{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1784902241835,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001786","name":"The University of Adelaide","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Knee arthrocentesis is a simple procedure commonly performed by general practitioners and junior doctors. As such, doctors should be competent and comfortable in performing the technique by themselves; however, they need to be adequately trained. The best method to ensure practitioner proficiency is by optimizing teaching at an institutional level, thus, educating all future doctors in the procedure. However, the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused significant disruption to hospital teaching for medical students which necessitated investigating the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) as a platform to emulate hospital teaching of knee arthrocentesis. A workshop was conducted with 100 fourth year medical students divided into three Groups: A, B and C, each receiving a pre-reading online lecture. Group A was placed in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) station where they were assessed by a blinded orthopaedic surgeon using the OSCE assessment rubric. Group B undertook a hands-on practice station prior to assessment, while Group C received a VR video (courtesy of the University of Adelaide\u2019s Health Simulation) in the form of VR headset or 360\u00b0 surround immersion room and hands-on station followed by the OSCE. Upon completion of the workshop, students completed a questionnaire on their confidence with the procedure and the practicality of the VR station. OSCE scores were compared between Groups B and C to investigate the educational value of VR teaching. On average, students with VR headsets reported higher confidence with the procedure and were more inclined to undertake it on their own. Students in Group C who used the VR station prior to assessment scored higher than the non-VR Groups (Group A, 56%; Group B, 67%; Group C 83%). Students in Group A had statistically significant results on average compared to those in Group B (t(69)\u2009=\u20093.003,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.003), as do students in Group B compared to Group C (t(62)\u2009=\u20095.400,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Within Group C students who were given VR headsets scored higher than immersion room students. The VR headset was beneficial in providing students with a representation of how knee arthrocentesis may be conducted in the hospital setting. While VR will not replace conventional in-hospital teaching, given current technological limitations, it serves as an effective teaching aid for arthrocentesis and has many other potential applications for a wide scope of medicine and surgical training.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01027-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T19:48:54Z","timestamp":1721418534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the viability of Virtual Reality as a teaching method for knee aspiration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mantaj","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Smitham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suyash","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8737-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nijman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Neilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"de Blasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2822-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany K.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3046-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Proudman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Nimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1027_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh683","volume":"44","author":"WG Liddell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liddell WG, Carmichael CR, McHugh NJ (2005) Joint and soft tissue injections: a survey of general practitioners. Rheumatology (oxford) 44(8):1043\u20131046","journal-title":"Rheumatology (oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1027_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RHU.0000073587.90836.23","volume":"9","author":"M Jolly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jolly M, Curran JJ (2003) Underuse of intra-articular and periarticular corticosteroid injections by primary care physicians: discomfort with the technique. J Clin Rheumatol 9(3):187\u2013192","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1027_CR3","first-page":"242","volume":"150","author":"R Mashov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mashov R, Tabenkin H (2011) How family physicians estimate their knowledge and skills in musculoskeletal problems? Harefuah 150(3):242\u2013245","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"issue":"4","key":"1027_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e318258259e","volume":"18","author":"JR Berman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berman JR, Ben-Artzi A, Fisher MC, Bass AR, Pillinger MH (2012) A comparison of arthrocentesis teaching tools: cadavers, synthetic joint models, and the relative utility of different educational modalities in improving trainees\u2019 comfort with procedures. J Clin Rheumatol 18(4):175\u2013179","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1027_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5792\/ksrr.2014.26.1.1","volume":"26","author":"RJ Douglas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Douglas RJ (2014) Aspiration and injection of the knee joint: approach portal. Knee Surg Relat Res 26(1):1\u20136","journal-title":"Knee Surg Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1027_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02174-6","volume":"20","author":"A Ladurner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ladurner A, Nijman T, Gill TK, Smitham PJ (2020) The impact of a hands-on arthrocentesis workshop in undergraduate medical education. BMC Med Educ 20(1):260","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"1027_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12664","volume":"18","author":"P Chiowchanwisawakit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiowchanwisawakit P, Ratanarat R, Srinonprasert V (2015) Improving sixth year medical students\u2019 performance in knee arthrocentesis using a synthetic knee model. Int J Rheum Dis 18(7):742\u2013750","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1027_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2314-z","volume":"28","author":"L Stroud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stroud L, Cavalcanti RB (2013) Hybrid simulation for knee arthrocentesis: improving fidelity in procedures training. J Gen Intern Med 28(5):723\u2013727","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1027_CR9","first-page":"e10775","volume":"12","author":"A Althwanay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Althwanay A, Ahsan F, Oliveri F et al (2020) Medical education, pre- and post-pandemic era: a review article. Cureus 12(10):e10775","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1027_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.16103","volume":"90","author":"N Savage","year":"2020","unstructured":"Savage N, Jain A, Ng SC (2020) Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students in Australia. ANZ J Surg 90(7\u20138):1244\u20131245","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"1027_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.05.032","volume":"73","author":"A Sleiwah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sleiwah A, Mughal M, Hachach-Haram N, Roblin P (2020) COVID-19 lockdown learning: the uprising of virtual teaching. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 73(8):1575\u20131592","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1027_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.10.105","volume":"74","author":"G Masterton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Masterton G, Zargaran A, Zargaran D (2021) Virtual teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 74(5):1101\u20131160","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1027_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2020.1845437","volume":"92","author":"A Arshad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arshad A, Zaveri A, Atkinson H (2021) Reducing orthopaedic theatre exposure during the COVID-19 lockdown: does a shift towards virtual reality-based training offer a solution? Acta Orthop 92(2):129\u2013130","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"1027_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i02.11394","volume":"15","author":"M Sattar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sattar M, Palaniappan S, Lokman A, Shah N, Khalid U, Hasan R (2020) Motivating medical students using virtual reality based education. Int J Emerg Technol Learn 15:160","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Technol Learn"},{"issue":"3","key":"1027_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11529","DOI":"10.2196\/11529","volume":"21","author":"JM Padilha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Padilha JM, Machado PP, Ribeiro A, Ramos J, Costa P (2019) Clinical virtual simulation in nursing education: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 21(3):e11529","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1027_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mededu.8527","volume":"4","author":"B Drozd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drozd B, Couvillon E, Suarez A (2018) Medical YouTube videos and methods of evaluation: literature review. JMIR Med Educ 4(1):e3","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1027_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-020-00169-2","volume":"8","author":"D Hamilton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamilton D, McKechnie J, Edgerton E, Wilson C (2021) Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: a systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design. J Comput Educ 8(1):1\u201332","journal-title":"J Comput Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1027_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E103","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20170110","volume":"6","author":"C Ekstrand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ekstrand C, Jamal A, Nguyen R, Kudryk A, Mann J, Mendez I (2018) Immersive and interactive virtual reality to improve learning and retention of neuroanatomy in medical students: a randomized controlled study. CMAJ Open 6(1):E103-e109","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"1027_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27986-8_7","volume-title":"Educational media and technology yearbook","author":"E Washington","year":"2019","unstructured":"Washington E, Shaw C (2019) The effects of a VR intervention on career interest, empathy, communication skills, and learning with second-year medical students. In: Branch RM, Lee H, Tseng SS (eds) Educational media and technology yearbook, vol 42. Springer, Cham, pp 67\u201380"},{"issue":"1","key":"1027_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02245-8","volume":"20","author":"R De Ponti","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Ponti R, Marazzato J, Maresca AM, Rovera F, Carcano G, Ferrario MM (2020) Pre-graduation medical training including virtual reality during COVID-19 pandemic: a report on students\u2019 perception. BMC Med Educ 20(1):332","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1027_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30082","DOI":"10.2196\/30082","volume":"24","author":"GV Ryan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ryan GV, Callaghan S, Rafferty A, Higgins MF, Mangina E, McAuliffe F (2022) Learning outcomes of immersive technologies in health care student education: systematic review of the literature. J Med Internet Res 24(2):e30082","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"1027_CR22","unstructured":"Fundamental Surgery becomes the First VR Surgical Training Simulation with Haptics to Gain CPD Accreditation (2019) https:\/\/thejournalofmhealth.com\/fundamental-surgery-becomes-the-first-vr-surgical-training-simulation-with-haptics-to-gain-cpd-accreditation\/. Accessed 10 June 2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"1027_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3182a69fb2","volume":"19","author":"J Fischer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fischer J, Geurts J, Valderrabano V, H\u00fcgle T (2013) Educational quality of YouTube videos on knee arthrocentesis. J Clin Rheumatol 19(7):373\u2013376","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1027_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.02.013","volume":"77","author":"ER Francis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Francis ER, Bernard S, Nowak ML, Daniel S, Bernard JA (2020) Operating room Virtual Reality immersion improves self-efficacy amongst preclinical physician assistant students. J Surg Educ 77(4):947\u2013952","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"1027_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1426-1","volume":"468","author":"JD Mabrey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mabrey JD, Reinig KD, Cannon WD (2010) Virtual reality in orthopaedics: is it a reality? Clin Orthop Relat Res 468(10):2586\u20132591","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1027_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3180f61b09","volume":"246","author":"R Aggarwal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aggarwal R, Ward J, Balasundaram I, Sains P, Athanasiou T, Darzi A (2007) Proving the effectiveness of virtual reality simulation for training in laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg 246(5):771\u2013779","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1027_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.06.050","volume":"193","author":"G Ahlberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahlberg G, Enochsson L, Gallagher AG et al (2007) Proficiency-based virtual reality training significantly reduces the error rate for residents during their first 10 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Am J Surg 193(6):797\u2013804","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"1027_CR28","volume-title":"Medicine meets Virtual Reality 13: the magical next becomes the medical now","author":"JD Westwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Westwood JD, Haluck RS, Hoffman HM (2005) Medicine meets Virtual Reality 13: the magical next becomes the medical now. IOS Press, Incorporated"},{"issue":"3","key":"1027_CR29","first-page":"123","volume":"6","author":"M Samadbeik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samadbeik M, Yaaghobi D, Bastani P, Abhari S, Rezaee R, Garavand A (2018) The applications of Virtual Reality technology in medical groups teaching. J Adv Med Educ Prof 6(3):123\u2013129","journal-title":"J Adv Med Educ Prof"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01027-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01027-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01027-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:56:40Z","timestamp":1784901400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01027-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01027-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interests from the authors of this project.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"139"}}