{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T05:27:50Z","timestamp":1789795670820,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Mental Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare","award":["HL19C0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL19C0015"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute","award":["HI18C2383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI18C2383"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Trier social stress test (TSST) is one of the most reliable and widely used laboratory tests for evaluating the physiological stress response. We developed a virtual reality-based TSST (VR-TSST) and investigated the physiological responses to this test in patients with psychosis and healthy controls (HCs).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The participants comprised 60 patients with psychosis and 66 HCs. The VR-TSST consisted of three scenarios: a resting phase (baseline; 2\u00a0min), a job interview (5\u00a0min), and a mental arithmetic task (5\u00a0min). Blood cortisol levels were measured at baseline, during the test, and at 5\u201310\u00a0min and 30\u00a0min after the test. The skin conductance level, heart rate, and RR intervals were measured at baseline, during the job interview, and during the arithmetic task.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The VR-TSST produced no discernible cortisol response in patients with psychosis compared to the HCs. However, a higher skin conductance level and heart rate and shorter RR intervals were found in the patients than in the HCs at baseline, during the job interview, and during the arithmetic task.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings suggest that the current version of the VR-TSST induces stronger autonomic and cardiovascular, but not endocrine, responses in patients with psychosis than in HCs. The VR-TSST could be a valuable tool to evaluate or train the stress response in patients with psychosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00857-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T11:02:32Z","timestamp":1694257352000},"page":"3115-3123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Physiological responses to the virtual reality-based Trier social stress test in patients with psychosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Bo Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae Yeong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4923-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1706-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima Zahra","family":"Rami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9491-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Chul","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"857_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00086","volume":"2","author":"GE Billman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Billman GE (2011) Heart rate variability: a historical perspective. Front Physiol 2:86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2011.00086","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.01.002","volume":"34","author":"K Brenner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brenner K, Liu A, Laplante DP et al (2009) Cortisol response to a psychosocial stressor in schizophrenia: blunted, delayed, or normal? Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(6):859\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.01.002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"857_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.01.016","volume":"128","author":"K Brenner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brenner K, St-Hilaire A, Liu A, Laplante DP, King S (2011) Cortisol response and coping style predict quality of life in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 128(1\u20133):23\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2011.01.016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.6.547","volume":"55","author":"RL Butzlaff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Butzlaff RL, Hooley JM (1998) Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(6):547\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.55.6.547","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"857_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.08.025","volume":"99","author":"MN Castro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castro MN, Vigo DE, Weidema H et al (2008) Heart rate variability response to mental arithmetic stress in patients with schizophrenia: autonomic response to stress in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 99(1\u20133):294\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2007.08.025","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"857_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.10.007","volume":"63","author":"B Chaumette","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaumette B, Kebir O, Mam-Lam-Fook C et al (2016) Salivary cortisol in early psychosis: new findings and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 63:262\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.10.007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"857_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.004","volume":"47","author":"S Ciufolini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ciufolini S, Dazzan P, Kempton MJ, Pariante C, Mondelli V (2014) HPA axis response to social stress is attenuated in schizophrenia but normal in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of existing studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 47:359\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"857_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2019.27","volume":"36","author":"MR Dauvermann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dauvermann MR, Donohoe G (2019) Cortisol stress response in psychosis from the high-risk to the chronic stage: a systematic review. Ir J Psychol Med 36(4):305\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ipm.2019.27","journal-title":"Ir J Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"857_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.355","volume":"130","author":"SS Dickerson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME (2004) Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull 130(3):355\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.355","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01185.x","volume":"117","author":"TJ Dinzeo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dinzeo TJ, Cohen AS, Nienow TM, Docherty NM (2008) Arousability in schizophrenia: relationship to emotional and physiological reactivity and symptom severity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 117(6):432\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01185.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"857_CR11","first-page":"94","volume":"2","author":"MB First","year":"2002","unstructured":"First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JB (2002) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version. Biometrics Res 2:94\u2013101","journal-title":"Biometrics Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"857_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30226-8","volume":"5","author":"D Freeman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freeman D, Haselton P, Freeman J et al (2018) Automated psychological therapy using immersive virtual reality for treatment of fear of heights: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 5(8):625\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30226-8","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"857_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3198-6","volume":"20","author":"D Freeman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freeman D, Lister R, Waite F et al (2019) Automated psychological therapy using virtual reality (VR) for patients with persecutory delusions: study protocol for a single-blind parallel-group randomised controlled trial (THRIVE). Trials 20(1):87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-019-3198-6","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"857_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Freeman D, Rosebrock L, Waite F et al (2022) Virtual reality (VR) therapy for patients with psychosis: satisfaction and side effects. Psychol Med 53(10):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291722001167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722001167"},{"issue":"4","key":"857_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01983.x","volume":"63","author":"M Fujibayashi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fujibayashi M, Matsumoto T, Kishida I et al (2009) Autonomic nervous system activity and psychiatric severity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 63(4):538\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01983.x","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20314","volume":"50","author":"R Gilissen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilissen R, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH, Linting M (2008) Electrodermal reactivity during the Trier Social Stress Test for children: interaction between the serotonin transporter polymorphism and children\u2019s attachment representation. Dev Psychobiol 50(6):615\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.20314","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"857_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.07.013","volume":"49","author":"L Girshkin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Girshkin L, Matheson SL, Shepherd AM, Green MJ (2014) Morning cortisol levels in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 49:187\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.07.013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"857_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.12.001","volume":"62","author":"KR Gujjar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gujjar KR, van Wijk A, Kumar R, de Jongh A (2019) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of dental phobia in adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord 62:100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.12.001","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"857_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000381","volume":"149","author":"LM Jansen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jansen LM, Gispen-de Wied CC, Kahn RS (2000) Selective impairments in the stress response in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 149(3):319\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002130000381","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"857_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jansen LM, Gispen-de Wied CC, Gademan PJ, De Jonge RC, van der Linden JA, Kahn RS (1998) Blunted cortisol response to a psychosocial stressor in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 33(1\u20132):87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0920-9964(98)00066-8","DOI":"10.1016\/s0920-9964(98)00066-8"},{"issue":"9","key":"857_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.04.003","volume":"35","author":"P J\u00f6nsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"J\u00f6nsson P, Wallerg\u00e5rd M, Osterberg K, Hansen AM, Johansson G, Karlson B (2010) Cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity and habituation to a virtual reality version of the Trier Social Stress Test: a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(9):1397\u20131403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.04.003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"857_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.06.007","volume":"42","author":"IL Kampmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kampmann IL, Emmelkamp PM, Morina N (2016) Meta-analysis of technology-assisted interventions for social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 42:71\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.06.007","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"857_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13(2):261\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"857_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","volume":"28","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH (1993) The \u2019Trier Social Stress Test\u2019\u2013a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28(1\u20132):76\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000119004","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199211000-00004","volume":"54","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kirschbaum C, W\u00fcst S, Hellhammer D (1992) Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress. Psychosom Med 54(6):648\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-199211000-00004","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"857_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.10.008","volume":"182","author":"C Lange","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lange C, Deutschenbaur L, Borgwardt S, Lang UE, Walter M, Huber CG (2017a) Experimentally induced psychosocial stress in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Schizophr Res 182:4\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2016.10.008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"857_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.03.027","volume":"82","author":"C Lange","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lange C, Huber CG, Fr\u00f6hlich D, Borgwardt S, Lang UE, Walter M (2017b) Modulation of HPA axis response to social stress in schizophrenia by childhood trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology 82:126\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.03.027","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"857_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv167","volume":"42","author":"S Leucht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leucht S, Samara M, Heres S, Davis JM (2016) Dose equivalents for antipsychotic drugs: the DDD method. Schizophr Bull 42(Suppl 1):S90\u2013S94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbv167","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"857_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(98)00056-0","volume":"45","author":"CL Lim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lim CL, Gordon E, Harris A et al (1999) Electrodermal activity in schizophrenia: a quantitative study using a short interstimulus paradigm. Biol Psychiatry 45(1):127\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-3223(98)00056-0","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"857_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007","volume":"82","author":"JJW Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu JJW, Ein N, Peck K, Huang V, Pruessner JC, Vickers K (2017) Sex differences in salivary cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST): a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 82:26\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"857_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291798006898","volume":"28","author":"M Marcelis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Marcelis M, Navarro-Mateu F, Murray R, Selten JP, Van Os J (1998) Urbanization and psychosis: a study of 1942\u20131978 birth cohorts in The Netherlands. Psychol Med 28(4):871\u2013879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291798006898","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00802047","volume":"29","author":"RM Norman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Norman RM, Malla AK (1994) A prospective study of daily stressors and symptomatology in schizophrenic patients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 29(6):244\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00802047","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"857_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.2.161","volume":"162","author":"RM Norman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Norman RM, Malla AK (1993) Stressful life events and schizophrenia. I: a review of the research. Br J Psychiatry 162:161\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.162.2.161","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"857_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","volume":"382","author":"KH Nuechterlein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME, Ventura J et al (1994) The vulnerability\/stress model of schizophrenic relapse: a longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 382:58\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05867.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"7","key":"857_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000215","volume":"77","author":"KL Nugent","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nugent KL, Chiappelli J, Sampath H et al (2015) Cortisol reactivity to stress and its association with white matter integrity in adults with Schizophrenia. Psychosom Med 77(7):733\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000215","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"857_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.013","volume":"73","author":"M Pruessner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pruessner M, Cullen AE, Aas M, Walker EF (2017) The neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia revisited: an update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 73:191\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"857_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.097","volume":"228","author":"G Rubio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rubio G, L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz F, Jurado-Barba R et al (2015) Stress induced by the socially evaluated cold-pressor test cause equivalent deficiencies of sensory gating in male subjects with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 228(3):283\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.097","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"857_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.01.010","volume":"105","author":"R Seitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seitz R, Vracotas N, Bechard-Evans L et al (2019) The Trier Social Stress Test in first episode psychosis patients: impact of perceived stress, protective factors and childhood trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology 105:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.01.010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"857_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm069","volume":"34","author":"M Shevlin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shevlin M, Houston JE, Dorahy MJ, Adamson G (2008) Cumulative traumas and psychosis: an analysis of the national comorbidity survey and the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Schizophr Bull 34(1):193\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbm069","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"857_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.008","volume":"110","author":"Y Shiban","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shiban Y, Diemer J, Brandl S, Zack R, M\u00fchlberger A, W\u00fcst S (2016) Trier social stress test in vivo and in virtual reality: dissociation of response domains. Int J Psychophysiol 110:47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.008","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"857_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.03.008","volume":"35","author":"NE Steen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steen NE, Lorentzen S, Barrett EA et al (2011) Sex-specific cortisol levels in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia during mental challenge\u2013relationship to clinical characteristics and medication. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(4):1100\u20131107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.03.008","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"857_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takano K, Nagasaka A, Yoshino K (1993) Sangyo Igaku 35(4):257\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1539\/joh1959.35.257","DOI":"10.1539\/joh1959.35.257"},{"issue":"7","key":"857_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1245-0","volume":"51","author":"LR Valmaggia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valmaggia LR, Day F, Rus-Calafell M (2016) Using virtual reality to investigate psychological processes and mechanisms associated with the onset and maintenance of psychosis: a systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51(7):921\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-016-1245-0","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"857_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq062","volume":"38","author":"JA van Venrooij","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Venrooij JA, Fluitman SB, Lijmer JG et al (2012) Impaired neuroendocrine and immune response to acute stress in medication-naive patients with a first episode of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 38(2):272\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbq062","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn101","volume":"34","author":"R van Winkel","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Winkel R, Stefanis NC, Myin-Germeys I (2018) Psychosocial stress and psychosis: a review of the neurobiological mechanisms and the evidence for gene-stress interaction. Schizophr Bull 34(6):1095\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbn101","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"16","key":"857_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002208","volume":"46","author":"W Veling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veling W, Counotte J, Pot-Kolder R, van Os J, van der Gaag M (2016) Childhood trauma, psychosis liability and social stress reactivity: a virtual reality study. Psychol Med 46(16):3339\u20133348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716002208","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"857_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu125","volume":"40","author":"W Veling","year":"2014","unstructured":"Veling W, Moritz S, van der Gaag M (2014) Brave new worlds\u2013review and update on virtual reality assessment and treatment in psychosis. Schizophr Bull 40(6):1194\u20131197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbu125","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"857_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.104.4.667","volume":"104","author":"EF Walker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Walker EF, Diforio D (1997) Schizophrenia: a neural diathesis-stress model. Psychol Rev 104(4):667\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295x.104.4.667","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"857_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141248","volume":"4","author":"E Walker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walker E, Mittal V, Tessner K (2008) Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 4:189\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141248","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"857_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wieck A, Grassi-Oliveira R, do Prado CH, et al (2013) Differential neuroendocrine and immune responses to acute psychosocial stress in women with type 1 bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun 34:47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.07.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.07.005"},{"key":"857_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010","volume":"101","author":"P Zimmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zimmer P, Buttlar B, Halbeisen G, Walther E, Domes G (2019) Virtually stressed? A refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) induces robust endocrine responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology 101:186\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"857_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036","volume":"77","author":"JV Zorn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zorn JV, Sch\u00fcr RR, Boks MP, Kahn RS, Jo\u00ebls M, Vinkers CH (2017) Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 77:25\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00857-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00857-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00857-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T10:14:26Z","timestamp":1701252866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00857-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00857-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4338","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}