{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:34:30Z","timestamp":1780680870487,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Koblenz-Landau"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shinrin-yoku or forest bathing refers to a therapeutic, immersive nature experience that aids to improve well-being. The goal of the current research was to compare the effects of a physical urban nature versus virtual nature experience on stress, affect, vitality, and restoration. Previous research suggested that an immersive nature experience\u2014such as shinrin-yoku\u2014can be beneficial for health, but direct comparisons between physical and virtual reality (VR) experiences are scarce. In the current study, fifty participants navigated self-paced through a forest scene that was either an urban physical forest or an immersive VR forest with similar characteristics as the physical one. Before and after the intervention, we measured positive and negative affect, subjective vitality, and perceived daily stress. After the intervention, we measured perceived restorative outcomes. Results revealed that both VR and physical nature experience resulted in expected effects on well-being indicators: Affect was more positive and less negative, subjective vitality increased slightly, and stress decreased slightly after both interventions. There were no significant differences between the two settings on any of the variables, but slightly stronger effect sizes over time within the physical condition. Overall, these findings suggest that immersive VR nature experiences can have restoration effects similar to physical nature experiences, suggesting intervention strategies when physical nature options are scarce.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00631-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T18:08:38Z","timestamp":1643911718000},"page":"1245-1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Digital shinrin-yoku: do nature experiences in virtual reality reduce stress and increase well-being as strongly as similar experiences in a physical forest?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6672-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Reese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Stahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Menzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7031036","volume":"7","author":"JJ Alvarsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alvarsson JJ, Wiens S, Nilsson ME (2010) Stress recovery during exposure to nature sound and environmental noise. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7(3):1036\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph7031036","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4747.2017","volume":"88","author":"AP Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson AP, Mayer MD, Fellows AM, Cowan DR, Hegel MT, Buckey JC (2017) Relaxation with immersive natural scenes presented using virtual reality. Aerosp Med Human Perform 88(6):520\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/AMHP.4747.2017","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Human Perform"},{"key":"631_CR3","unstructured":"Authors. The experience of connectedness with nature while sitting and walking. Unpublished manuscript"},{"issue":"10","key":"631_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1021\/es903183r","volume":"44","author":"J Barton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barton J, Pretty J (2010) What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis. Environ Sci Technol 44(10):3947\u20133955","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"631_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.02.012","author":"DA Becker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becker DA, Browning MHEM, Kuo M, Van Den Eeden SK (2019) Is green land cover associated with less health care spending? Promising findings from county-level Medicare spending in the continental United States. Urb For Urb Green. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.02.012","journal-title":"Urb For Urb Green"},{"issue":"12","key":"631_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x","volume":"19","author":"MG Berman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berman MG, Jonides J, Kaplan S (2008) The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychol Sci 19(12):1207\u20131212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2005.07.001","volume":"25","author":"R Berto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berto R (2005) Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity. J Environ Psychol 25(3):249\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2005.07.001","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/c3bwu","author":"A Bertrams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bertrams A, Dyllick-Brenzinger T, Englert C, Krispenz A (2019) German adaptation of the subjective vitality scales (SVS-G), accepted version. Open Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/c3bwu","journal-title":"Open Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR9","unstructured":"Bethesda Softworks LLC (2019) Maryland, US"},{"issue":"7","key":"631_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0903","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0903","volume":"5","author":"GN Bratman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bratman GN, Anderson CB, Berman MG, Cochran B, de Vries S, Flanders J, Folke C, Frumkin H, Gross JJ, Hartig T, Kahn PH, Kuo M, Lawler JJ, Levin PS, Lindahl T, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Mitchell R, Ouyang Z, Roe J, Scarlett L, Smith JR, van den Bosch M, Wheeler BW, White MP, Zheng H, Daily GC (2019) Nature and mental health: an ecosystem service perspective. Sci Adv 5(7):0903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aax0903","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"631_CR11","unstructured":"Breyer B, Bluemke M (2016) Deutsche version der positive and negative affect schedule PANAS (GESIS panel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"631_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00453-7","volume":"25","author":"E Brivio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brivio E, Serino S, Cousa EN, Zini A, Riva G, De Leo G (2021) Virtual reality and 360 panorama technology: a media comparison to study changes in sense of presence, anxiety, and positive emotions. Virtual Real 25(2):303\u2013311","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"11","key":"631_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5562","DOI":"10.1021\/es305019p","volume":"47","author":"DK Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown DK, Barton JL, Gladwell VF (2013) Viewing nature scenes positively affects recovery of autonomic function following acute-mental stress. Environ Sci Technol 47(11):5562\u20135569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es305019p","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"631_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02667","author":"MH Browning","year":"2019","unstructured":"Browning MH, Mimnaugh KJ, van Riper CJ, Laurent HK, LaValle SM (2019) Can simulated nature support mental health? Comparing short, single-doses of 360-degree nature videos in virtual reality with the outdoors. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02667","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02321","volume":"8","author":"G Calogiuri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calogiuri G, Litleskare S, Fagerheim KA, Rydgren TL, Brambilla E, Thurston M (2018) Experiencing nature through immersive virtual environments: environmental perceptions, physical engagement, and affective responses during a simulated nature walk. Front Psychol 8:2321","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR16","unstructured":"Chan SHM, Qiu L, Esposito G, Mai KP, Tam KP, Cui J (in press) Nature in virtual reality improves mood and reduces stress: evidence from young adults and senior citizens. Virtual Real"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0393","volume":"22","author":"A Chirico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chirico A, Gaggioli A (2019) When virtual feels real: comparing emotional responses and presence in virtual and natural environments. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 22(3):220\u2013226","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"631_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00442-w","volume":"25","author":"A Chirico","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chirico A, Scurati GW, Maffi C, Huang S, Graziosi S, Ferrise F, Gaggioli A (2021) Designing virtual environments for attitudes and behavioral change in plastic consumption: a comparison between concrete and numerical information. Virtual Real 25(1):107\u2013121","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"2","key":"631_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840601096453","volume":"28","author":"D Crone","year":"2007","unstructured":"Crone D (2007) Walking back to health: a qualitative investigation into service users\u2019 experiences of a walking project. Issues Ment Health Nurs 28(2):167\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01612840601096453","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.8.4.282","volume":"8","author":"AH De Lange","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Lange AH, Taris TW, Kompier MA, Houtman IL, Bongers PM (2003) \u201c The very best of the millennium\u201d: longitudinal research and the demand-control-(support) model. J Occup Health Psychol 8(4):282\u2013305","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.05.003","volume":"45","author":"\u0141 Dziuda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dziuda \u0141, Biernacki MP, Baran PM, Truszczy\u0144ski OE (2014) The effects of simulated fog and motion on simulator sickness in a driving simulator and the duration of after-effects. Appl Ergon 45(3):406\u2013412","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"631_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807504116","author":"K Engemann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engemann K, Pedersen CB, Arge L, Tsirogiannis C, Mortensen PB, Svenning J-C (2019) Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1807504116","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"631_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080864","volume":"14","author":"LS Franco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franco LS, Shanahan DF, Fuller RA (2017) A review of the benefits of nature experiences: more than meets the eye. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(8):864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14080864","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"631_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2014.956618","volume":"40","author":"KR Gamble","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gamble KR, Howard JH Jr, Howard DV (2014) Not just scenery: viewing nature pictures improves executive attention in older adults. Exp Aging Res 40(5):513\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0361073X.2014.956618","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"631_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13153-1","volume":"7","author":"SM Gerber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gerber SM, Jeitziner MM, Wyss P, Chesham A, Urwyler P, M\u00fcri RM, Jakob SM, Nef T (2017) Visuo-acoustic stimulation that helps you to relax: a virtual reality setup for patients in the intensive care unit. Sci Rep 7(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13153-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"631_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2318-8","volume":"112","author":"VF Gladwell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gladwell VF, Brown DK, Barton JL, Tarvainen MP, Kuoppa P, Pretty J, Suddaby JM, Sandercock GRH (2012) The effects of views of nature on autonomic control. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(9):3379\u20133386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-012-2318-8","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"631_CR27","first-page":"233","volume-title":"H-P Blossfeld, J v Maurice","author":"C Gross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gross C, Seeba\u00df K (2014). The standard stress scale (SSS): measuring stress in the life course. In: H-P Blossfeld, J v Maurice, M Bayer, J Skopek (Eds.). Methodological issues of longitudinal surveys. Springer VS, Wiesbaden, Germany, pp 233\u2013249"},{"issue":"8","key":"631_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080851","volume":"14","author":"MM Hansen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hansen MM, Jones R, Tocchini K (2017) Shinrin-yoku (forest bathing) and nature therapy: a state-of-the-art review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(8):851","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"631_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2012.12.005","volume":"34","author":"NS Harth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harth NS, Leach CW, Kessler T (2013) Guilt, anger, and pride about in-group environmental behaviour: different emotions predict distinct intentions. J Environ Psychol 34:18\u201326","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00670.x","volume":"37","author":"T Hartig","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hartig T, B\u00f6\u00f6k A, Garvill J, Olsson T, G\u00e4rling T (1996) Environmental influences on psychological restoration. Scand J Psychol 37(4):378\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00670.x","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"631_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443","volume":"35","author":"T Hartig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hartig T, Mitchell R, de Vries S, Frumkin H (2014) Nature and health. Annu Rev Public Health 35(1):207\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.07.002","volume":"107","author":"K Hauru","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hauru K, Lehv\u00e4virta S, Korpela K, Kotze DJ (2012) Closure of view to the urban matrix has positive effects on perceived restorativeness in urban forests in Helsinki, Finland. Landsc Urb Plan 107(4):361\u2013369","journal-title":"Landsc Urb Plan"},{"key":"631_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46099-7","author":"M Hedblom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hedblom M, Gunnarsson B, Iravani B, Knez I, Schaefer M, Thorsson P, Lundstr\u00f6m JN (2019) Reduction of physiological stress by urban green space in a multisensory virtual experiment. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46099-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"631_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79139-8","volume":"11","author":"M Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu M, Simon M, Fix S, Vivino AA, Bernat E (2021) Exploring a sustainable building\u2019s impact on occupant mental health and cognitive function in a virtual environment. Sci Rep 11(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"631_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.5.1368","volume":"92","author":"R Ilies","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ilies R, Schwind KM, Wagner DT, Johnson MD, DeRue DS, Ilgen DR (2007) When can employees have a family life? The effects of daily workload and affect on work-family conflict and social behaviors at home. J Appl Psychol 92(5):1368\u20131379","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.004","volume":"159","author":"N Kabisch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kabisch N, van den Bosch M, Lafortezza R (2017) The health benefits of nature-based solutions to urbanization challenges for children and the elderly: a systematic review. Environ Res 159:362\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.004","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"631_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916589215001","volume":"21","author":"R Kaplan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kaplan R, Kaplan S, Brown T (1989) Environmental preference: a comparison of four domains of predictors. Environ Behav 21(5):509\u2013530","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-4944(95)90001-2","volume":"15","author":"S Kaplan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaplan S (1995) The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework. J Environ Psychol 15(3):169\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0272-4944(95)90001-2","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.12.016","volume":"69","author":"HK Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim HK, Park J, Choi Y, Choe M (2018) Virtual reality sickness questionnaire (VRSQ): motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality environment. Appl Ergon 69:66\u201373","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"631_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2007.10.008","volume":"14","author":"K Korpela","year":"2008","unstructured":"Korpela K, Yl\u00e9n M, Tyrv\u00e4inen L, Silvennoinen H (2008) Determinants of restorative experiences in everyday favourite places. Health Place 14:636\u2013652","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"631_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01093","author":"M Kuo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuo M (2015) How might contact with nature promote human health? Promising mechanisms and a possible central pathway. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01093","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1177\/00139160121973124","volume":"33","author":"FE Kuo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuo FE, Sullivan WC (2001) Aggression and violence in the inner city: effects of environment via mental fatigue. Environ Behav 33(4):543\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00139160121973124","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"631_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2020.101491","volume":"71","author":"H Landmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landmann H, Rohmann A (2020) Being moved by protest: collective efficacy beliefs and injustice appraisals enhance collective action intentions for forest protection via positive and negative emotions. J Environ Psychol 71:101491","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2019.101323","author":"CML Mackay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mackay CML, Schmitt MT (2019) Do people who feel connected to nature do more to protect it? A meta-analysis. J Environ Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2019.101323","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106295","volume":"107","author":"O Mattila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mattila O, Korhonen A, P\u00f6yry E, Hauru K, Holopainen J, Parvinen P (2020) Restoration in a virtual reality forest environment. Comput Hum Behav 107:106295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106295","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"631_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294119884063","author":"E Menardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menardo E, Brondino M, Hall R, Pasini M (2019) Restorativeness in natural and urban environments: a meta-analysis. Psychol Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033294119884063","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"631_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00943","author":"L Mygind","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mygind L, Kjeldsted E, Hartmeyer RD, Mygind E, B\u00f8lling M, Bentsen P (2019) Immersive nature-experiences as health promotion interventions for healthy, vulnerable, and sick populations? A systematic review and appraisal of controlled studies. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00943","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"631_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2016.1196155","volume":"19","author":"H Ohly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohly H, White MP, Wheeler BW, Bethel A, Ukoumunne OC, Nikolaou V, Garside R (2016) Attention restoration theory: a systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B 19(7):305\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10937404.2016.1196155","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health Part B"},{"key":"631_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.12.375","volume":"159","author":"M Pasini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pasini M, Berto R, Brondino M, Hall R, Ortner C (2014) How to measure the restorative quality of environments: the PRS-11. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 159:293\u2013297","journal-title":"Procedia Soc Behav Sci"},{"key":"631_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-019-00118-6","author":"A Pritchard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pritchard A, Richardson M, Sheffield D, McEwan K (2019) The relationship between nature connectedness and eudaimonic well-being: a meta-analysis. J Happiness Stud. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-019-00118-6","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"key":"631_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2015.03.011","volume":"51","author":"G Reese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reese G, Jacob L (2015) Principles of environmental justice and pro-environmental action: a two-step process model of moral anger and responsibility to act. Environ Sci Policy 51:88\u201394","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.3390\/su13041995","volume":"13","author":"G Reese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reese G, Kohler E, Menzel C (2021) Restore or get restored: the effect of control on stress reduction and restoration in virtual nature settings. Sustainability 13(4):1995","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"631_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x","volume":"65","author":"RM Ryan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ryan RM, Frederick C (1997) On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. J Pers 65:529\u2013565","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"issue":"1","key":"631_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/01426397.2017.1400527","volume":"44","author":"S Rybr\u00e5ten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rybr\u00e5ten S, Sk\u00e5r M, Nordh H (2019) The phenomenon of walking: diverse and dynamic. Landsc Res 44(1):62\u201374","journal-title":"Landsc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"631_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2009.09.006","volume":"30","author":"L Scannell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scannell L, Gifford R (2010) Defining place attachment: a tripartite organizing framework. J Environ Psychol 30(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916520916259","author":"D Scates","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scates D, Dickinson JI, Sullivan K, Cline H, Balaraman R (2020) Using nature-inspired virtual reality as a distraction to reduce stress and pain among cancer patients. Environ Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916520916259","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2018.1505571","volume":"21","author":"MP Stevenson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stevenson MP, Schilhab T, Bentsen P (2018) Attention restoration theory II: a systematic review to clarify attention processes affected by exposure to natural environments. J Toxicol Environ Health Part B 21(4):227\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10937404.2018.1505571","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health Part B"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916517710077","volume":"50","author":"K Tanja-Dijkstra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanja-Dijkstra K, Pahl S, White MP, Auvray M, Stone RJ, Andrade J, May J, Mills I, Moles DR (2018) The soothing sea: a virtual coastal walk can reduce experienced and recollected pain. Environ Behav 50(6):599\u2013625","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80184-7","volume":"11","author":"RS Ulrich","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ulrich RS, Simons RF, Losito BD, Fiorito E, Miles MA, Zelson M (1991) Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. J Environ Psychol 11(3):201\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80184-7","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"631_CR60","first-page":"359","volume":"3","author":"D Valtchanov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Valtchanov D, Ellard CG (2010) Physiological and affective responses to immersion in virtual reality: effects of nature and urban settings. J Cyberther Rehabil 3(4):359\u2013374","journal-title":"J Cyberther Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"631_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15860","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121215026","volume":"12","author":"M van den Berg","year":"2015","unstructured":"van den Berg M, Maas J, Muller R, Braun A, Kaandorp W, van Lien R, van Poppel M, van Mechelen W, van den Berg A (2015) Autonomic nervous system responses to viewing green and built settings: differentiating between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12(12):15860\u201315874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph121215026","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"631_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","volume":"54","author":"D Watson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 54(6):1063\u20131070","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"631_CR63","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2019) Constitution of the World Health Organization. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/about\/who-we-are\/constitution"},{"key":"631_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01442","volume":"11","author":"MC Wullenkord","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wullenkord MC, Heidbreder LM, Reese G (2020) Reactions to environmental changes: place attachment predicts interest in earth observation data. Front Psychol 11:1442","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"631_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2009.01127.x","volume":"4","author":"T Yarkoni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yarkoni T (2009) Big correlations in little studies: inflated fMRI correlations reflect low statistical power\u2014commentary on Vul et al. (2009). Perspect Psychol Sci 4(3):294\u2013298","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"631_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.08.013","volume":"35","author":"CP Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu CP, Lee HY, Luo XY (2018) The effect of virtual reality forest and urban environments on physiological and psychological responses. Urb For Urb Green 35:106\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.08.013","journal-title":"Urb For Urb Green"},{"key":"631_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2015.01.005","volume":"42","author":"JM Zelenski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zelenski JM, Dopko RL, Capaldi CA (2015) Cooperation is in our nature: nature exposure may promote cooperative and environmentally sustainable behavior. J Environ Psychol 42:24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2015.01.005","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00631-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00631-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00631-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T19:22:34Z","timestamp":1661973754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00631-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00631-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in line with the ethical standards of the DGPs (German Psychological Society) and local ethics standards. There was no deception involved, participants were fully informed before the start of the study (including the information about data policies, motion sickness, and the right to withdraw at any time), and debriefed after the study. There were no measures or operations involved that likely affected emotional experience beyond usual everyday changes in affect.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}