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However, VR users\u2019 perceptions, openness and learning effectiveness are seldom comprehensively evaluated, particularly in learning complex industrial operations. In this study, grounded in the technology acceptance model, a moderated mediation model of perceived usefulness, ease of use, openness to experience, and engagement in VR-based learning was developed. The model was empirically validated using responses collected from 321 users who were trained on aircraft and cargo terminal operations powered by a novel VR-based learning platform. A survey to measure openness to experience and a pre-training performance test were carried out, followed by a post-training survey of learners\u2019 intrinsic factors, including the influence of perceived usefulness, openness to experience, and attitude towards learning. The study revealed that learners with an open attitude towards experiencing new technology tend to perceive VR technology as a useful platform for training. In addition, the learners with more positive views of VR technology-supported training were more engaged in learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00793-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T19:02:08Z","timestamp":1682362928000},"page":"2149-2165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Perceived usefulness of, engagement with, and effectiveness of virtual reality environments in learning industrial operations: the moderating role of openness to experience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Eugene Yin-cheung","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray Tak-yin","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"793_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abulrub AHG, Attridge AN, Williams MA (2011) Virtual reality in engineering education: the future of creative learning. 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Both authors have seen and agree on all of the details of the manuscript. We confirm that there is no financial or relational interest relevant to the journal <i>Virtual Reality<\/i>. The manuscript has not been submitted to or published in any other journal or publisher.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}