{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:48:49Z","timestamp":1784616529195,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WI 1456\/22-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WI 1456\/22-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012320","name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the increased use in sports, it is still unclear to what extent VR training tools can be applied for motor learning of complex movements. Previous VR studies primarily relate to realize performances rather than learning motor skills. Therefore, the current study compared VR with video training realizing the acquisition of karate technique, the Soto Uke moving forward in Zenkutsu Dachi, without being accompanied by a trainer or partner. Further analyses showed whether a less lavished forearm compared to a whole-body visualization in VR is necessary to acquire movements\u2019 basics sufficiently. Four groups were tested: 2 groups conducted VR training (VR-WB: whole-body visualization, and VR-FA having only visualized the forearms), the third group passed through a video-based learning method (VB), and the control group (C) had no intervention. In consultation with karate experts, a scoring system was developed to determine the movements\u2019 quality divided, into upper- and lower body performance and the fist pose. The three-way ANOVA with repeated measurements, including the between-subject factor group [VR-WB, VR-FA, VB, C] and the within-subject factors time [pre, post, retention] and body regions [upper body, lower body, fist pose], shows that all groups improved significantly (except for C) with the similar course after four training sessions in all body regions. Accordingly, VR training seems to be as effective as video training, and the transfer from VR-adapted skills into the natural environment was equally sufficient, although presenting different body visualization types. Further suggestions are made related to the features of future VR training simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00679-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T11:04:56Z","timestamp":1658487896000},"page":"523-540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Training in virtual reality enables learning of a complex sports movement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3662-2683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Pastel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Milena","family":"Wiegand C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Stirnatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"N\u00fcbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Schlotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"679_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41133-019-0025-2","author":"K Ahir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahir K, Govani K, Gajera R, Shah M (2020) Application on virtual reality for enhanced education learning, military training and sports. Augment Hum Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41133-019-0025-2","journal-title":"Augment Hum Res"},{"key":"679_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20110100012","volume":"1","author":"A-M Burns","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burns A-M, Kulpa R, Durny A, Spanlang B, Slater M, Multon F (2011) Using virtual humans and computer animations to learn complex motor skills: a case study in karate. BIO Web Conf 1:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/bioconf\/20110100012","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf"},{"key":"679_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00389-7","volume":"24","author":"D Checa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Checa D, Bustillo A (2020) Advantages and limits of virtual reality in learning processes: Briviesca in the fifteenth century. Virtual Real 24:151\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00389-7","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"679_CR4","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove, London","edition":"2"},{"key":"679_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14198\/JHSE.2020.153.06","author":"OR Farley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farley OR, Spencer K, Baudinet L (2020) Virtual reality in sports coaching, skill acquisition and application to surfing: a review. JHSE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14198\/JHSE.2020.153.06","journal-title":"JHSE"},{"key":"679_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0646-2","volume":"47","author":"D Farrow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farrow D, Robertson S (2017) Development of a skill acquisition periodisation framework for high-performance sport. Sports Med 47:1043\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0646-2","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"679_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1689807","volume":"38","author":"C Faure","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faure C, Limballe A, Bideau B, Kulpa R (2020) Virtual reality to assess and train team ball sports performance: a scoping review. J Sports Sci 38:192\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2019.1689807","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"679_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-25524-4","volume-title":"Lehren und Lernen mit und in digitalen medien im sport","author":"B Fischer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fischer B, Paul A (2020) Lehren und Lernen mit und in digitalen medien im sport, vol 18. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden"},{"key":"679_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105.21.3.95","volume":"21","author":"J Fox","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fox J, Arena D, Bailenson JN (2009) Virtual reality. J Media Psychol 21:95\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-1105.21.3.95","journal-title":"J Media Psychol"},{"key":"679_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02183","volume":"8","author":"R Gray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gray R (2017) Transfer of training from virtual to real baseball batting. Front Psychol 8:2183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02183","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"679_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05642-8","volume":"237","author":"DJ Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris DJ, Buckingham G, Wilson MR, Vine SJ (2019) Virtually the same? How impaired sensory information in virtual reality may disrupt vision for action. Exp Brain Res 237:2761\u20132766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-019-05642-8","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"679_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101721","volume":"50","author":"DJ Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris DJ, Buckingham G, Wilson MR, Brookes J, Mushtaq F, Mon-Williams M, Vine SJ (2020) The effect of a virtual reality environment on gaze behaviour and motor skill learning. Psychol Sport Exerc 50:101721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101721","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"679_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.835435","volume":"32","author":"CP Hoffmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoffmann CP, Filippeschi A, Ruffaldi E, Bardy BG (2014) Energy management using virtual reality improves 2000-m rowing performance. J Sports Sci 32:501\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2013.835435","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"679_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y, Churches L, Reilly B (2015) A case study on virtual reality American football training. In: Proceedings of the 2015 virtual reality international conference. ACM, New York, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1145\/2806173.2806178"},{"key":"679_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7298-9","author":"C Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang C, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Zhang C, Meng H (2019) Chinese sports basketball teaching tactics training system combined with multimedia interactive model and virtual reality technology. Multimed Tools Appl. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-019-7298-9","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"679_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00043","author":"F H\u00fclsmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00fclsmann F, Frank C, Senna I, Ernst MO, Schack T, Botsch M (2019) Superimposed skilled performance in a virtual mirror improves motor performance and cognitive representation of a full body motor action. Front Robot AI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2019.00043","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"679_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-4222-4.ch008","volume-title":"Implementing augmented reality into immersive virtual learning environments","author":"T Jackson II","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jackson T II (2021) Immersive virtual reality in sports. In: Tomei L, Russell D (eds) Implementing augmented reality into immersive virtual learning environments. IGI Global, Hershey, pp 135\u2013150"},{"key":"679_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68059-0_20","volume-title":"Human\u2013computer interaction\u2014INTERACT 2017","author":"P Kallioniemi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kallioniemi P, M\u00e4kel\u00e4 V, Saarinen S, Turunen M, Winter Y, Istudor A (2017) User experience and immersion of interactive omnidirectional videos in CAVE systems and head-mounted displays. In: Bernhaupt R, Dalvi G, Joshi A, Balkrishan DK, O\u2019Neill J, Winckler M (eds) Human\u2013computer interaction\u2014INTERACT 2017. Springer, Cham, pp 299\u2013318"},{"key":"679_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/mti3020024","volume":"3","author":"MS Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan MS, Charissis V, Sakellariou S (2019) Exploring the development requirements for virtual reality gait analysis. MTI 3:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti3020024","journal-title":"MTI"},{"key":"679_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.040","volume":"93","author":"D Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim D, Ko YJ (2019) The impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on sport spectators\u2019 flow experience and satisfaction. Comput Hum Behav 93:346\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.040","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"679_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00931.2017","volume":"120","author":"A Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim A, Kretch KS, Zhou Z, Finley JM (2018) The quality of visual information about the lower extremities influences visuomotor coordination during virtual obstacle negotiation. J Neurophysiol 120:839\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00931.2017","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"679_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"679_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20110100054","volume":"1","author":"R Lammfromm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lammfromm R, Gopher D (2011) Transfer of skill from a virtual reality trainer to real juggling. BIO Web Conf 1:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/bioconf\/20110100054","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf"},{"key":"679_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1823618","volume":"39","author":"P Le Noury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le Noury P, Buszard T, Reid M, Farrow D (2021) Examining the representativeness of a virtual reality environment for simulation of tennis performance. J Sports Sci 39:412\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2020.1823618","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"679_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H, Wang Z, Mousas C, Kao D (2020) Virtual reality racket sports: virtual drills for exercise and training. In: 2020 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR). IEEE, pp 566\u2013576","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00084"},{"key":"679_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lougiakis C, Katifori A, Roussou M, Ioannidis I-P (2020) Effects of virtual hand representation on interaction and embodiment in HMD-based virtual environments using controllers. In: 2020 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR). IEEE, pp 510\u2013518","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.1581086151885"},{"key":"679_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugrin J-L, Ertl M, Krop P, Klupfel R, Stierstorfer S, Weisz B, Ruck M, Schmitt J, Schmidt N, Latoschik ME (2018) Any \u201cbody\u201d there? Avatar visibility effects in a virtual reality game. In: 2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR). IEEE, pp 17\u201324","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446229"},{"key":"679_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","volume":"60","author":"G Makransky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makransky G, Terkildsen TS, Mayer RE (2019) Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning. Learn Instr 60:225\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"key":"679_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222351","volume":"14","author":"SC Michalski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michalski SC, Szpak A, Saredakis D, Ross TJ, Billinghurst M, Loetscher T (2019) Getting your game on: using virtual reality to improve real table tennis skills. PLoS ONE 14:e0222351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0222351","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"679_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-006-0133-0","volume":"11","author":"F Mueller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mueller F, Stevens G, Thorogood A, O\u2019Brien S, Wulf V (2007) Sports over a distance. Pers Ubiquit Comput 11:633\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00779-006-0133-0","journal-title":"Pers Ubiquit Comput"},{"key":"679_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-017-0320-5","volume":"22","author":"DL Neumann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neumann DL, Moffitt RL, Thomas PR, Loveday K, Watling DP, Lombard CL, Antonova S, Tremeer MA (2018) A systematic review of the application of interactive virtual reality to sport. Virtual Real 22:183\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-017-0320-5","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"679_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51005-3_36","volume-title":"Science and technologies for smart cities","author":"NN Nor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nor NN, Sunar MS, Kapi AY (2020) User experience of gamified virtual reality (VR) in sport: a review. In: Santos H, Pereira GV, Budde M, Lopes SF, Nikolic P (eds) Science and technologies for smart cities, vol 323. Springer, Cham, pp 440\u2013449"},{"key":"679_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200802541892","volume":"21","author":"J O","year":"2009","unstructured":"O J, Hall C (2009) A quantitative analysis of athletes\u2019 voluntary use of slow motion, real time, and fast motion images. J Appl Sport Psychol 21:15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200802541892","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"679_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.472-475.3117","volume":"472\u2013475","author":"LA Pan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pan LA, Cheng XC, Du QL (2012) Study of table tennis training system. AMR 472\u2013475:3117\u20133120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.472-475.3117","journal-title":"AMR"},{"key":"679_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.01.002","volume":"58","author":"SH Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park SH, Casamento-Moran A, Singer ML, Ernster AE, Yacoubi B, Humbert IA, Christou EA (2018) Integration of visual feedback and motor learning: corticospinal vs. corticobulbar pathway. Hum Mov Sci 58:88\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2018.01.002","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"679_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000241","volume":"110","author":"J Parong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parong J, Mayer RE (2018) Learning science in immersive virtual reality. J Educ Psychol 110:785\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/edu0000241","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"679_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00449-3","author":"S Pastel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pastel S, Chen C-H, Martin L, Naujoks M, Petri K, Witte K (2020a) Comparison of gaze accuracy and precision in real-world and virtual reality. Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00449-3","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"679_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239226","volume":"15","author":"S Pastel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pastel S, Chen C-H, Petri K, Witte K (2020b) Effects of body visualization on performance in head-mounted display virtual reality. PLoS ONE 15:e0239226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239226","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"679_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.25299\/sportarea.2019.vol4(2).3370","volume":"4","author":"K Petri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petri K, Bandow N, Masik S, Witte K (2019a) Improvement of early recognition of attacks in karate kumite due to training in virtual reality. Sportarea 4:294\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25299\/sportarea.2019.vol4(2).3370","journal-title":"Sportarea"},{"key":"679_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2478\/ijcss-2019-0011","volume":"18","author":"K Petri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petri K, Masik S, Danneberg M, Emmermacher P, Witte K (2019b) Possibilities to use a virtual opponent for enhancements of reactions and perception of young karate athletes. Int J Comput Sci Sport 18:20\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/ijcss-2019-0011","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Sport"},{"key":"679_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-019-0299-0","author":"K Petri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petri K, Emmermacher P, Danneberg M, Masik S, Eckardt F, Weichelt S, Bandow N, Witte K (2019c) Training using virtual reality improves response behavior in karate kumite. Sports Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12283-019-0299-0","journal-title":"Sports Eng"},{"key":"679_CR42","first-page":"17","volume":"6","author":"M Rhoads","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rhoads M, Da Matta GB, Pulos S (2014) A meta-analysis of visual feedback for motor learning. Athl Insight 6:17\u201333","journal-title":"Athl Insight"},{"key":"679_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4167-7","volume":"233","author":"R Sigrist","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sigrist R, Rauter G, Marchal-Crespo L, Riener R, Wolf P (2015) Sonification and haptic feedback in addition to visual feedback enhances complex motor task learning. Exp Brain Res 233:909\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-014-4167-7","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"679_CR44","first-page":"123","volume":"20","author":"M Srinivasan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Srinivasan M, Liederman E, Baluyot N, Jacoby R (2006) Saving time, improving satisfaction: the impact of a digital radiology system on physician workflow and system efficiency. J Healthc Inf Manag 20:123\u2013131","journal-title":"J Healthc Inf Manag"},{"key":"679_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tauscher J-P, Schottky FW, Grogorick S, Bittner PM, Mustafa M, Magnor M (2019) Immersive EEG: evaluating electroencephalography in virtual reality. In: 2019 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR). IEEE, pp 1794\u20131800","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797858"},{"key":"679_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2012.11.004","volume":"9","author":"M Thurlings","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thurlings M, Vermeulen M, Bastiaens T, Stijnen S (2013) Understanding feedback: a learning theory perspective. Educ Res Rev 9:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2012.11.004","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"key":"679_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02183","volume":"2015","author":"J Tirp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tirp J, Steingr\u00f6ver C, Wattie N (2015) Virtual realities as optimal learning environments in sport\u2014a transfer study of virtual and real dart throwing. Psychol Test Assess Model 2015:57\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02183","journal-title":"Psychol Test Assess Model"},{"key":"679_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96876-6","volume":"11","author":"A Unell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Unell A, Eisenstat ZM, Braun A, Gandhi A, Gilad-Gutnick S, Ben-Ami S, Sinha P (2021) Influence of visual feedback persistence on visuo-motor skill improvement. Sci Rep 11:17347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-96876-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"679_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4747-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"S Vaziri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vaziri S, Diedrichsen J, Shadmehr R (2006) Why does the brain predict sensory consequences of oculomotor commands? Optimal integration of the predicted and the actual sensory feedback. J Neurosci 26:4188\u20134197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4747-05.2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"679_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2014.10.006","volume":"39","author":"N Vignais","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vignais N, Kulpa R, Brault S, Presse D, Bideau B (2015) Which technology to investigate visual perception in sport: video vs. virtual reality. Hum Mov Sci 39:12\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2014.10.006","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"679_CR51","volume-title":"Richtig karate","author":"W-D Wichmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wichmann W-D, Seer U (2005) Richtig karate, 3rd edn. BLV Sportpraxis Top, M\u00fcnchen","edition":"3"},{"key":"679_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00122.2012","volume":"108","author":"JD Wong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wong JD, Kistemaker DA, Chin A, Gribble PL (2012) Can proprioceptive training improve motor learning? J Neurophysiol 108:3313\u20133321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00122.2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"679_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00441-x","volume":"25","author":"G Wood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wood G, Wright DJ, Harris D, Pal A, Franklin ZC, Vine SJ (2021) Testing the construct validity of a soccer-specific virtual reality simulator using novice, academy, and professional soccer players. Virtual Real 25:43\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00441-x","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"679_CR54","first-page":"64","volume":"23","author":"C-H Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu C-H, Wu C-C, Wang J-S, Chen H-Y, Lin Y-T (2020) Learning tennis through video-based reflective learning by using motion-tracking sensors. J Educ Technol Soc 23:64\u201377","journal-title":"J Educ Technol Soc"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00679-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00679-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00679-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T03:31:53Z","timestamp":1685763113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00679-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00679-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The approval of the Ethics Committee of the Otto-von-Guericke University at the Medical Faculty and University of Hospital Magdeburg was obtained under the number 132\/6.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Available.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent of participate"}},{"value":"All authors agreed for the publication process.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent of publication"}}]}}