{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:02:29Z","timestamp":1791259349797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK109316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK109316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Northeastern University\u2019s Interdisciplinary Research Sabbatical"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Narratives are pervasive in video games and have been found to increase physical activity in active video games. However, the effect of incorporating narrative elements has seldom been examined in fully immersive virtual reality games. We investigated the effect of narrative element incorporation (between-subject: narrative vs. no narrative) in active virtual reality and sedentary virtual reality games (within-subject) and examined between- and within-subject effects on physical activity behavior, game experience, and physical activity engagement. We randomized 36 sedentary college students to either the narrative or the non-narrative group. All participants played an active virtual reality and a sedentary virtual reality game in counter-balanced order. Before each game session, they either watched a 5-min narrative video (narrative) or directly played the original virtual reality games without narratives (non-narrative). We collected participants\u2019 physical activity data using wrist-worn accelerometers; we obtained their game experience and physical activity engagement via questionnaires. The narrative group spent a greater proportion of time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (%) and had less non-movement time during the active virtual reality gameplay than the non-narrative group (all <jats:italic>p <\/jats:italic>values\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). The active virtual reality sessions induced a greater positive affect and greater physical activity engagement ratings than the sedentary virtual reality sessions. The incorporation of narrative elements in active virtual reality increased the relative time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and reduced non-movement time, compared to the non-narrative group. Active virtual reality encouraged more activity by participants and offered them a more enjoyable gaming experience in which they engaged more. Active virtual reality is a feasible physical activity promotion option among sedentary adults; the incorporation of narrative elements in active virtual reality helps increase relative moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and should be further explored for its efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00754-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T18:13:06Z","timestamp":1675188786000},"page":"1607-1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The effect of narrative element incorporation on physical activity and game experience in active and sedentary virtual reality games"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8230-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy Shirong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Pelarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dar","family":"Alon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"McGarrity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caio Victor","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"754_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amresh A, Salla R (2017) Towards a home-based virtual reality game system to promote exercise. In: Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii international conference on system sciences","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.091"},{"key":"754_CR2","volume-title":"Experience on demand: What virtual reality is, how it works, and what it can do","author":"J Bailenson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bailenson J (2018) Experience on demand: What virtual reality is, how it works, and what it can do. WW Norton & Company, New York"},{"issue":"7","key":"754_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.15","volume":"165","author":"BW Bailey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bailey BW, McInnis K (2011) Energy cost of exergaming: a comparison of the energy cost of 6 forms of exergaming. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 165(7):597\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.15","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"754_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2019.100299","volume":"31","author":"E Bailey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bailey E, Miyata K (2019) Improving video game project scope decisions with data: an analysis of achievements and game completion rates. Entertain Comput 31:100299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.entcom.2019.100299","journal-title":"Entertain Comput"},{"key":"754_CR5","unstructured":"Beat Games (2019) Beat Saber. https:\/\/beatsaber.com"},{"key":"754_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"112","author":"DL Blackwell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blackwell DL, Clarke TC (2018) State variation in meeting the 2008 federal guidelines for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities through leisure-time physical activity among adults aged 18\u201364: United States, 2010\u20132015. Natl Health Stat Rep 112:1\u201322","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Rep"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"754_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2000.11082794","volume":"71","author":"M Booth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Booth M (2000) Assessment of physical activity: an international perspective. Res Q Exerc Sport 71(2 Suppl):S114-120","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"754_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.02.002","volume":"36","author":"DJ Bowen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bowen DJ, Kreuter M, Spring B, Cofta-Woerpel L, Linnan L, Weiner D, Bakken S, Kaplan CP, Squiers L, Fabrizio C, Fernandez M (2009) How we design feasibility studies. Am J Prev Med 36(5):452\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.02.002","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"754_CR9","volume-title":"Society as text: essays on rhetoric, reason, and reality","author":"RH Brown","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brown RH (1987) Society as text: essays on rhetoric, reason, and reality. University of Chicago Press"},{"key":"754_CR10","unstructured":"Burwick K (2019) Mark Hamill believes in star wars fatigue, says he's felt it himself. Retrieved September 13 from https:\/\/movieweb.com\/star-wars-fatigue-mark-hamill-disney-lucasfilm\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"754_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/mti5090052","volume":"5","author":"P Campo-Prieto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campo-Prieto P, Rodr\u00edguez-Fuentes G, Cancela-Carral JM (2021) Immersive virtual reality exergame promotes the practice of physical activity in older people: an opportunity during COVID-19. Multimodal Technol Interact 5(9):52","journal-title":"Multimodal Technol Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"754_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00477-z","volume":"25","author":"L Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao L, Peng C, Dong Y (2021) Ellic\u2019s exercise class: promoting physical activities during exergaming with immersive virtual reality. Virtual Real 25(3):597\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00477-z","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"12","key":"754_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2020-0406","volume":"17","author":"EL Caputo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caputo EL, Reichert FF (2020) Studies of physical activity and COVID-19 during the pandemic: a scoping review. J Phys Act Health 17(12):1275\u20131284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2020-0406","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"754_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.06.001","volume":"11","author":"APMJ Chin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chin APMJ, Jacobs WM, Vaessen EP, Titze S, van Mechelen W (2008) The motivation of children to play an active video game. J Sci Med Sport 11(2):163\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.06.001","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"754_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christensen JV, Mathiesen M, Poulsen JH, Ustrup EE, Kraus M (2018) Player experience in a VR and non-VR multiplayer game proceedings of the virtual reality international conference\u2014Laval Virtual, Laval, France. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3234253.3234297","DOI":"10.1145\/3234253.3234297"},{"key":"754_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01708","author":"H Chtourou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chtourou H, Trabelsi K, Hmida C, Boukhris O, Glenn JM, Brach M, Bentlage E, Bott N, Shephard RJ, Ammar A, Bragazzi NL (2020) Staying physically active during the quarantine and self-isolation period for controlling and mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic overview of the literature [systematic review]. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01708","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"754_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0741-7","volume":"103","author":"H Crewe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crewe H, Tucker R, Noakes TD (2008) The rate of increase in rating of perceived exertion predicts the duration of exercise to fatigue at a fixed power output in different environmental conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 103(5):569\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-008-0741-7","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"754_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","volume":"19","author":"JJ Cummings","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cummings JJ, Bailenson JN (2016) How immersive is enough? A Meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media Psychol 19(2):272\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","journal-title":"Media Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"754_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11190","volume":"72","author":"PC Dempsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dempsey PC, Larsen RN, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Kingwell BA (2018) Sitting less and moving more: implications for hypertension. Hypertension 72(5):1037\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11190","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"754_CR20","unstructured":"Dredge S (2015a) Oculus VR: \u2018classrooms are broken. Kids don\u2019t learn the best by reading books\u2019. Retrieved September 9 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2015a\/nov\/03\/oculus-vr-founder-classrooms-are-broken"},{"key":"754_CR21","unstructured":"Dredge S (2015b) Pixar co-founder warns virtual-reality moviemakers: 'It's not storytelling'. Retrieved September 9 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2015b\/dec\/03\/pixar-virtual-reality-storytelling-ed-catmull"},{"key":"754_CR22","unstructured":"Drool (2016) Thumper. https:\/\/thumpergame.com\/"},{"key":"754_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101241","volume":"20","author":"GF Dunton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dunton GF, Wang SD, Do B, Courtney J (2020) Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity locations and behaviors in adults living in the United States. Prevent Med Rep 20:101241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101241","journal-title":"Prevent Med Rep"},{"issue":"20","key":"754_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.16685","volume":"326","author":"A Ellison-Barnes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ellison-Barnes A, Johnson S, Gudzune K (2021) Trends in obesity prevalence among adults aged 18 through 25 years, 1976\u20132018. JAMA 326(20):2073\u20132074","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"754_CR25","unstructured":"Entertainment Software Association (2020) 2020 Essential facts about the computer and video game industry Retrieved January 2 from https:\/\/www.theesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Final-Edited-2020-ESA_Essential_facts.pdf"},{"key":"754_CR26","unstructured":"Evans J (2016) VR is terrible for traditional storytelling. Retrieved September 9 from https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2016\/05\/07\/steamboat-willie-days\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"754_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G (2009) Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods 41(4):1149\u20131160","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"754_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finke M, Tang A, Leung R, Blackstock M (2008) Lessons learned: game design for large public displays. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on digital interactive media in entertainment and arts","DOI":"10.1145\/1413634.1413644"},{"key":"#cr-split#-754_CR29.1","unstructured":"Fortune Business Insights (2021) Virtual reality"},{"key":"#cr-split#-754_CR29.2","unstructured":"(VR) in gaming market to reach USD 53.44 Billion by 2028. Retrieved December 27 from https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2021\/09\/22\/2301045\/0\/en\/Virtual-Reality-VR-in-Gaming-Market-to-Reach-USD-53-44-Billion-by-2028-Ubisoft-Entertainment-SA-Includes-Splinter-Cell-and-Assassin-s-Creed-in-its-Portfolio-Fortune-Business-Insigh.html"},{"issue":"5","key":"754_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00021","volume":"30","author":"PS Freedson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Freedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J (1998) Calibration of the computer science and applications, Inc accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30(5):777\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"754_CR31","unstructured":"Freina L, Canessa A (2015) Immersive vs desktop virtual reality in game based learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"754_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/009053604000001048","volume":"33","author":"A Gelman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gelman A (2005) Analysis of variance\u2014why it is more important than ever. Ann Stat 33(1):1\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/009053604000001048","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"issue":"5","key":"754_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2018.0012","volume":"7","author":"DH Gomez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomez DH, Bagley JR, Bolter N, Kern M, Lee CM (2018) Metabolic cost and exercise intensity during active virtual reality gaming. Games Health J 7(5):310\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/g4h.2018.0012","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"754_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.22.4.535","volume":"22","author":"LE Graves","year":"2010","unstructured":"Graves LE, Ridgers ND, Atkinson G, Stratton G (2010) The effect of active video gaming on children\u2019s physical activity, behavior preferences and body composition. Pediatr Exerc Sci 22(4):535\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/pes.22.4.535","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"754_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326950dp3802_5","volume":"38","author":"MC Green","year":"2004","unstructured":"Green MC (2004) Transportation into narrative worlds: the role of prior knowledge and perceived realism. Discourse Process 38(2):247\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15326950dp3802_5","journal-title":"Discourse Process"},{"issue":"5","key":"754_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.79.5.701","volume":"79","author":"MC Green","year":"2000","unstructured":"Green MC, Brock TC (2000) The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. J Pers Soc Psychol 79(5):701\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.79.5.701","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"754_CR37","unstructured":"Hamilton, K. (2016). The state of virtual reality In 2016. Retrieved March 31 from https:\/\/kotaku.com\/the-state-of-virtual-reality-in-2016-1790201426"},{"key":"754_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000357332","volume":"60","author":"MT Hamilton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW (2014) Sedentary behavior as a mediator of type 2 diabetes. Med Sport Sci 60:11\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000357332","journal-title":"Med Sport Sci"},{"key":"754_CR39","unstructured":"Heilig M (2002) The cinema of the future. Translated by Uri Feldman. In: Packer R, Jordan K (eds) Multimedia: from wagner to virtual reality. WW Norton, New York, pp 239\u2013251"},{"issue":"5","key":"754_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198106291963","volume":"34","author":"LJ Hinyard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hinyard LJ, Kreuter MW (2007) Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: a conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Educ Behav 34(5):777\u2013792","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"754_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29274-0","volume":"8","author":"J Hwang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hwang J, Lu AS (2018) Narrative and active video game in separate and additive effects of physical activity and cognitive function among young adults. Sci Rep 8(1):11020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"754_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090268","author":"J Hwang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hwang J, Fernandez AM, Lu AS (2018) Application and validation of activity monitors\u2019 epoch lengths and placement sites for physical activity assessment in exergaming. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7090268","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"754_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2019-0006","volume":"31","author":"J Hwang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hwang J, Lee IM, Fernandez AM, Hillman CH, Lu AS (2019) Exploring energy expenditure and body movement of exergaming in children of different weight status. Pediatr Exerc Sci 31(4):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/pes.2019-0006","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"754_CR44","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The game experience questionnaire","author":"WA Ijsselsteijn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ijsselsteijn WA, de Kort YA, Poels K (2013) The game experience questionnaire. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, pp 3\u20139"},{"key":"754_CR45","unstructured":"Jacobs, R. N. (2002). The narrative integration of personal and collective identity in social movements. In M. C. Green, J. J. Strange, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations. (pp. 205\u2013228). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2003-04381-007&site=ehost-live"},{"issue":"1","key":"754_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.13.1.50","volume":"13","author":"D Kendzierski","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kendzierski D, DeCarlo KJ (1991) Physical activity enjoyment scale: two validation studies. J Sport Exerc Psychol 13(1):50\u201364","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"754_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0500","volume":"16","author":"KJ Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim KJ, Sundar SS (2013) Can interface features affect aggression resulting from violent video game play? An examination of realistic controller and large screen size. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 16(5):329\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2012.0500","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"754_CR48","first-page":"354","volume-title":"Language in the inner city: studies in black English vernacular","author":"W Labov","year":"1972","unstructured":"Labov W (1972) The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. In: Labov W (ed) Language in the inner city: studies in black English vernacular. University of Philadelphia Press, pp 354\u2013396"},{"issue":"9838","key":"754_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","volume":"380","author":"IM Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (2012) Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. The Lancet 380(9838):219\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"754_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.05.024","volume":"58","author":"B Liang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liang B, Lin Y (2018) Using physiological and behavioral measurements in a picture-based road hazard perception experiment to classify risky and safe drivers. Transp Res f: Traff Psychol Behav 58:93\u2013105","journal-title":"Transp Res f: Traff Psychol Behav"},{"key":"754_CR51","volume-title":"Smart graphics","author":"T Lin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lin T, Hu W, Imamiya A, Omata M (2006) Large display size enhances user experience in 3D games. In: Butz A, Fisher B, Kr\u00fcger A, Olivier P (eds) Smart graphics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg"},{"issue":"1","key":"754_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00750.x","volume":"26","author":"M Lombard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lombard M, Reich R, Grabe M, Bracken C, Ditton T (2000) Presence and television. Hum Commun Res 26(1):75\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00750.x","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"754_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2014.0090","volume":"4","author":"AS Lu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lu AS (2015) Narrative in exergames: thoughts on procedure, mechanism, and others. Games Health J 4(1):19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/g4h.2014.0090","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"754_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2017.0095","volume":"7","author":"AS Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu AS, Kharrazi H (2018) A state-of-the-art systematic content analysis of games for health. Games Health J 7(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/g4h.2017.0095","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"754_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2011.0012","volume":"1","author":"AS Lu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu AS, Baranowski T, Thompson D, Buday R (2012) Story immersion of videogames for youth health promotion: a review of literature. Games Health Res Dev Clin Appl 1(3):199\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/g4h.2011.0012","journal-title":"Games Health Res Dev Clin Appl"},{"issue":"10","key":"754_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6538","volume":"18","author":"AS Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu AS, Baranowski T, Hong SL, Buday R, Thompson D, Beltran A, Dadabhoy H, Chen T-A (2016) The narrative impact of active video games on physical activity among children: a feasibility study [Original Paper]. J Med Internet Res 18(10):e272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.6538","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"754_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E730","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20430","volume":"21","author":"CA Maher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maher CA, Mire E, Harrington DM, Staiano AE, Katzmarzyk PT (2013) The independent and combined associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with obesity in adults: NHANES 2003\u201306. Obesity (silver Spring) 21(12):E730-737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.20430","journal-title":"Obesity (silver Spring)"},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"754_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S512","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000185659.11982.3d","volume":"37","author":"CE Matthew","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matthew CE (2005) Calibration of accelerometer output for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37(11 Suppl):S512-522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/01.mss.0000185659.11982.3d","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"754_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110433","author":"DJ McDonough","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDonough DJ, Pope ZC, Zeng N, Lee JE, Gao Z (2018) Comparison of college students\u2019 energy expenditure, physical activity, and enjoyment during exergaming and traditional exercise. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7110433","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"754_CR60","unstructured":"Mitchell MK (2022) 10 Best rhythem VR games. Retrieved May 6 from https:\/\/www.thegamer.com\/best-rhythm-vr-games\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"754_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2009.01367.x","volume":"36","author":"E Moyer-Gus\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moyer-Gus\u00e9 E, Nabi RL (2010) Explaining the effects of narrative in an entertainment television program: overcoming resistance to persuasion. Hum Commun Res 36(1):26\u201352","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"754_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302332","volume":"105","author":"ST Murphy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murphy ST, Frank LB, Chatterjee JS, Moran MB, Zhao N, Amezola de Herrera P, Baezconde-Garbanati LA (2015) Comparing the relative efficacy of narrative vs nonnarrative health messages in reducing health disparities using a randomized trial. Am J Public Health 105(10):e1\u2013e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302332","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"754_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328031us0304_1","volume":"3","author":"AJ Onwuegbuzie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Onwuegbuzie AJ, Leech NL (2004) Post hoc power: a concept whose time has come. Underst Stat 3(4):201\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15328031us0304_1","journal-title":"Underst Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"754_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.05.013","volume":"41","author":"N Owen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Owen N, Sugiyama T, Eakin EE, Gardiner PA, Tremblay MS, Sallis JF (2011) Adults\u2019 sedentary behavior determinants and interventions. Am J Prev Med 41(2):189\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.05.013","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"754_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198114529132","volume":"41","author":"L Parschau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parschau L, Fleig L, Warner LM, Pomp S, Barz M, Knoll N, Schwarzer R, Lippke S (2014) Positive exercise experience facilitates behavior change via self-efficacy. Health Educ Behav 41(4):414\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198114529132","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"754_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.2147\/prbm.S369020","volume":"15","author":"X Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng X, Menhas R, Dai J, Younas M (2022) The COVID-19 pandemic and overall wellbeing: mediating role of virtual reality fitness for physical-psychological health and physical activity. Psychol Res Behav Manag 15:1741\u20131756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/prbm.S369020","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"754_CR67","unstructured":"Presser R (2022) Why is gaming platform Steam at the heart of a growing Web3 rift? Retrieved May 1 from https:\/\/www.businessofbusiness.com\/articles\/what-is-steam-a-gaming-platform-at-the-heart-of-a-growing-web3-rift\/"},{"key":"754_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1983.12085047","volume":"12","author":"CR Reynolds","year":"1983","unstructured":"Reynolds CR, Paget KD (1983) National normative and reliability data for the Revised Children\u2019s Manifest Anxiety Scale. Sch Psychol Rev 12:324\u2013336","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"754_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01161.x","volume":"22","author":"EA Rose","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rose EA, Parfitt G (2012) Exercise experience influences affective and motivational outcomes of prescribed and self-selected intensity exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 22(2):265\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01161.x","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"754_CR70","unstructured":"Rottentomatoes.com (2019) All star wars movies ranked by tomatometer. Retrieved May 6 from https:\/\/editorial.rottentomatoes.com\/guide\/all-star-wars-movies-ranked\/"},{"key":"754_CR71","unstructured":"Rubin P (2022) The star wars universe\u2019s exhausting, underwhelming expansion. Retrieved September 13 from https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/star-wars-diminishing-returns\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"754_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-006-9051-8","volume":"30","author":"RM Ryan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryan RM, Rigby CS, Przybylski AK (2006) The motivational pull of video games: a self-determination theory approach [journal article]. Motiv Emot 30(4):344\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-006-9051-8","journal-title":"Motiv Emot"},{"issue":"2","key":"754_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00265.x","volume":"12","author":"MD Slater","year":"2002","unstructured":"Slater MD, Rouner D (2002) Entertainment-education and elaboration likelihood: understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Commun Theory 12(2):173\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00265.x","journal-title":"Commun Theory"},{"key":"754_CR74","unstructured":"Snow B (2011) Why most people don't finish video games. Retrieved September 8 from http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/TECH\/gaming.gadgets\/08\/17\/finishing.videogames.snow\/index.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"754_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17994","DOI":"10.2196\/17994","volume":"22","author":"CV Sousa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sousa CV, Fernandez AM, Hwang J, Lu AS (2020) The effect of narrative on physical activity via immersion during active video game play in children: mediation analysis. J Med Internet Res 22(3):17994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/17994","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"754_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.05.002","volume":"11","author":"CV Sousa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sousa CV, Hwang J, Cabrera-Perez R, Fernandez A, Misawa A, Newhook K, Lu AS (2022) Active video games in fully immersive virtual reality elicit moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and improve cognitive performance in sedentary college students. J Sport Health Sci 11(2):164\u2013171","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"754_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000435708.67487.da","volume":"128","author":"SJ Strath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strath SJ, Kaminsky LA, Ainsworth BE, Ekelund U, Freedson PS, Gary RA, Richardson CR, Smith DT, Swartz AM (2013) Guide to the assessment of physical activity: clinical and research applications. Circulation 128(20):2259\u20132279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.0000435708.67487.da","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"754_CR78","unstructured":"Suduiko A (2015) Listen to my story: the problem of storytelling in virtual reality. Retrieved September 9 from https:\/\/withaterriblefate.com\/2015\/10\/21\/listen-to-my-story-the-problem-of-storytelling-in-virtual-reality\/"},{"issue":"11","key":"754_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.0271","volume":"20","author":"SS Sundar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sundar SS, Jin K, Oprean D (2017) Being there in the midst of the story: how immersive journalism affects our perceptions and cognitions. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 20(11):672\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2017.0271","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"754_CR80","volume-title":"Techniques of fiction writing","author":"L Surmelian","year":"1969","unstructured":"Surmelian L (1969) Techniques of fiction writing. Anchor Books, New York"},{"key":"754_CR81","unstructured":"Trust for America\u2019s Health (2020) State of obesity: better policies for a healthier America. https:\/\/www.tfah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/TFAHObesityReport_20.pdf"},{"key":"754_CR82","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2018) physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Retrieved March 18 from https:\/\/health.gov\/our-work\/physical-activity\/current-guidelines"},{"key":"754_CR83","unstructured":"Valve Corporation (2022) Steam store. Retrieved May 1 from https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/search\/"},{"key":"754_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.05.030","volume":"101","author":"VR Varma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Varma VR, Dey D, Leroux A, Di J, Urbanek J, Xiao L, Zipunnikov V (2017) Re-evaluating the effect of age on physical activity over the lifespan. Prev Med 101:102\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.05.030","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"754_CR85","unstructured":"Wankel LM (1993) The importance of enjoyment to adherence and psychological benefits from physical activity. Int J Sport Psychol"},{"issue":"25","key":"754_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301","volume":"381","author":"ZJ Ward","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ward ZJ, Bleich SN, Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Giles CM, Flax C, Long MW, Gortmaker SL (2019) Projected U.S state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. N Engl J Med 381(25):2440\u20132450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa1909301","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"754_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102398","volume":"138","author":"S Weech","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weech S, Kenny S, Lenizky M, Barnett-Cowan M (2020) Narrative and gaming experience interact to affect presence and cybersickness in virtual reality. Int J Hum Comput Stud 138:102398","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"754_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yee N (2016) The gamer motivation profile: what we learned from 250,000 gamers proceedings of the 2016 annual symposium on computer\u2013human interaction in play, Austin, Texas, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2967934.2967937","DOI":"10.1145\/2967934.2967937"},{"key":"754_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo S, Kay J (2016) VRun: running-in-place virtual reality exergame. In: Proceedings of the 28th Australian conference on computer\u2013human interaction","DOI":"10.1145\/3010915.3010987"},{"key":"754_CR90","unstructured":"Barthes R (1982) Introduction to the structural analysis of narratives. In S. Sontag (Ed.), A Barthes reader (pp. 265- Narrative\nFiction: Contemporary Poetics269). Hill and Wang"},{"key":"754_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rimmon-Kenan S (2002) Narrative fiction: Contemporary poetics (2nd ed.). Routledge","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203426111"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00754-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00754-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00754-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T02:04:50Z","timestamp":1692669890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00754-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00754-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK109316, PI: A.S.L.), and by the College of Arts, Media, and Design, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences at Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}