{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:18:15Z","timestamp":1775665095566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A virtual reality (VR) based cultural heritage exhibition (VRCHE) is an important type of VR-based museum exhibition. The user experience (UX) design of VRCHE has encountered opportunities and due to the differences in human\u2013computer interaction between VR-based and conventional interaction interfaces, so proposing the UX model of VRCHE is crucial. Although there are some existing works that study the UX models of VRCHEs, they are not complete enough to describe the UX of VRCHEs or offer any design strategies due to the methodologies and experimental materials that they currently use. This study creates experiments utilizing grounded theory that combine qualitative and quantitative approaches. Then, the study synthesizes three-level coding and quantitative analysis findings from grounded theory, builds a detailed model of the VRCHE UX using theoretical coding, and proposes design strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-00942-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T09:02:33Z","timestamp":1709888553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["User experience model and design strategies for virtual reality-based cultural heritage exhibition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5032-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pengrui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"942_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ERGON.2018.08.002","volume":"68","author":"F Baradaran Rahimi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baradaran Rahimi F, Levy RM, Boyd JE, Dadkhahfard S (2018) Human behavior and cognition of spatial experience; a model for enhancing the quality of spatial experiences in the built environment. Int J Ind Ergon 68:245\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ERGON.2018.08.002","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"942_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00643-5","author":"F Baradaran Rahimi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baradaran Rahimi F, Boyd JE, Eiserman JR, Levy RM, Kim B (2022) Museum beyond physical walls: an exploration of virtual reality-enhanced experience in an exhibition-like space. Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-022-00643-5","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"4","key":"942_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029310","volume":"17","author":"JL Brooks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brooks JL (2012) Counterbalancing for serial order carryover effects in experimental condition orders. Psychol Methods 17(4):600\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029310","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"942_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AEF.10.28","volume":"10","author":"K Case","year":"2013","unstructured":"Case K (2013) Tools for user-centered design. Adv Eng Forum 10:28\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AEF.10.28","journal-title":"Adv Eng Forum"},{"issue":"10","key":"942_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223994","volume":"14","author":"C Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen C, Song M (2019) Visualizing a field of research: a methodology of systematic scientometric reviews. PLoS ONE 14(10):e0223994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0223994","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"942_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.050","volume":"100","author":"C Flavi\u00e1n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flavi\u00e1n C, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-S\u00e1nchez S, Or\u00fas C (2019) The impact of virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies on the customer experience. J Bus Res 100:547\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.10.050","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"key":"942_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203793206","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research","author":"BG Glaser","year":"1999","unstructured":"Glaser BG, Strauss AL (1999) The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research, 1st edn. Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203793206","edition":"1"},{"issue":"1","key":"942_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/10645578.2017.1297132","volume":"20","author":"JP Gutwill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gutwill JP (2017) Boosting metacognition in science museums: simple exhibit label designs to enhance learning. Visit Stud 20(1):72\u201388","journal-title":"Visit Stud"},{"key":"942_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harrington MCR (2020) Connecting user experience to learning in an evaluation of an immersive, interactive, multimodal augmented reality virtual diorama in a natural history museum & the importance of story. In: 2020 6th international conference of the immersive learning research network (ILRN), pp 70\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/iLRN47897.2020.9155202","DOI":"10.23919\/iLRN47897.2020.9155202"},{"key":"942_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1100540","author":"MCR Harrington","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harrington MCR (2023) Virtual nature makes knowledge beautiful. Front Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2023.1100540","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"942_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2016.10.016","volume":"24","author":"K Kabassi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kabassi K (2017) Evaluating websites of museums: state of the art. J Cult Herit 24:184\u2013196","journal-title":"J Cult Herit"},{"issue":"3","key":"942_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/21548455.2021.1946619","volume":"11","author":"AAU Kennedy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kennedy AAU, Thacker I, Nye BD, Sinatra GM, Swartout W, Lindsey E (2021) Promoting interest, positive emotions, and knowledge using augmented reality in a museum setting. Int J Sci Educ Part B 11(3):242\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21548455.2021.1946619","journal-title":"Int J Sci Educ Part B"},{"key":"942_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kersten TP, B\u00fcy\u00fcksalih G, Tschirschwitz F, Kan T, Deggim S, Kaya Y, Baskaraca AP (2017) The selimiye mosque of Edirne, Turkey\u2014An immersive and interactive virtual reality experience using HTC VIVE. In: The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences, XLII-5\/W1, pp 403\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-5-W1-403-2017","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-5-W1-403-2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"942_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2018.1466190","volume":"33","author":"S Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim S (2018) Virtual exhibitions and communication factors. Mus Manag Curatorship 33(3):243\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09647775.2018.1466190","journal-title":"Mus Manag Curatorship"},{"issue":"4","key":"942_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1108\/09564230810891914","volume":"19","author":"P Kristensson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kristensson P, Matthing J, Johansson N (2008) Key strategies for the successful involvement of customers in the co-creation of new technology-based service. Int J Serv Ind Manag 19(4):474\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09564230810891914","journal-title":"Int J Serv Ind Manag"},{"key":"942_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyriakou P, Hermon S (2019) Can I touch this? Using natural interaction in a museum augmented reality system. Digital Appl Archaeol Cult Heritage 12:e00088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.daach.2018.e00088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.daach.2018.e00088"},{"key":"942_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li R, Luo T, Zha H (2010) 3D digitization and its applications in cultural heritage. In: Ioannides M, Fellner D, Georgopoulos A, Hadjimitsis D (Eds) WOS:000290737400029; vol 6436, pp 381\u2013388","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16873-4_29"},{"issue":"4","key":"942_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2021.1948905","volume":"36","author":"P Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu P, Lan L (2021) Museum as multisensorial site: story co-making and the affective interrelationship between museum visitors, heritage space, and digital storytelling. Mus Manag Curatorship 36(4):403\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09647775.2021.1948905","journal-title":"Mus Manag Curatorship"},{"key":"942_CR19","unstructured":"Mann S (2002) Mediated reality with implementations for everyday life. Presence Connect. http:\/\/wearcam.org\/presence_connect\/"},{"issue":"12","key":"942_CR20","first-page":"1321","volume":"E77-D","author":"P Milgram","year":"1994","unstructured":"Milgram P, Kishino F (1994) A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE Trans Inf Syst E77-D(12):1321\u20131329","journal-title":"IEICE Trans Inf Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"942_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032","volume":"2","author":"K Neff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neff K (2003) Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity 2(2):85\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15298860309032","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"942_CR22","volume-title":"Why we love (or hate) everyday things","author":"DA Norman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Norman DA (2004) Why we love (or hate) everyday things. Basic Civitas Book"},{"issue":"9","key":"942_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093182","volume":"10","author":"A Pagano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pagano A, Palombini A, Bozzelli G, Cerato I, Ricciardi S (2020) ArkaeVision VR game: user experience research between real and virtual paestum. Appl Sci 10(9):3182","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"942_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00452-1","volume":"40","author":"WJ Phillips","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phillips WJ (2021) Self-compassion mindsets: the components of the self-compassion scale operate as a balanced system within individuals. Curr Psychol 40(10):5040\u20135053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-019-00452-1","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"942_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quezada P, Cueva R, Paz F (2021) A systematic review of user-centered design techniques applied to the design of mobile application user interfaces. In: Soares M, Rosenzweig E, Marcus A (Eds) WOS:000766164500007; vol 12779, pp 100\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-78221-4_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78221-4_7"},{"issue":"1","key":"942_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/14606925.2018.1395228","volume":"21","author":"S Ramm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramm S, Giacomin J, Malizia A, Anyasodo B (2018) An exploratory design workshop to elicit what feels natural when interacting with an automobile\u2019s secondary controls. Des J 21(1):109\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14606925.2018.1395228","journal-title":"Des J"},{"key":"942_CR28","unstructured":"Roussou M (2002) Virtual heritage: from the research lab to the broad public. In: proceedings of the 2001 conference on Virtual reality, archeology, and cultural heritage, pp 93\u2013100"},{"key":"942_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roussou M, Katifori A, Pujol L, Vayanou M, Rennick-Egglestone SJ (2013) A life of their own: museum visitor personas penetrating the design lifecycle of a mobile experience. In: CHI \u201913 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems, pp 547\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2468356.2468453","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2468453"},{"key":"942_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schofield G, Beale G, Beale N, Fell M, Hadley D, Hook J, Murphy D, Richards J, Thresh L (2018) Viking VR: designing a virtual reality experience for a museum. In: proceedings of the 2018 on designing interactive systems conference 2018 - DIS \u201918, pp 805\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3196709.3196714","DOI":"10.1145\/3196709.3196714"},{"issue":"6","key":"942_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)90031-4","volume":"31","author":"P Solomon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Solomon P (1995) The think aloud method: a practical guide to modeling cognitive processes. Inf Process Manag 31(6):906\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4573(95)90031-4","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"942_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-02028-2","volume":"29","author":"MM Spap\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spap\u00e9 MM, Harjunen VJ, Ravaja N (2022) Time to imagine moving: simulated motor activity affects time perception. Psychon Bull Rev 29(3):819\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-021-02028-2","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"942_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511557842","volume-title":"Qualitative analysis for social scientists","author":"AL Strauss","year":"1987","unstructured":"Strauss AL (1987) Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge University Press"},{"issue":"9","key":"942_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2019.1586847","volume":"23","author":"M Trunfio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trunfio M, Campana S (2020) A visitors\u2019 experience model for mixed reality in the museum. Curr Issue Tour 23(9):1053\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13683500.2019.1586847","journal-title":"Curr Issue Tour"},{"issue":"5","key":"942_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/0044929031000","volume":"22","author":"M van den Haak","year":"2003","unstructured":"van den Haak M, De Jong M, Jan Schellens P (2003) Retrospective vs concurrent think-aloud protocols: testing the usability of an online library catalog. Behav Inf Technol 22(5):339\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0044929031000","journal-title":"Behav Inf Technol"},{"key":"942_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"von Willich J, Funk M, M\u00fcller F, Marky K, Riemann J, M\u00fchlh\u00e4user M (2019) You invaded my tracking space! Using augmented virtuality for spotting passersby in room-scale virtual reality. In: proceedings of the 2019 on designing interactive systems conference, pp 487\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3322276.3322334","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322334"},{"key":"942_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221082105","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu Y, Jiang Q, Liang H, Ni S (2022) What drives users to adopt a digital museum? A case of virtual exhibition hall of national costume museum. SAGE Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21582440221082105","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"942_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3462645","volume":"14","author":"JH Yi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yi JH, Kim HS (2021) User experience research, experience design, and evaluation methods for museum mixed reality experience. J Comput Cult Herit 14(4):1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3462645","journal-title":"J Comput Cult Herit"},{"key":"942_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100454","volume":"36","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Chen J, Wang M (2022) A meta-analytic review on incorporating virtual and augmented reality in museum learning. Educ Res Rev 36:100454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100454","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"key":"942_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50031-7","volume-title":"Handbook of self-regulation","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zimmerman BJ (2000) Attaining self-regulation. Handbook of self-regulation. Elsevier, pp 13\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50031-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"942_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s42486-021-00061-7","volume":"3","author":"N Zou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zou N, Gong Q, Zhou J, Chen P, Kong W, Chai C (2021) Value-based model of user interaction design for virtual museum. CCF Trans Pervasive Comput Interact 3(2):112\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42486-021-00061-7","journal-title":"CCF Trans Pervasive Comput Interact"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00942-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00942-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00942-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T19:29:38Z","timestamp":1719516578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00942-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00942-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"69"}}