{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:44:36Z","timestamp":1779295476127,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Pannonia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The interaction time of students who did spatial ability tests in a virtual reality environment is analyzed. The spatial ability test completion times of 240 and 61 students were measured. A desktop display as well as the Gear VR were used by the former group and by the latter one, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the probability of correct answers and completion times, while linear regression was used to evaluate effects and interactions of following factors on test completion times: the users\u2019 gender and primary hand, test type and device used. The findings were that while the completion times are not significantly affected by the users\u2019 primary hand, other factors have significant effects on them: they are decreased by the male gender in itself, while they are increased by solving Mental Rotation Tests or by using the Gear VR. The largest significant increment in interaction time in virtual reality during spatial ability tests is when Mental Rotation Tests are accomplished by males with the Gear VR, while the largest significant decrease in interaction time is when Mental Cutting Tests are completed with a desktop display.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00509-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T19:03:07Z","timestamp":1616007787000},"page":"601-614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Investigation of spatial ability test completion times in virtual reality using a desktop display and the Gear VR"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3273-313X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor","family":"Guzsvinecz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9va","family":"Orb\u00e1n-Mih\u00e1lyk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cec\u00edlia","family":"Sik-L\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Perge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"509_CR1","first-page":"12","volume":"74","author":"HK Ault","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ault HK, John S (2010) Assessing and enhancing visualization skills of engineering students in africa: a comparative study. Eng Des Graph J 74:12\u201320","journal-title":"Eng Des Graph J"},{"key":"509_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"A Bosnyak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bosnyak A, Nagy-Kondor R (2008) The spatial ability and spatial geometrical knowledge of university students majored in mathematics. Acta Didact Univ Comenianae Math 8:1\u201325","journal-title":"Acta Didact Univ Comenianae Math"},{"key":"509_CR3","unstructured":"Branoff TJ, Connolly E (1999) The addition of coordinate axes to the purdue spatial visualization test-visualization of rotations: A study at two universities. In: Proceedings of ASEE annual conference & exposition, pp 1\u20139"},{"key":"509_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322955950","volume-title":"Virtual reality technology","author":"GC Burdea","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burdea GC, Coiffet P (2003) Virtual reality technology. John Wiley, New Jersey"},{"key":"509_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang JSK, Yeboah G, Doucette A, Clifton P, Nitsche M, Welsh T, Mazalek A (2017) Evaluating the effect of tangible virtual reality on spatial perspective taking ability. In: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on spatial user interaction, pp 68\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3131277.3132171","DOI":"10.1145\/3131277.3132171"},{"key":"509_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.16.3.318","volume":"16","author":"G Drettakis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drettakis G, Roussou M, Reche A, Tsingos N (2007) Design and evaluation of a real-world virtual environment for architecture and urban planning. Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ 16:318\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.16.3.318","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ"},{"key":"509_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u00fcnser A, Steinb\u00fcgl K, Kaufmann H, Gl\u00fcck J (2006) Virtual and augmented reality as spatial ability training tools. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCHI New Zealand chapter\u2019s international conference on Computer-human interaction: design centered HCI, pp 125\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1152760.1152776","DOI":"10.1145\/1152760.1152776"},{"key":"509_CR8","volume-title":"Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences","author":"H Gardner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gardner H (1983) Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books, New York"},{"key":"509_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1973.tb01150.x","volume":"26","author":"EE Ghiselli","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ghiselli EE (1973) The validity of aptitude tests in personnel selection. Pers Psychol 26:461\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1973.tb01150.x","journal-title":"Pers Psychol"},{"key":"509_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guzsvinecz T, Szeles M, Perge E, Sik-Lanyi C (2019) Preparing spatial ability tests in a virtual reality application. In: 2019 10th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom), pp 363\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CogInfoCom47531.2019.9089919","DOI":"10.1109\/CogInfoCom47531.2019.9089919"},{"key":"509_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guzsvinecz T, Orban-Mihalyko E, Perge E, Sik-Lanyi C (2020a) Analyzing the spatial skills of university students with a virtual reality application using a desktop display and the gear vr. Acta Polytech Hungarica, 17:35\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12700\/APH.17.2.2020.2.3","DOI":"10.12700\/APH.17.2.2020.2.3"},{"key":"509_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020526","volume":"10","author":"T Guzsvinecz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guzsvinecz T, Sik-Lanyi C, Orban-Mihalyko E, Perge E (2020b) The influence of display parameters and display devices over spatial ability test answers in virtual reality environments. Appl Sci 10:526\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10020526","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"509_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hartman NW, Connolly PE, Gilger JW, Bertoline GR, Heisler J (2006) Virtual reality-based spatial skills assessment and its role in computer graphics education. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Educators program, pp 46\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1179295.1179342","DOI":"10.1145\/1179295.1179342"},{"issue":"3","key":"509_CR14","first-page":"45","volume":"6","author":"I Heldal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heldal I (2007) The impact of social interaction on usability for distributed virtual environments. Int J Virtual Real 6(3):45\u201354","journal-title":"Int J Virtual Real"},{"key":"509_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horv\u00e1th I (2016) Innovative engineering education in the cooperative vr environment. In: 2016 7th IEEE international conference on cognitive infocommunications (CogInfoCom), pp 359\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CogInfoCom.2016.7804576","DOI":"10.1109\/CogInfoCom.2016.7804576"},{"key":"509_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387","volume-title":"Applied logistic regression,","author":"DW Hosmer Jr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosmer DW Jr, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX (2013) Applied logistic regression, vol 398. John Wiley, New Jersey"},{"key":"509_CR17","unstructured":"Jiang E, Laidlaw DH (2019) Practicing in virtual reality improves mental rotation ability: lower scorers benefit more. Brown University. https:\/\/cs.brown.edu\/research\/pubs\/theses\/ugrad\/2019\/jiang.elaine.pdf. Accessed 12 October 2020"},{"key":"509_CR18","volume-title":"HCI beyond the GUI: design for haptic, speech, olfactory, and other nontraditional interfaces","author":"P Kortum","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kortum P (2008) HCI beyond the GUI: design for haptic, speech, olfactory, and other nontraditional interfaces. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"key":"509_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kovari A (2018) Coginfocom supported education: a review of coginfocom based conference papers. In: 2018 9th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom), pp 233\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COGINFOCOM.2018.8639879","DOI":"10.1109\/COGINFOCOM.2018.8639879"},{"key":"509_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.12700\/APH.15.5.2018.5.9","volume":"15","author":"M Macik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Macik M (2018) Cognitive aspects of spatial orientation. Acta Polytech Hungarica 15:149\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12700\/APH.15.5.2018.5.9","journal-title":"Acta Polytech Hungarica"},{"key":"509_CR21","unstructured":"Maier PH (1996) Spatial geometry and spatial ability\u2013how to make solid geometry solid. In: Selected papers from the annual conference of didactics of mathematics, pp 63\u201375"},{"key":"509_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/23796529.1998.11674538","volume":"18","author":"H Mclellan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mclellan H (1998) Cognitive issues in virtual reality. J Vis Lit 18:175\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23796529.1998.11674538","journal-title":"J Vis Lit"},{"key":"509_CR23","first-page":"27","volume":"56","author":"CL Miller","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miller CL (1992) Enhancing visual literacy of engineering students through the use of real and computer generated models. Eng Des Graph J 56:27\u201338","journal-title":"Eng Des Graph J"},{"key":"509_CR24","first-page":"5","volume":"55","author":"CL Miller","year":"1991","unstructured":"Miller CL, Bertoline GR (1991) Spatial visualization research and theories: their importance in the development of an engineering and technical design graphics curriculum model. Eng Des Graph J 55:5\u201314","journal-title":"Eng Des Graph J"},{"key":"509_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Molina-Carmona R, Pertegal-Felices ML, Jimeno-Morenilla A, Mora-Mora H (2018a) Assessing the impact of virtual reality on engineering students\u2019 spatial ability. In: The future of innovation and technology in education: policies and practices for teaching and learning excellence, pp 171\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/978-1-78756-555-520181013","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-78756-555-520181013"},{"key":"509_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3390\/su10041074","volume":"10","author":"R Molina-Carmona","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molina-Carmona R, Pertegal-Felices ML, Jimeno-Morenilla A, Mora-Mora H (2018b) Virtual reality learning activities for multimedia students to enhance spatial ability. Sustain 10:1074\u20131086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10041074","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"509_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015548105563","volume":"2","author":"CM Oman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Oman CM, Shebilske WL, Richards JT, Tubr\u00e9 TC, Beall AC, Natapoff A (2000) Three dimensional spatial memory and learning in real and virtual environments. Spat Cogn Comput 2:355\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1015548105563","journal-title":"Spat Cogn Comput"},{"key":"509_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.014","volume":"42","author":"TD Parsons","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parsons TD, Larson P, Kratz K, Thi\u00e9baux M, Bluestein B, Buckwalter JG, Rizzo AA (2004) Sex differences in mental rotation and spatial rotation in a virtual environment. Neuropsychologia 42:555\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"509_CR29","unstructured":"R Core Team (2018) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria. http:\/\/cran.univ-paris1.fr\/web\/packages\/dplR\/vignettes\/intro-dplR.pdf. Accessed 14 October 2020"},{"key":"509_CR30","unstructured":"Rizzo A, Buckwalter JG, Larson P, Van\u00a0Rooyen A, Kratz K, Neumann U, Kesselman C, Thiebaux M (1998a) Preliminary findings on a virtual environment targeting human mental rotation\/spatial abilities. In: Proceedings of the 2nd european conference on disability, virtual reality and associated techniques, Sk\u00f6ve, Sweden, pp 213\u2013220"},{"key":"509_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.113","volume":"1","author":"AA Rizzo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rizzo AA, Buckwalter JG, Neumann U, Kesselman C, Thi\u00e9baux M, Larson P, van Rooyen A (1998b) The virtual reality mental rotation spatial skills project. Cyberpsychology Behav 1:113\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.113","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"509_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.6.655","volume":"15","author":"R Schroeder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schroeder R, Heldal I, Tromp J (2006) The usability of collaborative virtual environments and methods for the analysis of interaction. Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ 15(6):655\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.15.6.655","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ"},{"key":"509_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1443898","volume":"35","author":"AG Sutcliffe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sutcliffe AG, Poullis C, Gregoriades A, Katsouri I, Tzanavari A, Herakleous K (2019) Reflecting on the design process for virtual reality applications. Int J Hum Comput Interact 35:168\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2018.1443898","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"509_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takala TM (2014) Ruis: A toolkit for developing virtual reality applications with spatial interaction. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM symposium on Spatial user interaction, pp 94\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2659766.2659774","DOI":"10.1145\/2659766.2659774"},{"key":"509_CR35","unstructured":"Torner J, Alpiste F, Brigos M (2016) Virtual reality application to improve spatial ability of engineering students. In: WSCG\u20192016-24th International conference in central europe on computer graphics, visualization and computer vision\u20192016, pp 69\u201377"},{"key":"509_CR36","volume-title":"Probability & statistics for engineers & scientists","author":"RE Walpole","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walpole RE, Myers RH, Myers SL, Ye K (2011) Probability & statistics for engineers & scientists. Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey"},{"key":"509_CR37","first-page":"61","volume":"8","author":"A Wilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilson A (2019) Analysis of current virtual reality methods to enhance learning in education. Sel Comput Res Pap 8:61\u201366","journal-title":"Sel Comput Res Pap"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00509-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00509-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00509-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T15:13:13Z","timestamp":1652886793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00509-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00509-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The participants in tests gave their consent to gather information about their gender, age, primary hand, what do they study and how long they have attended a university at the time of tests. To respect their anonymity, their names were not gathered.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}