author, Washington, DC","edition":"5"},{"key":"485_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avila-Pesantez D, Rivera LA, Vaca-Cardenas L, Aguayo S, Zu\u00f1iga L (2018) Towards the improvement of ADHD children through augmented reality serious games: Preliminary results. In: Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE global engineering education conference (EDUCON). IEEE, pp 843\u2013848","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2018.8363318"},{"key":"485_CR3","volume-title":"ADHD and the nature of self-control","author":"RA Barkley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barkley RA (1997) ADHD and the nature of self-control. Guilford Press, New York"},{"issue":"S1","key":"485_CR4","first-page":"S37","volume":"60","author":"C Berenguer-Forner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berenguer-Forner C, Miranda-Casas A, Pastor-Cerezuela G, Rosello-Miranda R (2015) Comorbidity of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit with hyperactivity. A review study. Rev Neurol 60(S1):S37\u2013S43","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"485_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.111","volume":"45","author":"M Billinghurst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Billinghurst M, Duenser A (2012) Augmented reality in the classroom. Computer 45(7):56\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2012.111","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"5","key":"485_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(01)00117-0","volume":"25","author":"M Billinghurst","year":"2001","unstructured":"Billinghurst M, Kato H, Poupyrev I (2001) The MagicBook: a transitional AR interface. Comput Graph\u00a025(5):745\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0097-8493(01)00117-0","journal-title":"Comput Graph"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940203500202","volume":"35","author":"CL Carlson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carlson CL, Booth JE, Shin M, Canu WH (2002) Parent-, teacher-, and self-rated motivational styles in ADHD subtypes. J Learn Disabil 35(2):104\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221940203500202","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20102","volume":"42","author":"SM Chafouleas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chafouleas SM, McDougal JL, Riley-Tillman TC, Panahon CJ, Hilt AM (2005) What do daily behavior report cards (DBRCs) measure? An initial comparison of DBRCs with direct observation for off-task behavior. Psychol Sch 42(6):669\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.20102","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1534508409340391","volume":"34","author":"SM Chafouleas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chafouleas SM, Riley-Tillman TC, Christ TJ (2009) Direct behavior rating (DBR) an emerging method for assessing social behavior within a tiered intervention system. Assess Eff Interv 34(4):195\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1534508409340391","journal-title":"Assess Eff Interv"},{"key":"485_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiazzese G, Mangina E, Chifari A, Merlo G, Treacy R, Tosto C (2018) The AHA project: an evidence-based augmented reality intervention for the improvement of reading and spelling skills in children with ADHD. In: Proceedings of the 2018 international conference on games and learning alliance (GALA). Springer, Cham, pp 436\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-11548-7_44","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11548-7_44"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.01046.x","volume":"36","author":"D Daley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daley D, Birchwood J (2010) ADHD and academic performance: why does ADHD impact on academic performance and what can be done to support ADHD children in the classroom? Child Care Health Dev 36(4):455\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.01046.x","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20578","volume":"48","author":"MK Demaray","year":"2011","unstructured":"Demaray MK, Jenkins LN (2011) Relations among academic enablers and academic achievement in children with and without high levels of parent-rated symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Psychol Sch 48(6):573\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.20578","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412464351","volume":"46","author":"GJ DuPaul","year":"2013","unstructured":"DuPaul GJ, Gormley MJ, Laracy SD (2013) Comorbidity of LD and ADHD: implications of DSM-5 for assessment and treatment. J Learn Disabil 46(1):43\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219412464351","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"485_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fan M, Antle AN, Sarker S (2018) From tangible to augmented: designing a PhonoBlocks reading system using everyday technologies. In: Extended abstracts of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, p LBW555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3170427.3188459","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3188459"},{"key":"485_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00379-9","author":"J Garz\u00f3n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garz\u00f3n J, Pav\u00f3n J, Baldiris S (2019) Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmented reality in educational settings. Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00379-9","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.69.2.271","volume":"69","author":"B Hoza","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoza B, Waschbusch DA, Owens JS, Pelham WE, Kipp H (2001) Academic task persistence of normally achieving ADHD and control boys: Selfevaluations, and attributions. J Consult Clin Psychol 69(2):271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.69.2.271","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"485_CR16","volume-title":"Research design in clinical psychology","author":"AE Kazdin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kazdin AE (2003) Research design in clinical psychology, 4th edn. Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights","edition":"4"},{"key":"485_CR17","unstructured":"Khoshnevisan B (2018) Augmented reality in language education: a systematic literature review. In: Proceedings of global conference on education and research (volume 2) (GLOCER) 59\u201374. ANAHEI Publishing, LLC, pp 59"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9357-6","volume":"38","author":"MJ Kofler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kofler MJ, Rapport MD, Bolden J, Sarver DE, Raiker JS (2010) ADHD and working memory: the impact of central executive deficits and exceeding storage\/rehearsal capacity on observed inattentive behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 38(2):149\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-009-9357-6","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"485_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00268","author":"Y Leitner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leitner Y (2014) The co-occurrence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children\u2013what do we know? Front Hum Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00268","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"485_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin CY, Yu WJ, Chen WJ, Huang CW, Lin CC (2016) The effect of literacy learning via mobile augmented reality for the students with ADHD and reading disabilities. In: Proceedings of international conference on universal access in human-computer interaction. Springer, Cham, pp 103\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-40238-3_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40238-3_11"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.11.001","volume":"25","author":"M Luman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Luman M, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA (2005) The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD\/HD: a review and theoretical appraisal. Clin Psychol Rev 25(2):183\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.11.001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"485_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mangina E (2017) 3D learning objects for augmented\/virtual reality educational ecosystems. In: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on virtual system and multimedia (VSMM). IEEE, pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VSMM.2017.8346266","DOI":"10.1109\/VSMM.2017.8346266"},{"key":"485_CR24","isbn-type":"print","volume-title":"AHA: A pilot project for evaluating the effect of Augmented Reality in the reading and spelling skills for children with ADHD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mangina E (ed) (2018) AHA: A pilot project for evaluating the effect of Augmented Reality in the reading and spelling skills for children with ADHD. Parent and Teacher Guide, Dublin. ISBN 978-1-910963-25-8","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9781910963258"},{"key":"485_CR25","isbn-type":"print","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139164603","volume-title":"Multimedia learning","author":"RE Mayer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mayer RE (2001) Multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-521-78749-9","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780521787499"},{"key":"485_CR26","volume-title":"Neale analysis of reading ability\u2014revised","author":"MD Neale","year":"1997","unstructured":"Neale MD (1997) Neale analysis of reading ability\u2014revised. NFER-Nelson, Windsor"},{"key":"485_CR27","unstructured":"OECD Project Overcoming School Failure: Policies that Work National Report Ireland (2011). http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/school\/49624509.pdf. Accessed 22 Feb 2019"},{"key":"485_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.14689\/ejer.2018.74.9","volume":"74","author":"M Ozdemir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ozdemir M, Sahin C, Arcagok S, Demir MK (2018) The effect of augmented reality applications in the learning process: a meta-analysis study. Eurasian J Educ Res 74:165\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14689\/ejer.2018.74.9","journal-title":"Eurasian J Educ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0747-y","volume":"18","author":"I Radu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Radu I (2014) Augmented reality in education: a meta-review and cross-media analysis. Pers Ubiquit Comput 18(6):1533\u20131543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00779-013-0747-y","journal-title":"Pers Ubiquit Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.12973\/eurasia.2017.00628a","volume":"13","author":"F Saltan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saltan F, Arslan \u00d6 (2017) The use of augmented reality in formal education: a scoping review. Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ 13(2):503\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12973\/eurasia.2017.00628a","journal-title":"Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","volume":"5","author":"K Sayal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayal K, Prasad V, Daley D, Ford T, Coghill D (2018) ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry 5(2):175\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"485_CR32","volume-title":"Academic skills problems workbook","author":"ES Shapiro","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shapiro ES (1996) Academic skills problems workbook. Guilford Press, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12408","volume":"12","author":"M Tatlow-Golden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tatlow-Golden M, Gavin B, McNamara N, Singh S, Ford T, Paul M, Culle W, McNicholas F (2018) Transitioning from child and adolescent mental health services with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Ireland: case note review. Early Interv Psychiatry 12(3):505\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eip.12408","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"key":"485_CR34","volume-title":"Dyslexia unravelled: an Irish guide to a global problem","author":"R Treacy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Treacy R (2017) Dyslexia unravelled: an Irish guide to a global problem. Orpen Press, Dublin"},{"key":"485_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.9631","volume":"5","author":"A Vahabzadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vahabzadeh A, Keshav NU, Salisbury JP, Sahin NT (2018) Improvement of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in school-aged children, adolescents, and young adults with autism via a digital smartglasses-based socioemotional coaching aid: short-term, uncontrolled pilot study. JMIR Mental Health 5:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mental.9631","journal-title":"JMIR Mental Health"},{"key":"485_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vate-U-Lan P (2012) An augmented reality 3d pop-up book: the development of a multimedia project for English language teaching. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo. IEEE, pp 890\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICME.2012.79","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2012.79"},{"key":"485_CR37","volume-title":"Graded word spelling test, revised and restandardized by Colin McCarty and Mary Crumpler","author":"PE Vernon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vernon PE (2006) Graded word spelling test, revised and restandardized by Colin McCarty and Mary Crumpler. Hodder Education, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2006.12088001","volume":"35","author":"RJ Volpe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Volpe RJ, DuPaul GJ, DiPerna JC, Jitendra AK, Lutz JG, Tresco K, Junod RV (2006) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and scholastic achievement: a model of mediation via academic enablers. Sch Psychol Rev 35(1):47","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12398","volume":"56","author":"N Wright","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wright N, Moldavsky M, Schneider J, Chakrabarti I, Coates J, Daley D, Kochhar P, Mills J, Sorour W, Sayal K (2015) Practitioner review: pathways to care for ADHD\u2013a systematic review of barriers and facilitators. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56(6):598\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12398","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"485_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou F, Duh HBL, Billinghurst M. (2008) Trends in augmented reality tracking, interaction and display: a review of ten years of ISMAR. In: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE\/ACM international symposium on mixed and augmented reality. IEEE Computer Society, pp 193\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISMAR.2008.4637362","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2008.4637362"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00485-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00485-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00485-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T09:09:50Z","timestamp":1629450590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00485-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00485-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The only ethical dilemma within this pilot concerned the interactions with minors (students aged 9\u201312\u00a0years, attending 4th, 5th and 6th classes) at primary schools in Ireland and the collection of data in terms of the effect that AR has on reading, spelling and their behaviour. All participants in the project had to provide a consent form, based on the ethics\u2019 approval of the project. \u201cAnonymity,\u201d \u201cconfidentiality,\u201d and \u201cprivacy\u201d are three terms that were of high importance and adhered to within the AHA project and communicated to all participants. The conducted research included Ethics approval from UCD Research Ethics Committee and the project complies with UCD\u2019s Data Protection Policy and current Data Protection Legislation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}