{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:24:11Z","timestamp":1777735451769,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002957","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>When engaging in physical contact, our emotional response hinges not only on the nuanced sensory details and the receptive properties of the skin but also on contextual cues related to the situation and interpersonal dynamics. The consensus is that the nature of the affective interactive experience in social touch is shaped by a combination of ascending, C-tactile (CT) afferents mediated somatosensory information, and modulatory, top-down information. The question we pose here is whether, in the absence of somatosensory input, multisensory cues alone can suffice to create a genuinely pleasant, authentic, and engaging experience in virtual reality. The study aims to explore how affective touch is perceived in immersive virtual environments, considering varied social norms in neutral settings or settings like a physiotherapy room where the touch provider is a healthcare professional. We conducted an experiment with 58 male and female healthy adults, where we employed a within-group counterbalanced design featuring two factors: (a) visuo-tactile affective touch, and (B) visual-only affective touch. Findings, drawn from questionnaires and collected physiological data, shed light on how contextual factors influence implicit engagement, self-reported embodiment, co-presence, as well as the perceived realism and pleasantness of the touch experience. Our findings, in line with the literature, indicate that to experience the advantages of touch in immersive virtual worlds, it is essential to incorporate haptic feedback, as depending solely on visual input may not be adequate for fully realising the optimal benefits of interpersonal touch. Furthermore, in contradiction with our hypothesis, a less ambiguous context (specifically, the physiotherapy room and touch from a physiotherapist) is not linked to heightened touch pleasantness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01056-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T22:02:07Z","timestamp":1729202527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multisensory experiences of affective touch in virtual reality enhance engagement, body ownership, pleasantness, and arousal modulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Wenhan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Domna","family":"Banakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"\u015awidrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Valori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Merle T.","family":"Fairhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1056_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2847-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"R Ackerley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ackerley R, Wasling HB, Liljencrantz J, Olausson H, Johnson RD, Wessberg J (2014) Human C-tactile afferents are tuned to the temperature of a skin-stroking caress. J Neurosci 34(8):2879\u20132883","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1056_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apostolou K, Liarokapis F (2022) A Systematic Review: The Role of Multisensory Feedback in Virtual Reality. In 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Reality (ICIR) (pp. 39\u201342). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIR55739.2022.00024"},{"key":"1056_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey JD, Blackmore KL (2017) Gender and the perception of emotions in avatars. In Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (pp. 1\u20138)","DOI":"10.1145\/3014812.3014876"},{"key":"1056_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey JD, Blackmore KL, King R (2021) Insights from the Uncanny Valley: Gender (Sex) Differences in Avatar Realism and Uncanniness Perceptions. In International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction Research and Applications (pp. 51\u201370). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland","DOI":"10.5220\/0011576000003323"},{"key":"1056_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00024","volume":"8","author":"M Bj\u00f6rnsdotter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rnsdotter M, Gordon I, Pelphrey KA, Olausson H, Kaiser MD (2014) Development of brain mechanisms for processing affective touch. Front Behav Neurosci 8:24","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1056_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourdin P, Sanahuja JMT, Moya CC, Haggard P, Slater M (2013) Persuading people in a remote destination to sing by beaming there. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (pp. 123\u2013132)","DOI":"10.1145\/2503713.2503724"},{"key":"1056_CR7","unstructured":"Buonomano D (2011) Brain bugs: how the brain\u2019s flaws shape our lives. WW Norton & Company"},{"key":"1056_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2020.103059","volume":"87","author":"M Carey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carey M, Crucianelli L, Preston C, Fotopoulou A (2021) The role of affective touch in whole-body embodiment remains equivocal. Conscious Cogn 87:103059","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1056_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2009","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.2009","volume":"32","author":"D Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui D, Kao D, Mousas C (2021) Toward understanding embodied human-virtual character interaction through virtual and tactile hugging. Comput Animat Virtual Worlds 32(3\u20134):e2009","journal-title":"Comput Animat Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"1056_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-4912-9","volume":"235","author":"JR de Jong","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Jong JR, Keizer A, Engel MM, Dijkerman HC (2017) Does affective touch influence the virtual reality full body illusion? Exp Brain Res 235:1781\u20131791","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1056_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.11.002","volume":"35","author":"L Della Longa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Della Longa L, Gliga T, Farroni T (2019) Tune to touch: affective touch enhances learning of face identity in 4-month-old infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 35:42\u201346","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1056_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795283","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.795283","volume":"12","author":"L Della Longa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Della Longa L, Valori I, Farroni T (2022) Interpersonal affective touch in a virtual world: feeling the social presence of others to overcome loneliness. Front Psychol 12:795283","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1056_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desnoyers-Stewart J, Stepanova ER, Liu P, Kitson A, Pennefather PP, Ryzhov V, Riecke BE (2023) Embodied telepresent connection (ETC): Exploring virtual social touch through pseudohaptics. In Extended abstracts of the 2023 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1\u20137)","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585843"},{"key":"1056_CR14","unstructured":"D\u00fcren AL (2022) Individual Differences in the Perception of Common Types of Affective Touch (Doctoral dissertation, Goldsmiths, University of London)"},{"key":"1056_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2497316","volume":"4","author":"MA Eid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eid MA, Al Osman H (2015) Affective haptics: current research and future directions. IEEE Access 4:26\u201340","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1056_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairhurst MT, Valori I (2023) A functional framework for multisensory and interactive mediated social touch experiences. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences Workshops (pp. 46\u201351)","DOI":"10.1145\/3604321.3604349"},{"key":"1056_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.07.007","volume":"43","author":"MT Fairhurst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fairhurst MT, McGlone F, Croy I (2022) Affective touch: a communication channel for social exchange. Curr Opin Behav Sci 43:54\u201361","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1056_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00489.2016","volume":"116","author":"M Fusaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fusaro M, Tieri G, Aglioti SM (2016) Seeing pain and pleasure on self and others: behavioral and psychophysiological reactivity in immersive virtual reality. J Neurophysiol 116(6):2656\u20132662","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81168-w","volume":"11","author":"M Fusaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fusaro M, Lisi MP, Tieri G, Aglioti SM (2021) Heterosexual, gay, and lesbian people\u2019s reactivity to virtual caresses on their embodied avatars\u2019 taboo zones. Sci Rep 11(1):2221","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1056_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.11.006","volume":"43","author":"A Gallace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gallace A, Girondini M (2022) Social touch in virtual reality. Curr Opin Behav Sci 43:249\u2013254","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004","volume":"34","author":"A Gallace","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gallace A, Spence C (2010) The science of interpersonal touch: an overview. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews 34(2):246\u2013259","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01417-5","volume":"4","author":"S Gallagher","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gallagher S (2000) Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science. Trends Cogn Sci 4(1):14\u201321","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1056_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher S (2006) How the body shapes the mind. Clarendon","DOI":"10.1093\/0199271941.001.0001"},{"issue":"25","key":"1056_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1657","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113211109","volume":"109","author":"V Gazzola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gazzola V, Spezio ML, Etzel JA, Castelli F, Adolphs R, Keysers C (2012) Primary somatosensory cortex discriminates affective significance in social touch. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(25):E1657\u2013E1666","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1056_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentsch A, Crucianelli L, Jenkinson P, Fotopoulou A (2016) The touched self: affective touch and body awareness in health and disease. Affective touch and the neurophysiology of CT afferents, pp 355\u2013384","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6418-5_21"},{"key":"1056_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.561558","volume":"1","author":"M Gonzalez-Franco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Franco M, Ofek E, Pan Y, Antley A, Steed A, Spanlang B, Lanier J (2020) The rocketbox library and the utility of freely available rigged avatars. Front Virtual Real 1:20","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21480","volume":"34","author":"I Gordon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gordon I, Voos AC, Bennett RH, Bolling DZ, Pelphrey KA, Kaiser MD (2013) Brain mechanisms for processing affective touch. Hum Brain Mapp 34(4):914\u2013922","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"1056_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694567","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.694567","volume":"2","author":"A Halbig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halbig A, Latoschik ME (2021) A systematic review of physiological measurements, factors, methods, and applications in virtual reality. Front Virtual Real 2:694567","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"key":"1056_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.11.047","volume":"107","author":"VJ Harjunen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harjunen VJ, Spap\u00e9 M, Ahmed I, Jacucci G, Ravaja N (2017) Individual differences in affective touch: behavioral inhibition and gender define how an interpersonal touch is perceived. Pers Indiv Differ 107:88\u201395","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"issue":"11","key":"1056_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05642-8","volume":"237","author":"DJ Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris DJ, Buckingham G, Wilson MR, Vine SJ (2019) Virtually the same? How impaired sensory information in virtual reality may disrupt vision for action. Exp Brain Res 237(11):2761\u20132766","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1056_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan L, Jylh\u00e4 H, Sj\u00f6blom M, Hamari J (2020) Flow in VR: a study on the relationships between preconditions, experience and continued Use.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.149"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.2.262","volume":"1","author":"C Heater","year":"1992","unstructured":"Heater C (1992) Being there: the subjective experience of presence. Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ 1(2):262\u2013271","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ"},{"key":"1056_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppe M, Rossmy B, Neumann DP, Streuber S, Schmidt A, Machulla TK (2020), April A human touch: Social touch increases the perceived human-likeness of agents in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1\u201311)","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376719"},{"key":"1056_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830193","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.830193","volume":"13","author":"G Huisman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huisman G (2022) An Interaction Theory Account of (mediated) Social Touch. Front Psychol 13:830193","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1056_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754050","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2021.754050","volume":"3","author":"C Jewitt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jewitt C, Price S, Steimle J, Huisman G, Golmohammadi L, Pourjafarian N, Weda J (2021) Manifesto for digital social touch in crisis. Front Comput Sci 3:754050","journal-title":"Front Comput Sci"},{"key":"1056_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42113-1","volume":"13","author":"H Jo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jo H, Park DH (2023) Affordance, usefulness, enjoyment, and aesthetics in sustaining virtual reality engagement. Sci Rep 13:15097.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5841","key":"1056_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143439","volume":"317","author":"B Lenggenhager","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lenggenhager B, Tadi T, Metzinger T, Blanke O (2007) Video ergo sum: manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science 317(5841):1096\u20131099","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"1056_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2312","volume":"12","author":"LS L\u00f6ken","year":"2009","unstructured":"L\u00f6ken LS, Wessberg J, McGlone F, Olausson H (2009) Coding of pleasant touch by unmyelinated afferents in humans. Nat Neurosci 12(5):547\u2013548","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00310.2021","volume":"127","author":"LS L\u00f6ken","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f6ken LS, Wasling B, Olausson H, McGlone H, F., Wessberg J (2022) A topographical and physiological exploration of C-tactile afferents and their response to menthol and histamine. J Neurophysiol 127(2):463\u2013473","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1056_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2007.12.006","volume":"38","author":"C Lopez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lopez C, Halje P, Blanke O (2008) Body ownership and embodiment: vestibular and multisensory mechanisms. Neurophysiologie Clinique\/Clinical Neurophysiol 38(3):149\u2013161","journal-title":"Neurophysiologie Clinique\/Clinical Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1056_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maunsbach M, Hornb\u00e6k K, Seifi H (2023) Mediated Social Touching: Haptic Feedback Affects Social Experience of Touch Initiators. In 2023 IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC) (pp. 93\u2013100). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC56415.2023.10224506"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.08.004","volume":"34","author":"F McGlone","year":"2010","unstructured":"McGlone F, Reilly D (2010) The cutaneous sensory system. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews 34(2):148\u2013159","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.001","volume":"82","author":"F McGlone","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGlone F, Wessberg J, Olausson H (2014) Discriminative and affective touch: sensing and feeling. Neuron 82(4):737\u2013755","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"9","key":"1056_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976211059801","volume":"33","author":"S McIntyre","year":"2022","unstructured":"McIntyre S, Hauser SC, Kusztor A, Boehme R, Moungou A, Isager PM, Olausson H (2022) The language of social touch is intuitive and quantifiable. Psychol Sci 33(9):1477\u20131494","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23103","volume":"37","author":"I Morrison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morrison I (2016) ALE meta-analysis reveals dissociable networks for affective and discriminative aspects of touch. Hum Brain Mapp 37(4):1308\u20131320","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"1056_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937191","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.937191","volume":"3","author":"R Oliva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oliva R, Beacco A, Navarro X, Slater M (2022) QuickVR: a standard library for virtual embodiment in unity. Front Virtual Real 3:937191","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13345-9","volume":"7","author":"E Panagiotopoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Panagiotopoulou E, Filippetti ML, Tsakiris M, Fotopoulou A (2017) Affective touch enhances self-face recognition during multisensory integration. Sci Rep 7(1):12883","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1056_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawling R, Cannon PR, McGlone FP, Walker SC (2017) C-tactile afferent stimulating touch carries a positive affective value. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0173457","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173457"},{"key":"1056_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575943","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.575943","volume":"1","author":"TC Peck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peck TC, Gonzalez-Franco M (2021) Avatar embodiment. A standardized questionnaire. Front Virtual Real 1:575943","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29163","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29163","volume":"6","author":"K Petrini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petrini K, Caradonna A, Foster C, Burgess N, Nardini M (2016) How vision and self-motion combine or compete during path reproduction changes with age. Sci Rep 6(1):29163","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1056_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.06.002","volume":"35","author":"L Pirazzoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pirazzoli L, Lloyd-Fox S, Braukmann R, Johnson MH, Gliga T (2019) Hand or spoon? Exploring the neural basis of affective touch in 5-month-old infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 35:28\u201335","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"1056_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24598-8_8","volume-title":"Gesture-based communication in Human-Computer Interaction: 5th international gesture workshop, GW 2003, Genova, Italy, April 15\u201317, 2003, selected revised papers 5","author":"I Poggi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Poggi I, Cirella F, Zollo A, Agostini A (2004) The communicative system of touch. Alphabet, lexicon, and norms of use. Gesture-based communication in Human-Computer Interaction: 5th international gesture workshop, GW 2003, Genova, Italy, April 15\u201317, 2003, selected revised papers 5. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 77\u201389"},{"issue":"3","key":"1056_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00494-y","volume":"25","author":"S Price","year":"2021","unstructured":"Price S, Jewitt C, Yiannoutsou N (2021) Conceptualising touch in VR. Virtual Reality 25(3):863\u2013877","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"3","key":"1056_CR53","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"S Price","year":"2022","unstructured":"Price S, Bianchi-Berthouze N, Jewitt C, Yiannoutsou N, Fotopoulou K, Dajic S, Brudy F (2022) The making of meaning through dyadic haptic affective touch. ACM Trans Computer-Human Interact 29(3):1\u201342","journal-title":"ACM Trans Computer-Human Interact"},{"issue":"1369","key":"1056_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0058","volume":"263","author":"VS Ramachandran","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D (1996) Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 263(1369):377\u2013386","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"1056_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2019.05.006","volume":"73","author":"M Rubo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rubo M, Gamer M (2019) Visuo-tactile congruency influences the body schema during full body ownership illusion. Conscious Cogn 73:102758","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"1056_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.037","volume":"108","author":"V Russo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Russo V, Ottaviani C, Spitoni GF (2020) Affective touch: a meta-analysis on sex differences. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews 108:445\u2013452","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"1056_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.09.027","volume":"131","author":"A Saarinen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saarinen A, Harjunen V, Jasinskaja-Lahti I, J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen IP, Ravaja N (2021) Social touch experience in different contexts: a review. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews 131:360\u2013372","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"1056_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.101099","volume":"44","author":"U Sailer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sailer U, Leknes S (2022) Meaning makes touch affective. Curr Opin Behav Sci 44:101099","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"1056_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113797","volume":"250","author":"A Schirmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schirmer A, Cham C, Zhao Z, Lai O, Lo C, Croy I (2022) Understanding sex differences in affective touch: sensory pleasantness, social comfort, and precursive experiences. Physiol Behav 250:113797","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1056_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirmer A, Croy I, Ackerley R (2023) What are C-tactile afferents and how do they relate to affective touch? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, p 105236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105236"},{"key":"1056_CR62","unstructured":"Seinfeld S, Schmidt I, M\u00fcller J (2022) Evoking realistic affective touch experiences in virtual reality. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.13389"},{"key":"1056_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04484-6","volume":"50","author":"M Sim\u00f5es","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es M, Mouga S, Pereira AC, de Carvalho P, Oliveira G, Castelo-Branco M (2020) Virtual reality immersion rescales regulation of interpersonal distance in controls but not in autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 50:4317\u20134328","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"1056_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siriborvornratanakul T (2016) A study of virtual reality headsets and physiological extension possibilities. In Computational Science and Its Applications\u2013ICCSA 2016: 16th International Conference, Beijing, China, July 4\u20137, 2016, Proceedings, Part II 16 (pp. 497\u2013508). Springer International Publishing","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42108-7_38"},{"key":"1056_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater M, Spanlang B, Sanchez-Vives MV, Blanke O (2010) First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality. PLoS ONE, 5(5), e10564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010564"},{"key":"1056_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.08.003","volume":"43","author":"C Spence","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spence C (2022) Multisensory contributions to affective touch. Curr Opin Behav Sci 43:40\u201345","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"issue":"45","key":"1056_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519231112","volume":"112","author":"JT Suvilehto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suvilehto JT, Glerean E, Dunbar RI, Hari R, Nummenmaa L (2015) Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(45):13811\u201313816","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1056_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-023-00217-5","volume":"2","author":"JT Suvilehto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suvilehto JT, Cekaite A, Morrison I (2023) The why, who and how of social touch. Nat Reviews Psychol 2(10):606\u2013621","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Psychol"},{"key":"1056_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.05.006","volume":"177","author":"C Triscoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Triscoli C, Croy I, Olausson H, Sailer U (2017) Touch between romantic partners: being stroked is more pleasant than stroking and decelerates heart rate. Physiol Behav 177:169\u2013175","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2005.09.004","volume":"15","author":"M Tsakiris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsakiris M, Prabhu G, Haggard P (2006) Having a body versus moving your body: how agency structures body-ownership. Conscious Cogn 15(2):423\u2013432","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"1056_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2039-3","volume":"204","author":"M Tsakiris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsakiris M, Carpenter L, James D, Fotopoulou A (2010) Hands only illusion: multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects. Exp Brain Res 204:343\u2013352","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205510292211370","DOI":"10.1177\/20551029221137008","volume":"9","author":"A Vafeiadou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vafeiadou A, Bowling NC, Hammond C, Banissy MJ (2022) Assessing individual differences in attitudes towards touch in treatment settings: introducing the touch & health scale. Health Psychol Open 9(2):20551029221137008","journal-title":"Health Psychol Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"1056_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.6.2753","volume":"81","author":"\u00c5B Vallbo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vallbo \u00c5B, Olausson H, Wessberg J (1999) Unmyelinated afferents constitute a second system coding tactile stimuli of the human hairy skin. J Neurophysiol 81(6):2753\u20132763","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1056_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valori I, McKenna-Plumley PE, Bayramova R, Zandonella Callegher C, Alto\u00e8 G, Farroni T (2020) Proprioceptive accuracy in immersive virtual reality: a developmental perspective. PLoS ONE, 15(1), e0222253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222253"},{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss009","volume":"8","author":"AC Voos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Voos AC, Pelphrey KA, Kaiser MD (2013) Autistic traits are associated with diminished neural response to affective touch. Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci 8(4):378\u2013386","journal-title":"Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"1056_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.10.004","volume":"43","author":"SC Walker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walker SC, Marshall A, Pawling R (2022) Psychophysiology and motivated emotion: testing the affective touch hypothesis of C-tactile afferent function. Curr Opin Behav Sci 43:131\u2013137","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"1056_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood K, Uribe Quevedo AJ, Penuela L, Perera S, Kapralos B (2021), October Virtual reality assessment and customization using physiological measures: a literature analysis. In Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium on Virtual and Augmented Reality (pp. 64\u201373)","DOI":"10.1145\/3488162.3488228"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01056-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01056-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01056-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T21:01:54Z","timestamp":1732568514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01056-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01056-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3740341\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial, financial or non-financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"162"}}