{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:28:01Z","timestamp":1777890481178,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00643-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T09:03:02Z","timestamp":1648198982000},"page":"1471-1488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Museum beyond physical walls: an exploration of virtual reality-enhanced experience in an exhibition-like space"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5938-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzan","family":"Baradaran Rahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Eiserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beaumie","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"643_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2014.888821","volume":"29","author":"F Baradaran Rahimi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baradaran Rahimi F (2014) A model for sociocultural interactions in museums. Museum Manag Curatorsh. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09647775.2014.888821","journal-title":"Museum Manag Curatorsh"},{"key":"643_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ERGON.2018.08.002","volume":"68","author":"F Baradaran Rahimi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baradaran Rahimi F, Levy RM, Boyd JE, Dadkhahfard S (2018) Human behaviour and cognition of spatial experience; a model for enhancing the quality of spatial experiences in the built environment. Int J Ind Ergon 68:245\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ERGON.2018.08.002","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"643_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baradaran Rahimi F, Boyd JE, Levy RM, Eiserman JR (2020a) New media and space: an empirical study of learning and enjoyment through museum hybrid space. IEEE Trans Visu & Comp Graph. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3043324","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3043324"},{"key":"643_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baradaran Rahimi F, Kim B, Levy RM, Boyd JE (2020b) A game design plot: exploring the educational potentials of history-based video games. IEEE Trans Games 12(3):312\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TG.2019.2954880","DOI":"10.1109\/TG.2019.2954880"},{"issue":"1","key":"643_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2151-6952.2001.tb00027.x","volume":"44","author":"L Bedford","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bedford L (2001) Storytelling: the real work of museums. Curator Museum J 44:27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2151-6952.2001.tb00027.x","journal-title":"Curator Museum J"},{"issue":"2","key":"643_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9201600206","volume":"16","author":"JT Bertrand","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bertrand JT, Brown JE, Ward VM (1992) Techniques for analyzing focus group data. Eval Rev 16:198\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193841X9201600206","journal-title":"Eval Rev"},{"key":"643_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2010.492259","volume":"24","author":"T Bickmore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bickmore T, Schulman D, Yin L (2010) Maintaining engagement in long-term interventions with relational agents. Appl Artif Intell 24:648\u2013666","journal-title":"Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"643_CR8","unstructured":"Bowen J, Bradburne J, Burch A, et al (2008) Digital technologies and the museum experience: Handheld guides and other media. Altamira Press, New York, NY"},{"issue":"2","key":"643_CR9","first-page":"56","volume":"5","author":"C Burton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burton C, Scott C (2003) Museums: challenges for the 21st century. Int J Arts Manag 5:56\u201368","journal-title":"Int J Arts Manag"},{"key":"643_CR10","unstructured":"Campbell DT, Stanley JC (1963) Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs for Research on Teaching in\u2019Handbook of Research on Teaching\u2019. (Ed.) Gage, N. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA"},{"key":"643_CR11","unstructured":"Canadian Heritage Information Network (2004) Survey of Visitors to Museums. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/heritage-information-network\/services\/other-heritage-research-tools\/survey-visitors-museums-web.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR12","first-page":"66","volume":"48","author":"S Carliner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carliner S (2001) Modeling information for three-dimensional space: lessons learned from museum exhibit design. Tech Commun 48:66\u201381","journal-title":"Soc Tech Commun"},{"key":"643_CR13","unstructured":"Carlsson R (2020) Meaningful museum interpretations using virtual reality. In: Museum Next. https:\/\/www.museumnext.com\/article\/meaningful-museum-interpretations-using-virtual-reality\/"},{"key":"643_CR14","unstructured":"Charr M (2021) Hingston studio create exhibition branding for the V&A\u2019s summer show. In: Museum Next. https:\/\/www.museumnext.com\/article\/exhibition-branding-for-the-va\/"},{"key":"643_CR15","unstructured":"Citizen J (2011) LA Noire\u2019s version of Los Angeles is thanks to 1920s daredevil. In: VG24\/7. https:\/\/www.vg247.com\/2011\/05\/18\/la-noires-version-of-los-angeles-is-thanks-to-1920s-daredevil\/"},{"key":"643_CR16","unstructured":"Coates C (2021) Virtual reality is a big trend in museums, but what are the best examples of museums using VR? In: Museum Next. https:\/\/www.museumnext.com\/article\/how-museums-are-using-virtual-reality\/"},{"key":"643_CR17","volume-title":"Flow: the psychology of optimal experience","author":"M Csikszentmihalyi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi M (1991) Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. HarperPerennial, Ne York"},{"key":"643_CR18","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi M (1998) Finding flow: the psychology of engagement with everyday life. Basic Books, New York, NY"},{"key":"643_CR19","unstructured":"Dewey J (2008) The later works of John Dewey, 4, pp 1925\u20131953, 1929 The quest for certainty 1, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL"},{"key":"643_CR20","unstructured":"Dufour R, DuFour R, Eaker R, Many T (2006) Learning by doing: a handbook for professional learning communities at work. Solution Tree, Bloomington, IN"},{"key":"643_CR21","unstructured":"Eiserman J (2019) Personal Communication"},{"key":"643_CR22","volume-title":"Emotions revealed: recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life","author":"P Ekman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ekman P (2003) Emotions revealed: recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. Times Books, NewYork"},{"key":"643_CR23","unstructured":"Entertainment Software Association of Canada (2018) Essential facts about the canadian video game industry. https:\/\/www.theesa.ca\/resources\/essential-facts\/"},{"key":"643_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315417899","volume-title":"Identity and the museum visitor experience","author":"JH Falk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falk JH (2016) Identity and the museum visitor experience. Routledge, New York, NY"},{"key":"643_CR25","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Reinventing the museum: Historical and contemporary perspectives on the paradigm shift","author":"JH Falk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Falk JH, Dierking LD (2004) The contextual model of learning. In: Anderson G (ed) Reinventing the museum: Historical and contemporary perspectives on the paradigm shift. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA, pp 139\u2013142"},{"issue":"5","key":"643_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.20078","volume":"89","author":"J Falk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Falk J, Storksdieck M (2005) Using the contextual model of learning to understand visitor learning from a science center exhibition. Sci Educ 89:744\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sce.20078","journal-title":"Sci Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"643_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2151-6952.1998.tb00822.x","volume":"41","author":"JH Falk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Falk JH, Moussouri T, Coulson D (2010) The effect of visitors \u2018 agendas on museum learning. Curator Museum J 41:107\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2151-6952.1998.tb00822.x","journal-title":"Curator Museum J"},{"key":"643_CR28","volume-title":"Sketches for a National History Museum","author":"K Frampton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frampton K, Ibelings H (2011) Sketches for a National History Museum. SUN, Amsterdam"},{"key":"643_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glas N, Pelachaud C (2015) Definitions of engagement in human-agent interaction. In: 2015 International conference on affective computing and intelligent interaction (ACII). IEEE, pp 944\u2013949","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2015.7344688"},{"key":"643_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034857","volume":"69","author":"I Granic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Granic I, Lobel A, Engels RCME (2014) The Benefits of Playing Video Games. Am Psychol 69:66\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034857","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"643_CR31","first-page":"334","volume-title":"Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application","author":"JM Harackiewicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harackiewicz JM, Knogler M (2017) Interest: Theory and application. In: Elliot AJ, Dweck CS, Yaeger DS (eds) Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application, 2nd edn. The Guilford Press. New York, NY, US, pp 334\u2013352","edition":"2"},{"key":"643_CR32","unstructured":"Hill K (2012) Statistical insights on the arts. Hill Strategies , Hamilton, ON"},{"issue":"2","key":"643_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/13527250410001692877","volume":"10","author":"E Hooper-Greenhill","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hooper-Greenhill E (2004) Measuring learning outcomes in museums, Archives and libraries: the learning impact research project (LIRP). Int J Herit Stud 10:151\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13527250410001692877","journal-title":"Int J Herit Stud"},{"key":"643_CR34","unstructured":"Hooper-Greenhill E, Dodd J, Moussouri T, et al (2003) Measuring the outcomes and impact of learning in museums, archives and libraries. Leicester, UK"},{"key":"643_CR35","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Museums in a digital age","author":"E Huhtamo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huhtamo E (2010) On the origins of the virtual museum. In: Parry R (ed) Museums in a digital age. Routledge, London, pp 121\u2013136"},{"key":"643_CR36","volume-title":"Homo ludens: a study of the play-element in culture","author":"J Huizinga","year":"1955","unstructured":"Huizinga J (1955) Homo ludens: a study of the play-element in culture. Beacon Press, Boston, MA"},{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012841","volume":"100","author":"H Jang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jang H (2008) Supporting students\u2019 motivation, engagement, and learning during an uninteresting activity. J Educ Psychol 100:798\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0012841","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"643_CR38","unstructured":"Lidwell W, Holden K, Butler J (2010) Universal principles of design. Rockport Publishers, Beverly, MA"},{"key":"643_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macdonald S (ed) (2006) A companion to museum studies. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Malden, MA, USA","DOI":"10.1111\/b.9781405108393.2006.00029.x"},{"key":"643_CR40","unstructured":"McMahan A (2003) Immersion, engagement and presence. In: Wolf MJP, Perron B (eds) Video game, theory reader. Routledge, New York, NY, pp 67\u201386"},{"issue":"4","key":"643_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2016.1208596","volume":"44","author":"SA Metzger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Metzger SA, Paxton RJ (2016) Gaming history: a framework for what video games teach about the past. Theory Res Soc Educ 44:532\u2013564","journal-title":"Theory Res Soc Educ"},{"key":"643_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-006-0039-1","volume":"10","author":"T Mikropoulos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mikropoulos T (2006) Presence: a unique characteristic in educational virtual environments. Virtual Real 10:197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-006-0039-1","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"643_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nacke L, Lindley CA (2008) Flow and immersion in first-person shooters: measuring the player\u2019s gameplay experience. In: Proceedings of the 2008 conference on future play: Research, play, share. pp 81\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1496984.1496998","DOI":"10.1145\/1496984.1496998"},{"key":"643_CR44","first-page":"9","volume":"1","author":"L Naing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naing L, Winn T, Rusli BN (2006) Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Arch Orofac Sci 1:9\u201314","journal-title":"Arch Orofac Sci"},{"key":"643_CR45","unstructured":"Neufert E, Neufert P, Kister J (2019) Architects\u2019 Data. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK"},{"key":"643_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08234-9_249-1","volume-title":"Mixed reality gamified presence and storytelling for virtual museums","author":"G Papagiannakis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papagiannakis G, Partarakis N, Stephanidis C et al (2018) Mixed reality gamified presence and storytelling for virtual museums. Springer"},{"key":"643_CR47","unstructured":"Roussou M (2001) Immersive interactive virtual reality in the museum. In: Proc. of TiLE (Trends in Leisure Entertainment)"},{"key":"643_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470996836.ch9","volume-title":"World fairs and museums","author":"RW Rydell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rydell RW (2006) World fairs and museums. A companion to museum studies. Blackwell Pub, Malden, MA"},{"key":"643_CR49","volume-title":"The fourth industrial revolution","author":"K Schwab","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwab K (2017) The fourth industrial revolution. Crown Publishing Group, New York"},{"key":"643_CR50","volume-title":"The virtual","author":"R Shields","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shields R (2002) The virtual. Routledge, London, UK"},{"issue":"3","key":"643_CR51","first-page":"6","volume":"6","author":"E Sikiaridi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sikiaridi E, Vogelaar F (2000) The use of space in the information\/communication age-processing the unplannable. Planning 6(3):6\u201324","journal-title":"Planning"},{"key":"643_CR52","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Towards the Museum of the Future: New European Perspectives","author":"R Silverstone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silverstone R (2012) The medium is the museum: on objects and logics in times and spaces. In: Miles R, Zavala L, Zavala L (eds) Towards the Museum of the Future: New European Perspectives. Routledge, London, pp 161\u2013177"},{"key":"643_CR53","unstructured":"Stoudt C (2011) How the L.A. Noire makers re-created the city of 1947. Los Angeles Times. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/entertainment\/la-xpm-2011-apr-24-la-ca-noir-city-20110424-story.html"},{"key":"643_CR54","first-page":"486","volume-title":"Museums at play: games, interaction and learning","author":"K Walker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walker K, Fr\u00f3es I (2011) Exploring the roles of technology and social play in museums. In: Beale K (ed) Museums at play: games, interaction and learning. MuseumsEtc, Edinburgh, pp 486\u2013499"},{"key":"643_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang B, Liu Y (2019) The research on application of virtual reality technology in museums. J Phys: Confer Serie 1302(4):42049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1302\/4\/042049","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1302\/4\/042049"},{"issue":"5","key":"643_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878110378587","volume":"42","author":"N Whitton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whitton N (2010) Game engagement theory and adult learning. Simul Gaming 42:596\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1046878110378587","journal-title":"Simul Gaming"},{"key":"643_CR57","volume-title":"Virtual reality and the built environment","author":"J Whyte","year":"2002","unstructured":"Whyte J (2002) Virtual reality and the built environment. Architectural Press, Oxford"},{"key":"643_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods E, Billinghurst M, Looser J, et al (2004) Augmenting the science centre and museum experience. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia. pp 230\u2013236","DOI":"10.1145\/988834.988873"},{"key":"643_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu C, Aoki PM, Woodruff A (2004) Detecting user engagement in everyday conversations. arXiv Prepr cs\/0410027","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2004-327"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00643-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00643-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00643-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T17:09:35Z","timestamp":1666458575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00643-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00643-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This research is approved by the Conjoint Faculties Research Ethics Board at the University of Calgary.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}