{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:58:22Z","timestamp":1788904702830,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SES-2031841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SES-2031841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00713-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T13:03:10Z","timestamp":1667480590000},"page":"1051-1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Affective experience in a virtual crowd regulates perceived travel time"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0668-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeedeh","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Daziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Yeon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam K.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"713_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205512","volume":"59","author":"A Angrilli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Angrilli A, Cherubini P, Pavese A, Manfredini S (1997) The influence of affective factors on time perception. Percept Psychophys 59(6):972\u2013982","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"713_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00196","author":"V Arstila","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arstila V (2012) Time slows down during accidents. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00196","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.09.011","volume":"128","author":"F Aubry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aubry F, Guillaume N, Mogicato G, Bergeret L, Celsis P (2008) Stimulus complexity and prospective timing: clues for a parallel process model of time perception. Acta Physiol (oxf) 128(1):63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.09.011","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"713_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.734","volume":"7","author":"RM Ba\u00f1os","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ba\u00f1os RM, Botella C, Alca\u00f1iz M, Lia\u00f1o V, Guerrero B, Rey B (2004) Immersion and emotion: their impact on the sense of presence. Cyberpsychol Behav 7(6):734\u2013741","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"713_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocm.2019.04.004","volume":"31","author":"P Bansal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bansal P, Hurtubia R, Tirachini A, Daziano RA (2019) Flexible Estimates of heterogeneity in crowding valuation in the New York City Subway. J Choice Modell 31:124\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocm.2019.04.004","journal-title":"J Choice Modell"},{"issue":"7","key":"713_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3950","volume":"16","author":"LF Barrett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barrett LF, Kyle Simmons W (2015) Interoceptive predictions in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 16(7):419\u2013429","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"713_CR7","first-page":"1465","volume":"46","author":"D Basu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basu D, Hunt JD (2012) Valuing of attributes influencing the attractiveness of suburban train service in mumbai city: a stated preference approach. Transportation Research Part a: Policy and Practice 46(9):1465\u20131476","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part a: Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"713_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048993","volume":"66","author":"CR Bell","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bell CR, Provins KA (1963) Relations between physiological responses to environmental heat and time judgments. J Exp Psychol 66(6):572\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0048993","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"713_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Akiva M, Bierlaire M (1999) Discrete choice methods and their applications to short term travel decisions. In Handbook of transportation science. Springer, Berlin, pp 5\u201333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5203-1_2"},{"key":"713_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00428","volume":"6","author":"R Berrios","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berrios R, Totterdell P, Kellett S (2015) Eliciting mixed emotions: a meta-analysis comparing models, types, and measures. Front Psychol 6:428","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403874","volume":"14","author":"J. F. Brown","year":"1931","unstructured":"Brown JF (1931) On time perception in visual movement fields. Psychol Forsch 14(1):233\u2013248","journal-title":"Psychologische Forschung"},{"key":"713_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownstone D (2001) Discrete choice modeling for transportation","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008043924-2\/50003-1"},{"issue":"01","key":"713_CR12","first-page":"2000","volume":"2","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cacioppo JT, Berntson GG, Larsen JT, Poehlmann KM, Ito TA (2000) The psychophysiology of emotion. Handbook of Emotions 2(01):2000","journal-title":"Handbook of Emotions"},{"issue":"2","key":"713_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030964","volume":"139","author":"HA Chapman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chapman HA, Anderson AK (2013) Things rank and gross in nature: a review and synthesis of moral disgust. Psychol Bull 139(2):300","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"713_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-010-9267-z","volume":"37","author":"Y-H Cheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheng Y-H (2010) Exploring passenger anxiety associated with train travel. Transportation 37(6):875\u2013896","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"713_CR15","first-page":"7","volume":"890","author":"JE Clark","year":"1982","unstructured":"Clark JE (1982) Modeling travelers\u2019 perceptions of travel time. Transp Res Rec 890:7\u201311","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"issue":"5663","key":"713_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091573","volume":"303","author":"JT Coull","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coull JT, Vidal F, Nazarian B, Macar F (2004) Functional anatomy of the attentional modulation of time estimation. Science 303(5663):1506\u20131508","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"713_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2005.07.001","volume":"40","author":"T Cox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cox T, Houdmont J, Griffiths A (2006) Rail passenger crowding, stress, health and safety in Britain. Transp Res Part a Policy Practice 40(3):244\u2013258","journal-title":"Transp Res Part a Policy Practice"},{"issue":"1525","key":"713_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0008","volume":"364","author":"AD Craig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craig AD (2009) Emotional moments across time: a possible neural basis for time perception in the Anterior Insula. Philos Trans R Soc b Biol Sci 364(1525):1933\u20131942","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc b Biol Sci"},{"key":"713_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis V, Aunger R, Rabie T (2004) Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: biological sciences 271(suppl_4):S131\u201333","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0144"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2001.0001","volume":"44","author":"V Curtis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Curtis V, Biran A (2001) Dirt, disgust, and disease: Is HYGIENE IN OUR GENES? Perspect Biol Med 44(1):17\u201331","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"issue":"1563","key":"713_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0117","volume":"366","author":"V Curtis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Curtis V, De Barra M, Aunger R (2011) Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc b Biol Sci 366(1563):389\u2013401","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc b Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"713_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2005.06.003","volume":"121","author":"V Dormal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dormal V, Seron X, Pesenti M (2006) Numerosity-duration interference: a stroop experiment. Acta Physiol (oxf) 121(2):109\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2005.06.003","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"713_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2013.03.005","volume":"107","author":"S Droit-Volet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Droit-Volet S (2013) Time perception, emotions and mood disorders. J Physiol Paris 107(4):255\u2013264","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris"},{"issue":"6","key":"713_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721418779978","volume":"27","author":"S Droit-Volet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Droit-Volet S (2018) Intertwined facets of subjective time. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 27(6):422\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721418779978","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"713_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930341000194","volume":"18","author":"S Droit-Volet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Droit-Volet S, Brunot S, Niedenthal P (2004) BRIEF REPORT perception of the duration of emotional events. Cogn Emot 18(6):849\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930341000194","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"12","key":"713_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.09.008","volume":"11","author":"S Droit-Volet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Droit-Volet S, Meck WH (2007) How emotions colour our perception of time. Trends Cogn Sci 11(12):504\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2007.09.008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"713_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.2.204","volume":"79","author":"G Evans","year":"2000","unstructured":"Evans G, Lepore S, Allen K (2000) Cross-cultural differences in tolerance for crowding: fact or fiction? J Pers Soc Psychol 79:204\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.79.2.204","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"713_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-021-09935-6","volume":"92","author":"JR Freitas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freitas JR, Silva VH, Velosa S, Abreu LTN, Jardim RL, Santos JAV, Peres B, Campos PF (2021) Virtual reality exposure treatment in phobias: a systematic review. Psychiatr Q 92(4):1685\u20131710","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"713_CR29","unstructured":"Graham FK, Hackley SA (1991) Passive and active attention to input"},{"issue":"3","key":"713_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.72.3.561","volume":"72","author":"S Grondin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grondin S (2010) Timing and time perception: a review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):561\u2013582","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"713_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.02.054","volume":"543","author":"MJ Hayashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayashi MJ, Valli A, Carlson S (2013) Numerical quantity affects time estimation in the suprasecond range. Neurosci Lett 543:7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.02.054","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"713_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2017.04.022","volume":"100","author":"L Haywood","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haywood L, Koning M, Monchambert G (2017) Crowding in public transport: Who cares and why? Transp Res Part a Policy Practice 100:215\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2017.04.022","journal-title":"Transp Res Part a Policy Practice"},{"key":"713_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang J, Yoon S-Y, Bendle LJ (2012) Desired privacy and the impact of crowding on customer emotions and approach\u2010avoidance responses: waiting in a virtual reality restaurant. Int J Contemp Hosp Manage","DOI":"10.1108\/09596111211206150"},{"issue":"4","key":"713_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/014616728174022","volume":"7","author":"LS Kalb","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kalb LS, Keating JP (1981) The measurement of perceived crowding. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 7(4):650\u2013654","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"713_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","volume":"28","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kirschbaum C, Pirke K-M, Hellhammer DH (1993) The \u2018Trier Social Stress Test\u2019\u2013a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28(1\u20132):76\u201381","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"713_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.04.001","volume":"24","author":"M Krijn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krijn M, Emmelkamp PMG, Olafsson RP, Biemond R (2004) Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: a review. Clin Psychol Rev 24(3):259\u2013281","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"713_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613475456","volume":"24","author":"A Kron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kron A, Goldstein A, Lee D-J, Gardhouse K, Anderson AK (2013) How are you feeling? Revisiting the quantification of emotional qualia. Psychol Sci 24(8):1503\u20131511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797613475456","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038474","volume":"15","author":"A Kron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kron A, Pilkiw M, Banaei J, Goldstein A, Anderson AK (2015) Are valence and arousal separable in emotional experience? Emotion 15(1):35","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"713_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.02.009","volume":"8","author":"JI Lake","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lake JI (2016) Recent advances in understanding emotion-driven temporal distortions. Curr Opin Behav Sci 8:214\u2013219","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"713_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.003","volume":"64","author":"JI Lake","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lake JI, LaBar KS, Meck WH (2016) Emotional modulation of interval timing and time perception. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 64:403\u2013420","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"713_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207349","volume":"29","author":"GM Long","year":"1981","unstructured":"Long GM, Beaton RJ (1981) The effects of stimulus numerosity, retinal location, and rod contrast on perceived duration of brief visual stimuli. Percept Psychophys 29(4):389\u2013394","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"713_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2495\/UT110201","volume":"116","author":"NDM Mahudin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahudin NDM, Cox T, Griffiths A (2011) Modelling the spillover effects of rail passenger crowding on individual well being and organisational behaviour. WIT Transa Built Environ 116:227\u2013238","journal-title":"WIT Transa Built Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2011.11.006","volume":"15","author":"ND Mahudin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mahudin ND, Mohd TC, Griffiths A (2012) Measuring rail passenger crowding: scale development and psychometric properties. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 15(1):38\u201351","journal-title":"Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"713_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.01.001","volume":"86","author":"K Meissner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meissner K, Wittmann M (2011) Body signals, cardiac awareness, and the perception of time. Biol Psychol 86(3):289\u2013297","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"713_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.4.697","volume":"7","author":"M Noulhiane","year":"2007","unstructured":"Noulhiane M, Nathalie Mella S, Samson RR, Pouthas V (2007) How emotional auditory stimuli modulate time perception. Emotion 7(4):697\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.7.4.697","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16198-z","volume":"12","author":"RS Ogden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ogden RS, Dobbins C, Slade K, McIntyre J, Fairclough S (2022) The psychophysiological mechanisms of real-world time experience. Sci Rep 12(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"713_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.04.051","volume":"438","author":"M Oliveri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oliveri M, Vicario CM, Salerno S, Koch G, Turriziani P, Mangano R, Chillemi G, Caltagirone C (2008) Perceiving numbers alters time perception. Neurosci Lett 438(3):308\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.04.051","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"713_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1995.80.3.831","volume":"80","author":"E Osato","year":"1995","unstructured":"Osato E, Ogawa N, Takaoka N (1995) Relations among heart rate, immediate memory, and time estimation under two different instructions. Percept Mot Skills 80(3):831\u2013842","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"713_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01215","volume":"6","author":"S Otten","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otten S, Sch\u00f6tz E, Wittmann M, Kohls N, Schmidt S, Meissner K (2015) Psychophysiology of duration estimation in experienced mindfulness meditators and matched controls. Front Psychol 6:1215","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"713_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post E (2019) Time in ecology. In Time in ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691182353.001.0001"},{"issue":"5","key":"713_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/14.5.17","volume":"14","author":"TH Rammsayer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rammsayer TH, Verner M (2014) The Effect of nontemporal stimulus size on perceived duration as assessed by the method of reproduction. J vis 14(5):17\u201317","journal-title":"J vis"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15982-6","volume":"7","author":"AE Rey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rey AE, Michael GA, Dondas C, Thar M, Garcia-Larrea L, Mazza S (2017) Pain dilates time perception. Sci Rep 7(1):15682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-15982-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"713_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022591","volume":"11","author":"L Riggs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riggs L, McQuiggan DA, Farb N, Anderson AK, Ryan JD (2011) The role of overt attention in emotion-modulated memory. Emotion 11(4):776","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"713_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(51)90007-8","volume":"8","author":"CO Roelofs","year":"1951","unstructured":"Roelofs CO, Zeeman WPC (1951) Influence sequences of optical stimuli on the estimation of duration of a given interval of time. Acta Physiol (oxf) 8:89\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0001-6918(51)90007-8","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (oxf)"},{"key":"713_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadeghi S, Daziano R, Yoon S-Y, Anderson AK (2022) Crowding and perceived travel time in public transit: virtual reality compared with stated choice surveys. Transp Res Record. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03611981221130346","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221130346"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036794","volume":"103","author":"HR Schiffman","year":"1974","unstructured":"Schiffman HR, Bobko DJ (1974) Effects of stimulus complexity on the perception of brief temporal intervals. J Exp Psychol 103(1):156","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"713_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2011.00058","author":"A Schirmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schirmer A (2011) How emotions change time. Front Integr Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2011.00058","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"713_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0387-8","volume":"75","author":"MA Schwarz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schwarz MA, Winkler I, Sedlmeier P (2013) The heart beat does not make us tick: the impacts of heart rate and arousal on time perception. Atten Percept Psychophys 75(1):182\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13414-012-0387-8","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"3","key":"713_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032706","volume":"79","author":"D Stokols","year":"1972","unstructured":"Stokols D (1972) On the distinction between density and crowding: some implications for future research. Psychol Rev 79(3):275","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"713_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2017.06.008","volume":"103","author":"A Tirachini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tirachini A, Hurtubia R, Dekker T, Daziano RA (2017) Estimation of crowding discomfort in public transport: results from Santiago de Chile. Transp Res Part a Policy Practice 103:311\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2017.06.008","journal-title":"Transp Res Part a Policy Practice"},{"issue":"10","key":"713_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1009-1217","volume":"12","author":"RM Todd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Todd RM, Anderson AK (2009) Six degrees of separation: the amygdala regulates social behavior and perception. Nat Neurosci 12(10):1217\u20131218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1009-1217","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"713_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1068\/p190705","volume":"19","author":"M Treisman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Treisman M, Faulkner A, Naish PLN, Brogan D (1990) The internal clock: evidence for a temporal oscillator underlying time perception with some estimates of its characteristic frequency. Perception 19(6):705\u2013742","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"713_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.05.016","volume":"62","author":"SF Varotto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Varotto SF, Glerum A, Stathopoulos A, Bierlaire M, Longo G (2017) Mitigating the impact of errors in travel time reporting on mode choice modelling. J Transp Geogr 62:236\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.05.016","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"713_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-011-0150-5","volume":"18","author":"N van de Ven","year":"2011","unstructured":"van de Ven N, van Rijswijk L, Roy MM (2011) The return trip effect: why the return trip often seems to take less time. Psychon Bull Rev 18(5):827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-011-0150-5","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"713_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2007.07.004","volume":"66","author":"J Vila","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vila J, Guerra P, Mu\u00f1oz M\u00c1, Vico C, Jes\u00fas M-D, Delgado LC, Perakakis P, Kley E, Mata JL, Rodr\u00edguez S (2007) Cardiac defense: from attention to action. Int J Psychophysiol 66(3):169\u2013182","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"713_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.09.002","volume":"7","author":"V Walsh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walsh V (2003) A theory of magnitude: common cortical metrics of time, space and quantity. Trends Cogn Sci 7(11):483\u2013488","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"713_CR66","volume":"205","author":"J Witowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Witowska J, Schmidt S, Wittmann M (2020) What happens while waiting? How self-regulation affects boredom and subjective time during a real waiting situation. Acta Physiol (oxf) 205:103061","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (oxf)"},{"issue":"10","key":"713_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/7.10.2","volume":"7","author":"B Xuan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xuan B, Zhang D, He S, Chen X (2007) larger stimuli are judged to last longer. J vis 7(10):2\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/7.10.2","journal-title":"J vis"},{"issue":"9","key":"713_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2010.07.007","volume":"44","author":"MF Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez MF, Raveau S, J. de D. Ort\u00fazar. (2010) Inclusion of latent variables in mixed logit models: modelling and forecasting. Transp Res Part a Policy Practice 44(9):744\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2010.07.007","journal-title":"Transp Res Part a Policy Practice"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00713-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00713-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00713-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T14:07:51Z","timestamp":1744207671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00713-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00713-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no known conflict of interest associated with this publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}