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We tested this effect in a virtual environment using a visual search task to verify if the mere presence of a virtual observer would boost participants\u2019 performance in the easy variant of the task and hinder it in the difficult one. We used electrodermal (EDA) activity measurement to test whether physiological arousal would moderate this effect. The presence of a virtual character affected search performance, which was moderated by arousal, with lower arousal leading to better performance. These results confirm that the mere presence of virtual characters can evoke a social facilitation\/inhibition effect similar to that of human beings; this could confirm Zajonc\u2019s theory and serve as encouragement for further development of VR-based training &amp; educational tools with virtual agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-00972-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T09:02:23Z","timestamp":1709110943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Like a human: The social facilitation\/inhibition effect in presence of a virtual observer depends on arousal"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4440-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Sterna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Szczugie\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Pilarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Siry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kuniecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"972_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2699.5.3.163","volume":"5","author":"JR Aiello","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aiello JR, Douthitt EA (2001) Social facilitation from Triplett to electronic performance monitoring. 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