{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:32:20Z","timestamp":1790969540161,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minducate Science of Learning Research and Innovation Center of the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University"},{"name":"The Zimin Institute for Engineering Solutions Advancing Better Lives"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The usage of virtual reality (VR) has been growing in many fields of research and therapy thanks to its immersive and gamified nature. Detection of the users\u2019 subjective experience is thus essential for the effective personalization of content. Eye-tracking (ET) data and specifically gaze, in two-dimensional tasks, has been linked to value-based choices and emotional states. Therefore, here we aimed to develop a method for passive identification of subjective preferences based on ET data collected during a VR experience. For this purpose, we developed a naturalistic dynamic VR task where participants searched and looked at complex objects of pets and their control shapes that appeared in pre-defined locations in random order. At the end of the task, participants ranked their preference, valence, and arousal of the items they saw during the task. ET data was recorded using a built-in binocular eye-tracker within the VR headset. We found that the gaze behavior features of the median distance of gaze from the center of objects and the median gaze scan speed showed a significant interaction with object type (pets\/shapes), as well as a significant positive relation to preference and valence rankings of pets. Our results suggest that these gaze behavior features could be used as passive biomarkers for detecting individual preferences and pleasantness, and in the future may enable successful personalization of VR content in real-time for various applications such as optimization of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment sessions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00839-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T04:02:29Z","timestamp":1691035349000},"page":"2723-2743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Passive identification of subjective preferences toward individual items using eye-tracking in a virtual reality environment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7377-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Gabay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4485-816X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Schonberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Areces D, Garc\u00eda T, Cueli M, Rodr\u00edguez C (2019) Is a virtual reality test able to predict current and retrospective ADHD symptoms in adulthood and adolescence? Brain Sci 9:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci9100274","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9100274"},{"key":"839_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aracena C, Basterrech S, Snael V, Velasquez J (2015) Neural networks for emotion recognition based on eye tracking data. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics. IEEE, pp 2632\u20132637","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2015.460"},{"key":"839_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2383","volume":"30","author":"K Balcombe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Balcombe K, Fraser I, McSorley E (2015) Visual attention and attribute attendance in multi-attribute choice experiments. J Appl Econ 30:447\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jae.2383","journal-title":"J Appl Econ"},{"key":"839_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.11.013","volume":"51","author":"S Bashiardes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bashiardes S, Godneva A, Elinav E, Segal E (2018) Towards utilization of the human genome and microbiome for personalized nutrition. Curr Opin Biotechnol 51:57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.11.013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"839_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"839_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2878846","volume":"23","author":"I Bermudez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bermudez I, Badia S, Quintero LV, Cameirao MS et al (2019) Toward emotionally adaptive virtual reality for mental health applications. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 23:1877\u20131887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2878846","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"839_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000250","volume":"110","author":"ML Bernacki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bernacki ML, Walkington C (2018) The role of situational interest in personalized learning. J Educ Psychol 110:864\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/edu0000250","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"839_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1302_01","volume":"13","author":"J Blascovich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blascovich J, Loomis J, Beall AC et al (2002) Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychol Inq 13:103\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327965PLI1302_01","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"key":"839_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.02.009","volume":"74","author":"V Bogicevic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bogicevic V, Seo S, Kandampully JA et al (2019) Virtual reality presence as a preamble of tourism experience: the role of mental imagery. Tour Manage 74:55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.02.009","journal-title":"Tour Manage"},{"key":"839_CR10","volume-title":"Virtual Reality Technology, Second Edition with CD-ROM","author":"GC Burdea","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burdea GC, Coiffet P (2003) Virtual Reality Technology, Second Edition with CD-ROM, 2nd edn. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, N.J.","edition":"2"},{"key":"839_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.010","volume":"155","author":"BT Carter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carter BT, Luke SG (2020) Best practices in eye tracking research. Int J Psychophysiol 155:49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.010","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"839_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castelhano MS, Mack ML, Henderson JM (2009) Viewing task influences eye movement control during active scene perception. J Vis 9:6.1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/9.3.6","DOI":"10.1167\/9.3.6"},{"key":"839_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2441","volume":"15","author":"GL Cesa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cesa GL, Manzoni GM, Bacchetta M et al (2013) Virtual reality for enhancing the cognitive behavioral treatment of obesity with binge eating disorder: randomized controlled study with one-year follow-up. J Med Internet Res 15:e113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.2441","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"839_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25117","volume":"231","author":"A Chirico","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chirico A, Lucidi F, De Laurentiis M et al (2016) Virtual reality in health system: beyond entertainment. A mini-review on the efficacy of VR during cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol 231:275\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.25117","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"839_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0876-8","volume":"50","author":"A Coutrot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coutrot A, Hsiao JH, Chan AB (2018) Scanpath modeling and classification with hidden Markov models. Behav Res Methods 50:362\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0876-8","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"839_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp082","volume":"35","author":"LM Dahlquist","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dahlquist LM, Weiss KE, Law EF et al (2010) Effects of videogame distraction and a virtual reality type head-mounted display helmet on cold pressor pain in young elementary school-aged children. J Pediatr Psychol 35:617\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp082","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"839_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-009-9523-5","volume":"40","author":"BJ Dixson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dixson BJ, Grimshaw GM, Linklater WL, Dixson AF (2011) Eye-tracking of men\u2019s preferences for waist-to-hip ratio and breast size of women. Arch Sex Behav 40:43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-009-9523-5","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"839_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X","volume":"47","author":"D Freeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freeman D, Reeve S, Robinson A et al (2017) Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychol Med 47:2393\u20132400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003329171700040X","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"839_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3198-6","volume":"20","author":"D Freeman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freeman D, Lister R, Waite F et al (2019) Automated psychological therapy using virtual reality (VR) for patients with persecutory delusions: study protocol for a single-blind parallel-group randomised controlled trial (THRIVE). Trials 20:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-019-3198-6","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"839_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00060-8","volume":"9","author":"D Freeman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Freeman D, Lambe S, Kabir T et al (2022) Automated virtual reality therapy to treat agoraphobic avoidance and distress in patients with psychosis (gameChange): a multicentre, parallel-group, single-blind, randomised, controlled trial in England with mediation and moderation analyses. Lancet Psychiatry 9:375\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00060-8","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"839_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011001303","volume":"15","author":"DJ Graham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graham DJ, Jeffery RW (2012) Predictors of nutrition label viewing during food purchase decision making: an eye tracking investigation. Public Health Nutr 15:189\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980011001303","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"839_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222342","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222342","volume":"14","author":"Y Hasson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hasson Y, Schori-Eyal N, Landau D et al (2019) The enemy\u2019s gaze: Immersive virtual environments enhance peace promoting attitudes and emotions in violent intergroup conflicts. PLoS ONE 14:e0222342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0222342","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"839_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0052","volume":"17","author":"R Herrero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herrero R, Garc\u00eda-Palacios A, Castilla D et al (2014) Virtual reality for the induction of positive emotions in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a pilot study over acceptability, satisfaction, and the effect of virtual reality on mood. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 17:379\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2014.0052","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"839_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.10.031","volume":"123","author":"J Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang J, Zhao P, Wan X (2021) From brain variations to individual differences in the color\u2013flavor incongruency effect: A combined virtual reality and resting-state fMRI study. J Bus Res 123:604\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.10.031","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"839_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-012-9241-x","volume":"60","author":"G-J Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang G-J, Sung H-Y, Hung C-M et al (2012) Development of a personalized educational computer game based on students\u2019 learning styles. Education Tech Research Dev 60:623\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-012-9241-x","journal-title":"Education Tech Research Dev"},{"key":"839_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob RJK, Karn KS (2003) Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research. In: The Mind\u2019s Eye. Elsevier, pp 573\u2013605","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044451020-4\/50031-1"},{"key":"839_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0000000000000019","volume":"35","author":"D Jeffs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeffs D, Dorman D, Brown S et al (2014) Effect of virtual reality on adolescent pain during burn wound care. J Burn Care Res 35:395\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BCR.0000000000000019","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"839_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181320641191","volume":"64","author":"Z Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang Z, Jeon J, Salehi S (2020) Eye tracking data analytics in virtual reality training: Application in Deepwater Horizon oil drilling operation. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64:821\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071181320641191","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting"},{"key":"839_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamis M, Oechsner C, Alt F, Bulling A (2018) VRpursuits: interaction in virtual reality using smooth pursuit eye movements. In: Proceedings of the 2018 international conference on advanced visual interfaces\u2014AVI \u201918. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1145\/3206505.3206522"},{"key":"839_CR30","first-page":"85","volume":"6","author":"M Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim M, Kang Y, Bakar SA (2013) A nightscape preference study using eye movement analysis. Int J Sustain Tropical Design Res Practice 6:85\u201399","journal-title":"Int J Sustain Tropical Design Res Practice"},{"key":"839_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01313-2","volume":"52","author":"J Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim J, Singh S, Thiessen ED, Fisher AV (2020) A hidden Markov model for analyzing eye-tracking of moving objects: Case study in a sustained attention paradigm. Behav Res Methods 52:1225\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-019-01313-2","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"839_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13852","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101328108","volume":"108","author":"I Krajbich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krajbich I, Rangel A (2011) Multialternative drift-diffusion model predicts the relationship between visual fixations and choice in value-based decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:13852\u201313857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1101328108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"839_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2635","volume":"13","author":"I Krajbich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krajbich I, Armel C, Rangel A (2010) Visual fixations and the computation and comparison of value in simple choice. Nat Neurosci 13:1292\u20131298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2635","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"839_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-012-0147-6","volume":"4","author":"A Lanat\u00e0","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lanat\u00e0 A, Valenza G, Scilingo EP (2013) Eye gaze patterns in emotional pictures. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 4:705\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-012-0147-6","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"key":"839_CR35","first-page":"3","volume":"1","author":"PJ Lang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN (1997) International affective picture system (IAPS ): technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center Study Emotion Attention 1:3","journal-title":"NIMH Center Study Emotion Attention"},{"key":"839_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.006","volume":"69","author":"O Lappi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lappi O (2016) Eye movements in the wild: oculomotor control, gaze behavior & frames of reference. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 69:49\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"839_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02116","volume":"8","author":"BJ Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li BJ, Bailenson JN, Pines A et al (2017) A public database of immersive VR videos with corresponding ratings of arousal, valence, and correlations between head movements and self report measures. Front Psychol 8:2116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02116","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"839_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2019.2948767","volume":"4","author":"D Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao D, Shu L, Liang G et al (2020) Design and evaluation of affective virtual reality system based on multimodal physiological signals and self-assessment manikin. IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol 4:216\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JERM.2019.2948767","journal-title":"IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol"},{"key":"839_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lim JZ, Mountstephens J, Teo J (2020) Emotion recognition using eye-tracking: taxonomy, review and current challenges. Sensors 20:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082384","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082384"},{"key":"839_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.055","volume":"100","author":"SMC Loureiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Loureiro SMC, Guerreiro J, Eloy S et al (2018) Understanding the use of virtual reality in marketing: a text mining-based review. J Bus Res 100:514\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.055","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"839_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maneuvrier A, Decker LM, Ceyte H, et al (2020) Presence promotes performance on a virtual spatial cognition task: impact of human factors on virtual reality assessment. Front virtual real 1:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2020.571713","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.571713"},{"key":"839_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000138","volume":"25","author":"JL Maples-Keller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maples-Keller JL, Bunnell BE, Kim S-J, Rothbaum BO (2017) The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry 25:103\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000138","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"839_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32063-4","volume":"8","author":"J Mar\u00edn-Morales","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Morales J, Higuera-Trujillo JL, Greco A et al (2018) Affective computing in virtual reality: emotion recognition from brain and heartbeat dynamics using wearable sensors. Sci Rep 8:13657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32063-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"839_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.18","volume":"1","author":"S Math\u00f4t","year":"2018","unstructured":"Math\u00f4t S (2018) Pupillometry: psychology, physiology, and function. J Cogn 1:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/joc.18","journal-title":"J Cogn"},{"key":"839_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.09.028","author":"M Mei\u00dfner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mei\u00dfner M, Pfeiffer J, Pfeiffer T, Oppewal H (2017) Combining virtual reality and mobile eye tracking to provide a naturalistic experimental environment for shopper research. J Bus Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.09.028","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"839_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Melendrez-Ruiz J, Goisbault I, Charrier J-C, et al (2021) An exploratory study combining eye-tracking and virtual reality: are pulses good \u201cEye-Catchers\u201d in virtual supermarket shelves? Front Virtual Real 2:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2021.655273","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.655273"},{"key":"839_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mikhailenko M, Maksimenko N, Kurushkin M (2022) Eye-tracking in immersive virtual reality for education: a review of the current progress and applications. Front Educ 7:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2022.697032","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.697032"},{"key":"839_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2016.11.003","volume":"34","author":"ICL Ng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng ICL, Wakenshaw SYL (2017) The Internet-of-Things: Review and research directions. Int J Res Mark 34:3\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2016.11.003","journal-title":"Int J Res Mark"},{"key":"839_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/17549175.2016.1187197","volume":"10","author":"RB Noland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noland RB, Weiner MD, Gao D et al (2017) Eye-tracking technology, visual preference surveys, and urban design: preliminary evidence of an effective methodology. J Urbanism 10:98\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17549175.2016.1187197","journal-title":"J Urbanism"},{"key":"839_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00988","volume":"11","author":"S Oren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oren S, Sela T, Levy DJ, Schonberg T (2020) Item features interact with item category in their influence on preferences. Front Psychol 11:988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00988","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"839_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlosky J, Huynh B, Hollerer T (2019) Using eye tracked virtual reality to classify understanding of vocabulary in recall tasks. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR). IEEE, pp 66\u2013667","DOI":"10.1109\/AIVR46125.2019.00019"},{"key":"839_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ossmy O, Mukamel R (2017) Short term motor-skill acquisition improves with size of self-controlled virtual hands. PLoS One 12:e0168520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168520","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168520"},{"key":"839_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2013.04.016","volume":"22","author":"TC Peck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peck TC, Seinfeld S, Aglioti SM, Slater M (2013) Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias. Conscious Cogn 22:779\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2013.04.016","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"839_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2019.0907","volume":"31","author":"J Pfeiffer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pfeiffer J, Pfeiffer T, Mei\u00dfner M, Wei\u00df E (2020) Eye-tracking-based classification of information search behavior using machine learning: evidence from experiments in physical shops and virtual reality shopping environments. Inf Syst Res 31:675\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.2019.0907","journal-title":"Inf Syst Res"},{"key":"839_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13463","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13463","volume":"56","author":"C Pietrock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pietrock C, Ebrahimi C, Katthagen TM et al (2019) Pupil dilation as an implicit measure of appetitive Pavlovian learning. Psychophysiology 56:e13463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13463","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"839_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piumsomboon T, Lee G, Lindeman RW, Billinghurst M (2017) Exploring natural eye-gaze-based interaction for immersive virtual reality. In: 2017 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). IEEE, pp 36\u201339","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2017.7893315"},{"key":"839_CR57","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022) R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. In: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"839_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raudonis V, Dervinis G, Vilkauskas A, et al (2013) Evaluation of human emotion from eye motions. ijacsa 4:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2013.040812","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2013.040812"},{"key":"839_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0298-4","volume":"21","author":"WS Ravyse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ravyse WS, Seugnet Blignaut A, Leendertz V, Woolner A (2017) Success factors for serious games to enhance learning: a systematic review. Virtual Real 21:31\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-016-0298-4","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"839_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902816461","volume":"62","author":"K Rayner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rayner K (2009) Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Q J Exp Psychol 62:1457\u20131506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470210902816461","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"839_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00408","volume":"12","author":"N Reggente","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reggente N, Essoe JK-Y, Aghajan ZM et al (2018) Enhancing the ecological validity of fMRI memory research using virtual reality. Front Neurosci 12:408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00408","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"839_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5904","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19736-3","volume":"11","author":"J Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues J, Studer E, Streuber S et al (2020) Locomotion in virtual environments predicts cardiovascular responsiveness to subsequent stressful challenges. Nat Commun 11:5904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-19736-3","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"839_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R-Tavakoli H, Atyabi A, Rantanen A, et al (2015) Predicting the valence of a scene from observers\u2019 eye movements. PLoS ONE 10:e0138198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138198"},{"key":"839_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714","volume":"39","author":"JA Russell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Russell JA (1980) A circumplex model of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol 39:1161\u20131178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0077714","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"839_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato S, Shimizu S, Hamada K (2022) Gaze preference decision making predictor using RNN classifier. In: IECON 2022\u201448th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON49645.2022.9968869"},{"key":"839_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000694","volume":"35","author":"LD Sacks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sacks LD, Axelrod DM (2020) Virtual reality in pediatric cardiology: hype or hope for the future? Curr Opin Cardiol 35:37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000694","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"839_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24859","volume":"41","author":"T Salomon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salomon T, Botvinik-Nezer R, Oren S, Schonberg T (2020) Enhanced striatal and prefrontal activity is associated with individual differences in nonreinforced preference change for faces. Hum Brain Mapp 41:1043\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24859","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"839_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6939-14-55","volume":"14","author":"S Schleidgen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schleidgen S, Klingler C, Bertram T et al (2013) What is personalized medicine: sharpening a vague term based on a systematic literature review. BMC Med Ethics 14:55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6939-14-55","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"key":"839_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/520609a","volume":"520","author":"NJ Schork","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schork NJ (2015) Personalized medicine: Time for one-person trials. Nature 520:609\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/520609a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"839_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211292","volume":"25","author":"JG Seamon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Seamon JG, Ganor-Stern D, Crowley MJ et al (1997) A mere exposure effect for transformed three-dimensional objects: effects of reflection, size, or color changes on affect and recognition. Mem Cognit 25:367\u2013374","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"key":"839_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1150","volume":"6","author":"S Shimojo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shimojo S, Simion C, Shimojo E, Scheier C (2003) Gaze bias both reflects and influences preference. Nat Neurosci 6:1317\u20131322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1150","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"839_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shu Y, Huang Y-Z, Chang S-H, Chen M-Y (2018) Do virtual reality head-mounted displays make a difference? A comparison of presence and self-efficacy between head-mounted displays and desktop computer-facilitated virtual environments. Virtual Real 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-018-0376-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0376-x"},{"key":"839_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slater M, Usoh M, Steed A (1994) Depth of presence in virtual environments. presence: teleoperators and virtual environments 3:130\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.1994.3.2.130","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1994.3.2.130"},{"key":"839_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57987-0_30","volume-title":"Virtual, augmented and mixed reality","author":"JL Soler-Dominguez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soler-Dominguez JL, Camba JD, Contero M, Alca\u00f1iz M (2017) A Proposal for the selection of eye-tracking metrics for the implementation of adaptive gameplay in virtual reality based games. In: Lackey S, Chen J (eds) Virtual, augmented and mixed reality. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 369\u2013380"},{"key":"839_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.37","volume":"3","author":"M Soleymani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soleymani M, Pantic M, Pun T (2012) Multimodal emotion recognition in response to videos. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 3:211\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.37","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"839_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sugano Y, Ozaki Y, Kasai H, et al (2014) Image preference estimation with a data-driven approach: A comparative study between gaze and image features. JEMR 7:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16910\/jemr.7.3.5","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.7.3.5"},{"key":"839_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2138","volume":"11","author":"JM Susskind","year":"2008","unstructured":"Susskind JM, Lee DH, Cusi A et al (2008) Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition. Nat Neurosci 11:843\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2138","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"839_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3495002","volume":"5","author":"L Tabbaa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tabbaa L, Searle R, Bafti SM et al (2021) VREED: virtual reality emotion recognition dataset using eye tracking & physiological measures. Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquitous Technol 5:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3495002","journal-title":"Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquitous Technol"},{"key":"839_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.07.011","volume":"118","author":"EJ Van Loo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Loo EJ, Caputo V, Nayga RM et al (2015) Sustainability labels on coffee: Consumer preferences, willingness-to-pay and visual attention to attributes. Ecol Econ 118:215\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.07.011","journal-title":"Ecol Econ"},{"key":"839_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Use R!)","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham H (2016) ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Use R!), 2nd edn. Springer, Cham","edition":"2"},{"key":"839_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13023","volume":"51","author":"B Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu B, Yu X, Gu X (2020) Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality using head-mounted displays on learning performance: A meta-analysis. Br J Educ Technol 51:1991\u20132005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13023","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"key":"839_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu Y, Zhuo Z, Liu Q, et al (2021) The Relationships between perceived design intensity, preference, restorativeness and eye movements in designed urban green space. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182010944","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010944"},{"key":"839_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu D, Weng D, Xue S (2016) Virtual Reality System as an affective medium to induce specific emotion: a validation study. ei 28:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2352\/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.4.ERVR-419","DOI":"10.2352\/ISSN.2470-1173.2016.4.ERVR-419"},{"key":"839_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-017-0466-8","volume":"9","author":"J Xiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiao J, Wang M, Jiang B, Li J (2017) A personalized recommendation system with combinational algorithm for online learning. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 9:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-017-0466-8","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"key":"839_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025848","volume":"9","author":"RB Zajonc","year":"1968","unstructured":"Zajonc RB (1968) Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. J Pers Soc Psychol 9:1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0025848","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"839_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00154","volume":"10","author":"RB Zajonc","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zajonc RB (2001) Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 10:224\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8721.00154","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"839_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1086\/208905","volume":"9","author":"RB Zajonc","year":"1982","unstructured":"Zajonc RB, Markus H (1982) Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences. J Consum Res 9:123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/208905","journal-title":"J Consum Res"},{"key":"839_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zandonai T, Benvegn\u00f9 G, Tommasi F, et al (2021) A virtual reality study on postretrieval extinction of smoking memory reconsolidation in smokers. J Subst Abuse Treat 125:108317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108317"},{"key":"839_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-020-00322-9","volume":"7","author":"LJ Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng LJ, Mountstephens J, Teo J (2020) Four-class emotion classification in virtual reality using pupillometry. J Big Data 7:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40537-020-00322-9","journal-title":"J Big Data"},{"key":"839_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng LJ, Mountstephens J, Teo J (2021) Eye fixation versus pupil diameter as eye-tracking features for virtual reality emotion classification. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Computing (ICOCO). IEEE, pp 315\u2013319","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOCO53166.2021.9673503"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00839-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00839-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00839-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T22:26:32Z","timestamp":1692656792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00839-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00839-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.12.18.520570","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors filed a patent application US 17\/954,409 \u201cAutomatic preference quantification of displayed objects based on eye tracker data\u201d on 28 September,\n                      \n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}