{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:35:02Z","timestamp":1791592502299,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006602","name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00827-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T06:02:37Z","timestamp":1688364157000},"page":"2509-2528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Design and evaluation of an adaptive virtual reality training system"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9sar Iv\u00e1n","family":"Aguilar Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6375-8113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Zahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc5040054","volume":"5","author":"UA Abdurrahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdurrahman UA, Yeh S-C, Wong Y, Wei L (2021) Effects of neuro-cognitive load on learning transfer using a virtual reality-based driving system. Big Data Cogn Comput 5(4):54","journal-title":"Big Data Cogn Comput"},{"key":"827_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S142718","volume":"9","author":"AA Abusharha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abusharha AA (2017) Changes in blink rate and ocular symptoms during different reading tasks. Clin Optom 9:133","journal-title":"Clin Optom"},{"key":"827_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v16i09.18971","volume":"16","author":"S Ariali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ariali S, Zinn B (2021) Adaptive training of the mental rotation ability in an immersive virtual environment. Int J Emerg Technol Learn 16:20","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Technol Learn"},{"key":"827_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120004401323","volume":"44","author":"RW Backs","year":"2000","unstructured":"Backs RW, Navidzadeh HT, Xu X (2000) Cardiorespiratory indices of mental workload during simulated air traffic control. Proc Human Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet 44:89\u201392","journal-title":"Proc Human Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.91.2.276","volume":"91","author":"J Beatty","year":"1982","unstructured":"Beatty J (1982) Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychol Bull 91(2):276","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"827_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belani M (2020) Evaluating virtual reality as a medium for vocational skill training. In: Extended abstracts of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3375027"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2269679","volume":"14","author":"P Besson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Besson P, Bourdin C, Bringoux L, Dousset E, Ma\u00efano C, Marqueste T, Mestre DR, Gaetan S, Baudry J-P, Vercher J-L (2013) Effectiveness of physiological and psychological features to estimate helicopter pilots\u2019 workload: A Bayesian network approach. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 14(4):1872\u20131881","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0284-x","volume":"20","author":"KK Bhagat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhagat KK, Liou W-K, Chang C-Y (2016) A cost-effective interactive 3D virtual reality system applied to military live firing training. Virtual Real 20(2):127\u2013140","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"827_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian D, Wade J, Warren Z, Sarkar N (2016) Online engagement detection and task adaptation in a virtual reality based driving simulator for autism intervention","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40238-3_51"},{"issue":"5","key":"827_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820929928","volume":"63","author":"FN Biondi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biondi FN, Cacanindin A, Douglas C, Cort J (2021) Overloaded and at work: investigating the effect of cognitive workload on assembly task performance. Hum Factors 63(5):813\u2013820","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"6","key":"827_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X013006004","volume":"13","author":"BS Bloom","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bloom BS (1984) The 2 sigma problem: the search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educ Res 13(6):4\u201316","journal-title":"Educ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"827_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05167-8","volume":"42","author":"JB Brookings","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brookings JB, Wilson GF, Swain CR (1996) Psychophysiological responses to changes in workload during simulated air traffic control. Biol Psychol 42(3):361\u2013377","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"827_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carretta TR, Dunlap RD (1998) Transfer of training effectiveness in flight simulation: 1986 to 1997","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA362818"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1995.4.2.103","volume":"4","author":"JP Cater","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cater JP, Huffman SD (1995) Use of the remote access virtual environment network (RAVEN) for coordinated IVA\u2014EVA astronaut training and evaluation. Presence: Teleoper Virtual Environ 4(2):103\u2013109","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-009-9115-0","volume":"35","author":"M Causse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Causse M, S\u00e9nard J-M, D\u00e9monet JF, Pastor J (2010) Monitoring cognitive and emotional processes through pupil and cardiac response during dynamic versus logical task. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 35(2):115\u2013123","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"827_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.08.028","volume":"74","author":"RL Charles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charles RL, Nixon J (2019) Measuring mental workload using physiological measures: a systematic review. Appl Ergon 74:221\u2013232","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-102","volume":"10","author":"R Chemuturi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chemuturi R, Amirabdollahian F, Dautenhahn K (2013) Adaptive training algorithm for robot-assisted upper-arm rehabilitation, applicable to individualised and therapeutic human-robot interaction. J Neuroeng Rehabil 10(1):1\u201318","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779649283","volume":"40","author":"HA Colle","year":"1998","unstructured":"Colle HA, Reid GB (1998) Context effects in subjective mental workload ratings. Hum Factors 40(4):591\u2013600","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"6","key":"827_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.899627","volume":"57","author":"C Collet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collet C, Salvia E, Petit-Boulanger C (2014) Measuring workload with electrodermal activity during common braking actions. Ergonomics 57(6):886\u2013896","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/10508410903187547","volume":"19","author":"N Dahlstrom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dahlstrom N, Nahlinder S (2009) Mental workload in aircraft and simulator during basic civil aviation training. Int J Aviat Psychol 19(4):309\u2013325","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"827_CR21","unstructured":"Druzdzel MJ (1999) SMILE: structural modeling, inference, and learning engine and GeNIe: a development environment for graphical decision-theoretic models"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.03.007","volume":"71","author":"SH Fairclough","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fairclough SH, Venables L (2006) Prediction of subjective states from psychophysiology: a multivariate approach. Biol Psychol 71(1):100\u2013110","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"827_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803637-2.00011-7","volume-title":"Formative assessment, learning data analytics and gamification","author":"M Feidakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feidakis M (2016) A review of emotion-aware systems for e-learning in virtual environments. Formative assessment, learning data analytics and gamification. Elsevier, New York, pp 217\u2013242"},{"key":"827_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b21982","volume-title":"Risk assessment and decision analysis with Bayesian networks","author":"N Fenton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fenton N, Neil M (2018) Risk assessment and decision analysis with Bayesian networks. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"issue":"10","key":"827_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.1073","volume":"19","author":"NE Fenton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fenton NE, Neil M, Caballero JG (2007) Using ranked nodes to model qualitative judgments in Bayesian networks. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 19(10):1420\u20131432","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"827_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2014.03.005","volume":"33","author":"L Fricoteaux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fricoteaux L, Thouvenin I, Mestre D (2014) GULLIVER: a decision-making system based on user observation for an adaptive training in informed virtual environments. Eng Appl Artif Intell 33:47\u201357","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"827_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia AD, Schlueter J, Paddock E (2020) Training astronauts using hardware-in-the-loop simulations and virtual reality","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2020-0167"},{"key":"827_CR28","unstructured":"Gartner, W. B., & Murphy, M. R. (1979). Concepts of Pattmeo. Survey of methods to assess workload, 3"},{"issue":"6","key":"827_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2013.815221","volume":"23","author":"N Gavish","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gavish N, Guti\u00e9rrez T, Webel S, Rodr\u00edguez J, Peveri M, Bockholt U, Tecchia F (2015) Evaluating virtual reality and augmented reality training for industrial maintenance and assembly tasks. Interact Learn Environ 23(6):778\u2013798","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"827_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420064506","volume-title":"Human performance, workload, and situational awareness measures handbook","author":"VJ Gawron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gawron VJ (2008) Human performance, workload, and situational awareness measures handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"827_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129303701812","volume":"37","author":"BP Goettl","year":"1993","unstructured":"Goettl BP (1993) Analysis of skill on a flight simulator: Implications for training. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet 37:1257\u20131261","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet"},{"key":"827_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grier R, Wickens C, Kaber D, Strayer D, Boehm-Davis D, Trafton JG, John M (2008) The red-line of workload: theory, research, and design","DOI":"10.1037\/e578252012-011"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2008.08.003","volume":"93","author":"WD Hairston","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hairston WD, Maldjian JA (2009) An adaptive staircase procedure for the E-Prime programming environment. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 93(1):104\u2013108","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"827_CR34","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Advances in Psychology","author":"SG Hart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research. Advances in Psychology, vol 52. Elsevier, New York, pp 139\u2013183"},{"key":"827_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heloir A, Nunnari F, Haudegond S, Havrez C, Lebrun Y, Kolski C (2014) Design and evaluation of a self adaptive architecture for upper-limb rehabilitation. ICTs for Improving patients rehabilitation research techniques. Berlin, pp 196\u2013209","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48645-0_17"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087902100201","volume":"21","author":"TG Hicks","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hicks TG, Wierwille WW (1979) Comparison of five mental workload assessment procedures in a moving-base driving simulator. Hum Factors 21(2):129\u2013143","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089203400405","volume":"34","author":"SG Hill","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hill SG, Iavecchia HP, Byers JC, Bittner AC Jr, Zaklade AL, Christ RE (1992) Comparison of four subjective workload rating scales. Hum Factors 34(4):429\u2013439","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"827_CR38","unstructured":"Hoepf M, Middendorf M, Epling S, Galster S (2015) Physiological indicators of workload in a remotely piloted aircraft simulation"},{"key":"827_CR39","unstructured":"Hunter J (2021) The truth about the air force\u2019s biggest changes to pilot training since the dawn of the jet age. The Drive. Retrieved May 15, 2022 from"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1198210","volume":"33","author":"N Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones N, Kiely J, Suraci B, Collins DJ, De Lorenzo D, Pickering C, Grimaldi KA (2016) A genetic-based algorithm for personalized resistance training. Biol Sport 33(2):117","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"827_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(92)90017-O","volume":"34","author":"PGAM Jorna","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jorna PGAM (1992) Spectral analysis of heart rate and psychological state: a review of its validity as a workload index. Biol Psychol 34(2\u20133):237\u2013257","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"827_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086901100602","volume":"11","author":"CR Kelley","year":"1969","unstructured":"Kelley CR (1969) What is adaptive training? Hum Factors 11(6):547\u2013556","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"3","key":"827_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS, Lilienthal MG (1993) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3(3):203\u2013220","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"827_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer AF (1991) Physiological metrics of mental workload: a review of recent progress. Multiple-task performance, 279\u2013328","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003069447-14"},{"key":"827_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labedan P, Darodes-De-Tailly N, Dehais F, Peysakhovich V (2021) Virtual reality for pilot training: study of cardiac activity","DOI":"10.5220\/0010296700810088"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2218618","volume":"21","author":"U Lahiri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lahiri U, Bekele E, Dohrmann E, Warren Z, Sarkar N (2012) Design of a virtual reality based adaptive response technology for children with autism. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 21(1):55\u201364","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"827_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsberg CR, Van Buskirk WL, Astwood Jr RS, Mercado AD, Aakre AJ (2010) Adaptive training considerations for use in simulation-based systems","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA535421"},{"key":"827_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsberg CR, Mercado AD, Van Buskirk WL, Lineberry M, Steinhauser N (2012) Evaluation of an adaptive training system for submarine periscope operations","DOI":"10.1037\/e572172013-500"},{"key":"827_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang Y, Wei L, Xu F, Zhao Y, Yu L-F (2018) Synthesizing personalized training programs for improving driving habits via virtual reality. In: 2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR)","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8448290"},{"key":"827_CR50","unstructured":"Losey S (2021) The air force is still short on pilots and hopes tech will help close the gap"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"827_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1525","volume":"24","author":"L Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo L, Yin H, Cai W, Lees M, Zhou S (2013) Interactive scenario generation for mission-based virtual training. Comput Anim Virtual Worlds 24(3\u20134):345\u2013354","journal-title":"Comput Anim Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"827_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.03.017","volume":"65","author":"MG Maggio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maggio MG, Russo M, Cuzzola MF, Destro M, La Rosa G, Molonia F, Bramanti P, Lombardo G, De Luca R, Calabr\u00f2 RS (2019) Virtual reality in multiple sclerosis rehabilitation: a review on cognitive and motor outcomes. J Clin Neurosci 65:106\u2013111","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"827_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariani A, Pellegrini E, Enayati N, Kazanzides P, Vidotto M, De Momi E (2018). Design and evaluation of a performance-based adaptive curriculum for robotic surgical training: A pilot study. In: 2018 40th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC) (pp. 2162\u20132165)","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512728"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84196-8","volume":"11","author":"M Marucci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marucci M, Di Flumeri G, Borghini G, Sciaraffa N, Scandola M, Pavone EF, Babiloni F, Betti V, Aric\u00f2 P (2021) The impact of multisensory integration and perceptual load in virtual reality settings on performance, workload and presence. Sci Rep 11(1):1\u201315","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR55","first-page":"75","volume":"75","author":"JG May","year":"1990","unstructured":"May JG, Kennedy RS, Williams MC, Dunlap WP, Brannan JR (1990) Eye movement indices of mental workload. Acta Physiol 75(1):75\u201389","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"827_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.46.269","volume":"46","author":"A Mazloum","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mazloum A, Kumashiro M, Izumi H, Higuchi Y (2008) Quantitative overload: a source of stress in data-entry VDT work induced by time pressure and work difficulty. Ind Health 46(3):269\u2013280","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"827_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy C, Pradhan N, Redpath C, Adler A (2016). Validation of the Empatica E4 wristband.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBSISC.2016.7508621"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0102_2","volume":"1","author":"SA Metalis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Metalis SA (1991) Heart period as a useful index of pilot workload in commercial transport aircraft. Int J Aviat Psychol 1(2):107\u2013116","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"827_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00148","author":"N Milstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milstein N, Gordon I (2020) Validating measures of electrodermal activity and heart rate variability derived from the empatica E4 utilized in research settings that involve interactive dyadic states. Front Behav Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00148","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"827_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monfort SS, Sibley CM, Coyne JT (2016) Using machine learning and real-time workload assessment in a high-fidelity UAV simulation environment. Next-Generation Analyst IV (Vol. 9851, p. 98510B). International Society for Optics and Photonics","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2219703"},{"key":"827_CR61","volume-title":"Mental workload: its theory and measurement","author":"N Moray","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moray N (2013) Mental workload: its theory and measurement, vol 8. Springer Science & Business Media, Cham"},{"key":"827_CR62","unstructured":"Moreno A (2019) Combat Jet Cockpit. https:\/\/assetstore.unity.com\/packages\/3d\/vehicles\/air\/combat-jet-cockpit-74709#description"},{"key":"827_CR63","unstructured":"Morrison JE, Hammon C (2000) On measuring the effectiveness of large-scale training simulations"},{"issue":"9","key":"827_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00076-0","volume":"39","author":"A M\u00fchlberger","year":"2001","unstructured":"M\u00fchlberger A, Herrmann MJ, Wiedemann G, Ellgring H, Pauli P (2001) Repeated exposure of flight phobics to flights in virtual reality. Behav Res Ther 39(9):1033\u20131050","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"827_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(92)90016-N","volume":"34","author":"LJM Mulder","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mulder LJM (1992) Measurement and analysis methods of heart rate and respiration for use in applied environments. Biol Psychol 34(2\u20133):205\u2013236","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"827_CR66","unstructured":"NASA (2010) NASA Human integration design handbook (HIDH)-NASA (Vol. 3407). SP-2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-017-0421-7","volume":"19","author":"M Oberhauser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oberhauser M, Dreyer D (2017) A virtual reality flight simulator for human factors engineering. Cogn Technol Work 19(2):263\u2013277","journal-title":"Cogn Technol Work"},{"key":"827_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1027\/2192-0923\/a000134","volume":"8","author":"M Oberhauser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oberhauser M, Dreyer D, Braunstingl R, Koglbauer I (2018) What\u2019s real about virtual reality flight simulation? Aviat Psychol Appl Hum Factors 8:22\u201334","journal-title":"Aviat Psychol Appl Hum Factors"},{"key":"827_CR69","unstructured":"Orlansky J, Dahlman CJ, Hammon CP, Metzko J, Taylor HL, Youngblut C (1994) The value of simulation for training (IDA Paper P-2982). Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA., USA"},{"issue":"12","key":"827_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4596.2016","volume":"87","author":"F Pallavicini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pallavicini F, Argenton L, Toniazzi N, Aceti L, Mantovani F (2016) Virtual reality applications for stress management training in the military. Aerospace Med Hum Perform 87(12):1021\u20131030","journal-title":"Aerospace Med Hum Perform"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000323950","volume":"36","author":"C Peretz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peretz C, Korczyn AD, Shatil E, Aharonson V, Birnboim S, Giladi N (2011) Computer-based, personalized cognitive training versus classical computer games: a randomized double-blind prospective trial of cognitive stimulation. Neuroepidemiology 36(2):91\u201399","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"827_CR72","unstructured":"Popovic S, Horvat M, Kukolja D, Dropuljic B, Cosic K (2009) Stress inoculation training supported by physiology-driven adaptive virtual reality stimulation"},{"key":"827_CR73","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"827_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","volume":"147","author":"J Radianti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radianti J, Majchrzak TA, Fromm J, Wohlgenannt I (2020) A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Comput Educ 147:103778","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.6.1.31","volume":"6","author":"MA Recarte","year":"2000","unstructured":"Recarte MA, Nunes LM (2000) Effects of verbal and spatial-imagery tasks on eye fixations while driving. J Exp Psychol Appl 6(1):31","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"key":"827_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehmann AJ (1995) Handbook of human performance measures and crew requirements for flightdeck research","DOI":"10.1037\/e664922007-001"},{"key":"827_CR77","unstructured":"Rogers RO, Boquet A, Howell C, DeJohn CA (2007) An experiment to evaluate transfer of low-cost simulator-based upset-recovery training"},{"issue":"23","key":"827_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(92)90018-P","volume":"34","author":"AH Roscoe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Roscoe AH (1992) Assessing pilot workload. Why measure heart rate, HRV and respiration\u202f? Biol Psychol 34(23):259\u2013287","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"827_CR79","volume-title":"Aviation Psychology","author":"SN Roscoe","year":"1980","unstructured":"Roscoe SN, Bergman CA (1980) Flight performance control. Aviation Psychology. Iowa State University Press, Iowa"},{"key":"827_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossol N, Cheng I, Bischof WF, Basu A (2011) A framework for adaptive training and games in virtual reality rehabilitation environments","DOI":"10.1145\/2087756.2087810"},{"key":"827_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saurav K, Dash A, Solanki D, Lahiri U (2018) Design of a VR-based upper limb gross motor and fine motor task platform for post-stroke survivors. In: 17th International conference on computer and information science (ICIS) (pp. 252\u2013257)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2018.8466538"},{"issue":"3","key":"827_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.46.3.296","volume":"46","author":"MT Schultheis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schultheis MT, Rizzo AA (2001) The application of virtual reality technology in rehabilitation. Rehabil Psychol 46(3):296","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"827_CR83","first-page":"1","volume":"44","author":"AAT Schuurmans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schuurmans AAT, de Looff P, Nijhof KS, Rosada C, Scholte RHJ, Popma A, Otten R (2020) Validity of the Empatica E4 wristband to measure heart rate variability (HRV) parameters: a comparison to electrocardiography (ECG). J Med Syst 44(11):1\u201311","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"9","key":"827_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967983","volume":"36","author":"EJ Sirevaag","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sirevaag EJ, Kramer AF, Reisweber CDWM, Strayer DL, Grenell JF (1993) Assessment of pilot performance and mental workload in rotary wing aircraft. Ergonomics 36(9):1121\u20131140","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"827_CR85","first-page":"239","volume":"1","author":"MC Stetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stetz MC, Long CP, Wiederhold BK, Turner DD (2008) Combat scenarios and relaxation training to harden medics against stress. J Cyberther Rehabil 1(3):239\u2013247","journal-title":"J Cyberther Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x","volume":"42","author":"J Steuer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Steuer J (1992) Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence. J Commun 42(4):73\u201393","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0009-5","volume":"12","author":"S Summa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Summa S, Basteris A, Betti E, Sanguineti V (2015) Adaptive training with full-body movements to reduce bradykinesia in persons with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 12(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"827_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","volume":"12","author":"J Sweller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sweller J (1988) Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cogn Sci 12(2):257\u2013285","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095778995517","volume":"37","author":"AJ Tattersall","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tattersall AJ, Hockey GRJ (1995) Level of operator control and changes in heart rate variability during simulated flight maintenance. Hum Factors 37(4):682\u2013698","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"827_CR90","unstructured":"Unity (2021) Unity\u2014Manual: Unity User Manual 2020.3 (LTS). Unity Technologies. Retrieved 05\/15\/2021 from https:\/\/docs.unity3d.com\/Manual\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1201_4","volume":"12","author":"JA Veltman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Veltman JA (2002) A comparative study of psychophysiological reactions during simulator and real flight. Int J Aviat Psychol 12(1):33\u201348","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"827_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(95)05165-1","volume":"42","author":"JA Veltman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Veltman JA, Gaillard AWK (1996) Physiological indices of workload in a simulated flight task. Biol Psychol 42(3):323\u2013342","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4386.2016","volume":"87","author":"Z Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zheng L, Lu Y, Fu S (2016) Physiological indices of pilots\u2019 abilities under varying task demands. Aerospace Med Hum Perform 87(4):375\u2013381","journal-title":"Aerospace Med Hum Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR94","first-page":"23","volume":"1","author":"BK Wiederhold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wiederhold BK, Wiederhold MD (2008) Virtual reality for posttraumatic stress disorder and stress inoculation training. J Cyberther Rehabil 1(1):23\u201335","journal-title":"J Cyberther Rehabil"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"827_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(92)90014-L","volume":"34","author":"GF Wilson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wilson GF (1992) Applied use of cardiac and respiration measures: practical considerations and precautions. Biol Psychol 34(2\u20133):163\u2013178","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.4.635.27088","volume":"45","author":"GF Wilson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilson GF, Russell CA (2003) Real-time assessment of mental workload using psychophysiological measures and artificial neural networks. Hum Factors 45(4):635\u2013644","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"827_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128703100720","volume":"31","author":"GF Wilson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wilson GF, Purvis B, Skelly J, Fullenkamp P, Davis I (1987) Physiological data used to measure pilot workload in actual flight and simulator conditions. Proc Hum Factors Soc Annu Meet 31:779\u2013783","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Soc Annu Meet"},{"key":"827_CR98","unstructured":"Wise JA, Hopkin VD, Garland DJ (2010) In: JA Wise, VD Hopkin, DJ Garland ed Handbook of aviation human factors (2 ed) (2009)"},{"key":"827_CR99","unstructured":"Yerkes RM, Dodson JD (1908) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Punishment: Issues and experiments, 27\u201341"},{"issue":"1","key":"827_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(78)90029-5","volume":"1","author":"LA Zadeh","year":"1978","unstructured":"Zadeh LA (1978) Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility. Fuzzy Sets Syst 1(1):3\u201328","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"827_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00434-w","volume":"24","author":"M Zahabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zahabi M, Abdul Razak AM (2020) Adaptive virtual reality-based training: a systematic literature review and framework. Virtual Real 24(4):725\u2013752","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"5","key":"827_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2007.04.001","volume":"30","author":"J Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang J (2007) Effect of age and sex on heart rate variability in healthy subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 30(5):374\u2013379","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"827_CR103","first-page":"1","volume":"2021","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Tsai S-B (2021) Application of adaptive virtual reality with ai-enabled techniques in modern sports training. Mobile Inf Syst 2021:1\u201310","journal-title":"Mobile Inf Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"827_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-012-2268-6","volume":"26","author":"B Zheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zheng B, Jiang X, Tien G, Meneghetti A, Panton ONM, Atkins MS (2012) Workload assessment of surgeons: correlation between NASA TLX and blinks. Surg Endosc 26(10):2746\u20132750","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"827_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2020.106390","volume":"139","author":"J Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou J, Asteris PG, Armaghani DJ, Pham BT (2020) Prediction of ground vibration induced by blasting operations through the use of the Bayesian Network and random forest models. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 139:106390","journal-title":"Soil Dyn Earthq Eng"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00827-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00827-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00827-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T22:24:02Z","timestamp":1692656642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00827-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00827-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}