{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:49:06Z","timestamp":1774327746276,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00815-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T09:01:48Z","timestamp":1689584508000},"page":"2649-2664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Towards an objective measurement of presence, place illusion, and plausibility illusion in virtual reality using electroencephalography"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Thiru Thillai Nadarasar","family":"Bahavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Navaratnarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dulindu","family":"Owinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inoj","family":"Akalanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4191-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshan","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjula De","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"815_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Athif M, Rathnayake BLK, Nagahapitiya SMDBS, Samarasinghe SADAK, Samaratunga PS, Peiris RL, De\u00a0Silva AC (2020) Using biosignals for objective measurement of presence in virtual reality environments. In: 2020 42nd Annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine biology society (EMBC), pp 3035\u20133039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176022","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176022"},{"key":"815_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baka E, Stavroulia K-E, Thalmann N, Lanitis A (2018) An eeg-based evaluation for comparing the sense of presence between virtual and physical environments, pp. 107\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3208159.3208179","DOI":"10.1145\/3208159.3208179"},{"key":"815_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.008.2008","volume":"2","author":"T Baumgartner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baumgartner T, Speck D, Wettstein D, Masnari O, Beeli G, J\u00e4ncke L (2008) Feeling present in arousing virtual reality worlds: prefrontal brain regions differentially orchestrate presence experience in adults and children. Front Hum Neurosci 2:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/neuro.09.008.2008","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"815_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.008.2008","volume":"2","author":"T Baumgartner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baumgartner T, Speck D, Wettstein D, Masnari O, Beeli G, J\u00e4ncke L (2008) Feeling present in arousing virtual reality worlds: prefrontal brain regions differentially orchestrate presence experience in adults and children. Front Hum Neurosci 2:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/neuro.09.008.2008","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"815_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.30","volume":"9","author":"T Baumgartner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baumgartner T, Valko L, Esslen M, J\u00e4ncke L (2006) Neural correlate of spatial presence in an arousing and noninteractive virtual reality: an EEG and psychophysiology study. Cyberpsychol Behav 9:30\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.30","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"815_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2012.04.011","volume":"24","author":"S Bouchard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bouchard S, Dumoulin S, Talbot J, Ledoux A-A, Phillips J, Monthuy-Blanc J, Labont\u00e9-Chartrand G, Robillard G, Cantamesse M, Renaud P (2012) Manipulating subjective realism and its impact on presence: preliminary results on feasibility and neuroanatomical correlates. Interact Comput 24:227\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intcom.2012.04.011","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"key":"815_CR7","unstructured":"Brain map: parietal lobes. The State of Queensland (2013). https:\/\/www.health.qld.gov.au\/abios\/asp\/bparietal"},{"issue":"4","key":"815_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2930186","volume":"67","author":"C-Y Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang C-Y, Hsu S-H, Pion-Tonachini L, Jung T-P (2020) Evaluation of artifact subspace reconstruction for automatic artifact components removal in multi-channel EEG recordings. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 67(4):1114\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2019.2930186","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"815_CR9","first-page":"136","volume":"191","author":"M Clemente","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clemente M, Rodr\u00edguez A, Rey B, Alca\u00f1iz Raya M (2013) Measuring presence during the navigation in a virtual environment using EEG. Stud Health Technol Inform 191:136\u201340","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"815_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001","volume-title":"Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice","author":"MX Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cohen MX (2014) Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice. The MIT Press, Massachusetts"},{"issue":"6","key":"815_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3390\/e21060541","volume":"21","author":"A Delgado-Bonal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delgado-Bonal A, Marshak A (2019) Approximate entropy and sample entropy: a comprehensive tutorial. Entropy 21(6):541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e21060541","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"815_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dey A, Phoon J, Saha S, Dobbins C, Billinghurst M (2020) Neurophysiological effects of presence in calm virtual environments. In: 2020 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces abstracts and workshops (VRW), pp 744\u2013745 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00223","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00223"},{"key":"815_CR13","unstructured":"Dillon C, Keogh E, Freeman J, Davidoff J (2001) Presence: is your heart in it. 4th Int. Wkshp. on Presence"},{"key":"815_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2269","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2269","volume":"11","author":"S Grassini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grassini S, Laumann K, Thorp S, de Martin Topranin V (2021) Using electrophysiological measures to evaluate the sense of presence in immersive virtual environments: an event-related potential study. Brain Behav 11:e2269","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-8760(96)00038-4","volume":"23","author":"MA Guevara","year":"1996","unstructured":"Guevara MA, Corsi-Cabrera M (1996) EEG coherence or EEG correlation? Int J Psychophysiol 23(3):145\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0167-8760(96)00038-4","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"815_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.694567","volume":"2","author":"A Halbig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halbig A, Latoschik ME (2021) A systematic review of physiological measurements, factors, methods, and applications in virtual reality. Front Virtual Real 2:89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2021.694567","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"815_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.12.003","volume":"83","author":"S Kober","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kober S, Kurzmann J, Neuper C (2011) Cortical correlate of spatial presence in 2d and 3d interactive virtual reality: an EEG study. Int J Psychophysiol Off J Int Organ Psychophysiol 83:365\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.12.003","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol Off J Int Organ Psychophysiol"},{"key":"815_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2012.03.004","volume":"70","author":"S Kober","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kober S, Neuper C (2012) Using auditory event-related EEG potentials to assess presence in virtual reality. Int J Hum-Comput Stud 70:577\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2012.03.004","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Stud"},{"key":"815_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00517-2","volume":"26","author":"E Krokos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krokos E, Varshney A (2022) Quantifying VR cybersickness using EEG. Virtual Real 26:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00517-2","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"815_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-005-6381-3","volume":"30","author":"M Meehan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meehan M, Razzaque S, Insko B, Whitton M, Brooks F Jr (2005) Review of four studies on the use of physiological reaction as a measure of presence in Stressful virtual environments. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 30:239\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-005-6381-3","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"815_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.971054","author":"M-A Moinnereau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moinnereau M-A, Oliveira A, Falk T (2022) Instrumenting a virtual reality headset for at-home gamer experience monitoring and behavioural assessment. Front Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2022.971054","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"815_CR20","unstructured":"Morling B (2011) Research methods in psychology: evaluating a world of information, 4th edn. W. W. Norton & Company, p 592. ISBN: 978-0-393-89372-4"},{"key":"815_CR23","unstructured":"Omnipres project ist-2001-39237 deliverable 5 measuring presence : a guide to current measurement approaches. (2004)"},{"key":"815_CR24","unstructured":"Palmer JA, Kreutz-delgado K, Makeig S (2011) AMICA: an adaptive mixture of independent component analyzers with shared components. https:\/\/sccn.ucsd.edu\/~jason\/amica_a.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"815_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","volume":"72","author":"F Perrin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Perrin F, Pernier J, Bertrand O, Echallier JF (1989) Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophyasiol 72(2):184\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophyasiol"},{"key":"815_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026","volume":"198","author":"L Pion-Tonachini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pion-Tonachini L, Kreutz-Delgado K, Makeig S (2019) ICLabel: an automated electroencephalographic independent component classifier, dataset, and website. NeuroImage 198:181\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"815_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.h2039","volume":"278","author":"JS Richman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Richman JS, Moorman JR (2000) Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 278(6):2039\u20132049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.h2039","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"815_CR28","unstructured":"Rosakranse C, Oh SY (2014) Measuring presence: the use trends of five canonical presence questionnaire. In: 15th International workshop on presence"},{"key":"815_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwind V, Knierim P, Haas N, Henze N (2019). Using presence questionnaires in virtual reality. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3290605.3300590","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300590"},{"key":"815_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134301","author":"R Skarbez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skarbez R, Brooks FP Jr, Whitton MC (2017) A survey of presence and related concepts. ACM Comput Surv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3134301","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"815_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skarbez R (2016) Plausibility illusion in virtual environments. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17615\/2MG3-GH93","DOI":"10.17615\/2MG3-GH93"},{"key":"815_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","volume":"364","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater M (2009) Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B Biol Sci 364:3549\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"815_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1993.2.3.221","volume":"2","author":"M Slater","year":"1993","unstructured":"Slater M, Usoh M (1993) Representations systems, perceptual position, and presence in immersive virtual environments. Presence 2:221\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.1993.2.3.221","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"815_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.02.006","volume":"126","author":"T Terkildsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Terkildsen T, Makransky G (2019) Measuring presence in video games: an investigation of the potential use of physiological measures as indicators of presence. Int J Hum Comput Stud 126:64\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.02.006","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"815_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072629","volume":"22","author":"Y Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran Y, Austin P, Ho C, Craig A, Middleton J, Wrigley P, Siddall P (2022) An exploratory EEG analysis on the effects of virtual reality in people with neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Sensors 22:2629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22072629","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"815_CR36","unstructured":"Vallat R (2018) Raphael vallat. Independent. https:\/\/raphaelvallat.com\/bandpower.html"},{"key":"815_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, An J, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Yu Y, Jiang T, Wu J (2021) The effect of restorative environment and presence based on virtual reality for anxiety and depression, 55: pp 293\u2013300 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-80091-8_34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80091-8_34"},{"key":"815_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Winkler I, Debener S, Muller K-R, Tangermann M (2015) On the influence of high-pass filtering on ICA-based artifact reduction in EEG-ERP. In: 2015 37th Annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/embc.2015.7319296","DOI":"10.1109\/embc.2015.7319296"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605323384654","volume":"14","author":"BG Witmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Jerome CJ, Singer MJ (2005) The factor structure of the presence questionnaire. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 14(3):298\u2013312","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"815_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","volume":"7","author":"BG Witmer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Singer MJ (1998) Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 7(3):225\u2013240","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"key":"815_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wobbrock J, Findlater L, Gergle D, Higgins J (2011) The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only ANOVA procedures 2011:143\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1978942.1978963","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978963"},{"key":"815_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052647","volume":"12","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Feng X, Shen Y (2022) Investigating the potential use of EEG for the objective measurement of auditory presence. Appl Sci 12:2647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12052647","journal-title":"Appl Sci"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00815-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00815-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00815-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T02:25:18Z","timestamp":1692671118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00815-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00815-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author has no competing interests or conflicts or interests to declare that are relevant to this submission.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The research procedures were approved by the University of Moratuwa Ethics Review Committee (ERN\/2020\/002).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}