{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:42:27Z","timestamp":1792546947826,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019505","name":"Laureate Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00830-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T13:02:00Z","timestamp":1689253320000},"page":"2633-2648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Improving student learning outcomes using narrative virtual reality as pre-training"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Calvert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margee","family":"Hume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"830_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abadia R, Calvert J,  Tauseef SM (2018) Salient Features of an Effective Immersive Non-Collaborative Virtual Reality Learning Environment. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers 268\u2013278.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290511.3290558"},{"key":"830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104154","volume":"166","author":"P Albus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Albus P, Vogt A, Seufert T (2021) Signaling in virtual reality influences learning outcome and cognitive load. Comput Educ 166:104154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104154","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"830_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allcoat D, von M\u00fchlenen A (2018) Learning in virtual reality: Effects on performance, emotion and engagement. Res  Learn Technol 26(0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25304\/rlt.v26.2140","DOI":"10.25304\/rlt.v26.2140"},{"key":"830_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alrehaili EA,  Al Osman H (2019) A virtual reality role-playing serious game for experiential learning. Interact Learn Environ 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2019.1703008","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1703008"},{"issue":"6","key":"830_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2014.889814","volume":"36","author":"AR Artino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Artino AR, La Rochelle JS, Dezee KJ, Gehlbach H (2014) Developing questionnaires for educational research: AMEE Guide No. 87. Med Teach 36(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0142159X.2014.889814","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"6","key":"830_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13038","volume":"51","author":"M Bower","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bower M, Jong MS (2020) Immersive virtual reality in education. Br J Educ Technol 51(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13038","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-17-0003.1","volume":"9","author":"SB Broomell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broomell SB, Winkles J-F, Kane PB (2017) The Perception of daily temperatures as evidence of global warming. Weather Clim Soc 9(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/WCAS-D-17-0003.1","journal-title":"Weather Clim Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"830_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117","volume":"24","author":"F Buttussi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buttussi F, Chittaro L (2018) Effects of different types of virtual reality display on presence and learning in a safety training scenario. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Gr 24(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Visual Comput Gr"},{"key":"830_CR6","unstructured":"Calvert J (2021). Thin Ice VR [Virtual Reality]. Monkeystack & Shackleton Epic Expedition. https:\/\/thinicevr.com"},{"key":"830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104005","volume":"159","author":"J Calvert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calvert J, Abadia R (2020) Impact of immersing university and high school students in educational linear narratives using virtual reality technology. Comput Educ 159:104005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104005","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"830_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.7032","volume":"38","author":"J Calvert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calvert J, Hume M (2022) Immersing learners in stories: a systematic literature review of educational narratives in virtual reality. Australas J Educ Technol 38(5):45\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14742\/ajet.7032","journal-title":"Australas J Educ Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"830_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-005-8150-9","volume":"47","author":"RM Carini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carini RM, Kuh GD, Klein SP (2006) Student engagement and student learning: testing the linkages*. Res High Educ 47(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11162-005-8150-9","journal-title":"Res High Educ"},{"key":"830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103600","volume":"140","author":"K-H Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng K-H, Tsai C-C (2019) A case study of immersive virtual field trips in an elementary classroom: students\u2019 learning experience and teacher-student interaction behaviors. Comput Educ 140:103600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103600","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"119","key":"830_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/ace.306","volume":"2008","author":"MC Clark","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clark MC, Rossiter M (2008) Narrative learning in adulthood. New Direct Adult Cont Educ 2008(119):119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ace.306","journal-title":"New Direct Adult Cont Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"830_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x","volume":"41","author":"B Dalgarno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dalgarno B, Lee MJW (2010) What are the learning affordances of 3-D virtual environments? Br J Educ Technol 41(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"key":"830_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dettori G, Paiva A (2009) Narrative learning in technology-enhanced environments. In: Balacheff N, Ludvigsen S, de Jong T, Lazonder A, Barnes S (eds) Technology-enhanced learning. Springer, pp 55\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4020-9827-7_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9827-7_4"},{"key":"830_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Natale AF, Repetto C, Riva G, Villani D (2020) Immersive virtual reality in K-12 and higher education: A\n10-year systematic review of empirical research. Br J Educ Technol, 51(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13030","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13030"},{"key":"830_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00026","volume":"6","author":"J Diemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diemer J, Alpers GW, Peperkorn HM, Shiban Y, M\u00fchlberger A (2015) The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: A review of research in virtual reality. Front Psychol 6:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00026","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"830_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104495","volume":"183","author":"I Dubovi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dubovi I (2022) Cognitive and emotional engagement while learning with VR: The perspective of multimodal methodology. Comput Educ 183:104495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104495","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"830_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2021.1871631","volume":"1","author":"J-Q Guan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guan J-Q, Wang L-H, Chen Q, Jin K, Hwang G-J (2021) Effects of a virtual reality-based pottery making approach on junior high school students\u2019 creativity and learning engagement. Interact Learn Environ 1:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2021.1871631","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"key":"830_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-020-00169-2","author":"D Hamilton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamilton D, McKechnie J, Edgerton E, Wilson C (2020) Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: A systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design. J Comput Educ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40692-020-00169-2","journal-title":"J Comput Educ"},{"key":"830_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jicol C, Wan CH, Doling B, Illingworth CH, Yoon J, Headey C, Lutteroth C, Proulx MJ, Petrini K, O\u2019Neill E (2021) Effects of emotion and agency on presence in virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445588","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445588"},{"key":"830_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klingenberg S, J\u00f8rgensen MLM, Dandanell G, Skriver K,  Makransky G (2020) Investigating the effect of teaching as a generative learning strategy when learning through desktop and immersive VR: A media and methods experiment. Br J Educ Technol 51(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13029","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13029"},{"issue":"1","key":"830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0346-3","volume":"23","author":"E Krokos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krokos E, Plaisant C, Varshney A (2019) Virtual memory palaces: immersion aids recall. Virtual Real 23(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-018-0346-3","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"2","key":"830_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/00091380309604090","volume":"35","author":"GD Kuh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kuh GD (2003) What We\u2019re learning about student engagement from NSSE: benchmarks for effective educational practices. Change Mag Higher Learn 35(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00091380309604090","journal-title":"Change Mag Higher Learn"},{"key":"830_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104456","volume":"182","author":"SW-Y Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee SW-Y, Hsu Y-T, Cheng K-H (2022) Do curious students learn more science in an immersive virtual reality environment? Exploring the impact of advance organizers and epistemic curiosity. Comput Educ 182:104456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104456","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1624579","volume":"1","author":"HC-S Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin HC-S, Yu S-J, Sun JC-Y, Jong MSY (2019) Engaging university students in a library guide through wearable spherical video-based virtual reality: effects on situational interest and cognitive load. Interact Learn Environ 1:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2019.1624579","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"830_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13028","volume":"51","author":"R Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu R, Wang L, Lei J, Wang Q, Ren Y (2020) Effects of an immersive virtual reality-based classroom on students\u2019 learning performance in science lessons. Br J Educ Technol 51(6):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13028","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"830_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000473","volume":"113","author":"G Makransky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Makransky G, Andreasen NK, Baceviciute S, Mayer RE (2021) Immersive virtual reality increases liking but not learning with a science simulation and generative learning strategies promote learning in immersive virtual reality. J Educ Psychol 113(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/edu0000473","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"830_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makransky G, Lilleholt L (2018) A structural equation modeling investigation of the emotional value of immersive virtual reality in education. Educ Technol Res Dev 66(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-018-9581-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-018-9581-2"},{"key":"830_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makransky G, Terkildsen TS,  Mayer RE (2019) Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning. Learn Instruc","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007"},{"key":"830_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer R (2009) Multimedia learning, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511811678","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811678"},{"key":"830_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer RE (2014) Incorporating motivation into multimedia learning.  Learn  Instr 29:171\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.04.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.04.003"},{"key":"830_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer RE, Estrella G (2014) Benefits of emotional design in multimedia instruction. Learn  Instr 33:12\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2014.02.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2014.02.004"},{"key":"830_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer R,  Pilegard C (2005) Principles for managing essential processing in multimedia learning: Segmenting, pretraining, and modality principles. In: The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning pp. 169\u2013182","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816819.012"},{"key":"830_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Misak J (2018) A (Virtual) Bridge Not Too Far: Teaching Narrative Sense of Place with Virtual Reality. Comput Compos 50:39\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compcom.2018.07.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compcom.2018.07.007"},{"key":"830_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moreno R (2006) Does the modality principle hold for different media? A test of the method-affects-learning hypothesis. J Comput Assist Learn 22(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2006.00170.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2006.00170.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"830_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.009","volume":"38","author":"GJ Nowak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nowak GJ, Evans NJ, Wojdynski BW, Ahn SJ, Len-Rios ME, Carera K, Hale S, McFalls D (2020) Using immersive virtual reality to improve the beliefs and intentions of influenza vaccine avoidant 18-to-49-year-olds: considerations, effects, and lessons learned. Vaccine 38(5):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"830_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.05.005","volume":"29","author":"B Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park B, Plass JL, Br\u00fcnken R (2014) Cognitive and affective processes in multimedia learning. Learn Instr 29:125\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.05.005","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"key":"830_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000241","author":"J Parong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parong J, Mayer R (2018) Learning science in immersive virtual reality. J Educ Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/edu0000241","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"830_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parong J,  Mayer RE (2021) Cognitive and affective processes for learning science in immersive virtual reality. J Compu Assist Learn 37(1).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12482","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12482"},{"key":"830_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pekrun R (1992) The Impact of Emotions on Learning and Achievement: Towards a Theory of Cognitive\/Motivational Mediators. Appl Psychol 41(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00712.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00712.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"830_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00489-9","volume":"25","author":"N Pellas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pellas N, Mystakidis S, Kazanidis I (2021) Immersive virtual reality in K-12 and higher education: a systematic review of the last decade scientific literature. Virtual Real 25(3):835\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00489-9","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"830_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104429","volume":"179","author":"GB Petersen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petersen GB, Petkakis G, Makransky G (2022) A study of how immersion and interactivity drive VR learning. Comput Educ 179:104429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104429","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"830_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petersen GB, Klingenberg S, Mayer RE,  Makransky G (2020) The virtual field trip: Investigating how to optimize immersive virtual learning in climate change education. Br J Educ Technol 51(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.12991","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12991"},{"key":"830_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Plass JL, Heidig S, Hayward EO, Homer BD,  Um E (2014) Emotional design in multimedia learning: Effects of shape and color on affect and learning. Learn Instruc 29:128\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.02.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.02.006"},{"key":"830_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plass JL, Moreno R, Br\u00fcnken R (2010) Cognitive load theory. Cambridge University Press, nlebk. http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=317635&site=ehost-live","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511844744"},{"key":"830_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","volume":"147","author":"J Radianti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radianti J, Majchrzak TA, Fromm J, Wohlgenannt I (2020) A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Comput Educ 147:103778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"830_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","volume":"10","author":"T Schubert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schubert T, Friedmann F, Regenbrecht H (2001) The Experience of presence: factor analytic insights. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 10(3):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474601300343603","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"issue":"11","key":"830_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12571","volume":"36","author":"W Shao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shao W, Goidel K (2016) Seeing is believing? An examination of perceptions of local weather conditions and climate change among residents in the U.S. Gulf Coast: local weather conditions and climate change. Risk Anal 36(11):11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.12571","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"830_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.09.012","volume":"78","author":"D Shin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shin D (2018) Empathy and embodied experience in virtual environment: to what extent can virtual reality stimulate empathy and embodied experience? Comput Hum Behav 78:64\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.09.012","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"830_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-017-1984-2","volume":"143","author":"MR Sisco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sisco MR, Bosetti V, Weber EU (2017) When do extreme weather events generate attention to climate change? Clim Change 143(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-017-1984-2","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"830_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.029.2009","volume":"3","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater M, P\u00e9rez Marcos D, Ehrsson H, Sanchez-Vives MV (2009) Inducing illusory ownership of a virtual body. Front Neurosci 3:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/neuro.01.029.2009","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"830_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slater M,  Sanchez-Vives MV (2016) Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality. Front Robot AI 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2016.00074","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00074"},{"key":"830_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2022.100188","volume":"6","author":"M-J Tsai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsai M-J, Wu A-H, Wang C-Y (2022) Pre-training and cueing effects on students\u2019 visual behavior and task outcomes in game-based learning. Comput Hum Behav Rep 6:1088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbr.2022.100188","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav Rep"},{"key":"830_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01454","volume":"8","author":"CM Tyng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tyng CM, Amin HU, Saad MNM, Malik AS (2017) The influences of emotion on learning and memory. Front Psychol 8:1454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01454","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"830_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Um E, Rachel Plass J, Hayward E,  Homer B (2012) Emotional Design in Multimedia Learning. J Educ Psychol 104:485\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0026609","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026609"},{"key":"830_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104235","volume":"171","author":"A Vogt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogt A, Babel F, Hock P, Baumann M, Seufert T (2021) Prompting in-depth learning in immersive virtual reality: impact of an elaboration prompt on developing a mental model. Comput Educ 171:1035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104235","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"830_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7748\/mhp.2018.e1259","volume":"21","author":"S Walker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walker S, Wilson J (2018) Using interactive theatre in education to explore how healthcare decision-making can cause inadvertent trauma. Ment Health Pract 21(7):28\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7748\/mhp.2018.e1259","journal-title":"Ment Health Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"830_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","volume":"54","author":"D Watson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson D, Anna L, Tellegen A (1988) Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Personal Soc Psychol 54(6):6","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"830_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1859","volume":"3","author":"EU Weber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weber EU (2013) Seeing is believing. Nat Clim Change 3(4):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nclimate1859","journal-title":"Nat Clim Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"830_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/14794713.2020.1770531","volume":"16","author":"HR Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson HR (2020) New ways of seeing, feeling, being: Intimate encounters in virtual reality performance. Int J Perform Arts Digit Med 16(2):114\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14794713.2020.1770531","journal-title":"Int J Perform Arts Digit Med"},{"key":"830_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.467","volume":"116","author":"B Wonglorsaichon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wonglorsaichon B, Wongwanich S, Wiratchai N (2014) The influence of students school engagement on learning achievement: a structural equation modeling analysis. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 116:1748\u20131755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.467","journal-title":"Procedia Soc Behav Sci"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00830-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00830-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00830-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T22:25:13Z","timestamp":1692656713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00830-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00830-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The lead researcher is the writer and director of Thin Ice VR. The researcher reports no conflict of interest in this research and that the research (data gathering and analysis) was undertaken independent from the developers and financers of the IVR work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study has received the required Human Research Ethics Committee approval from the university (reference: H20\/01). All participants\/guardians provided informed consent before participating in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}