{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:45:09Z","timestamp":1774885509678,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Virtual Reality (VR) is used in cultural heritage to create immersive experiences that enhance visitor\u2019s engagement. Mobile-VR provides a semi-immersive experience, while wearable-VR offers multi-modal interaction for a fully-immersive experience. This study aims to develop mobile-VR and wearable-VR based virtual frameworks for the Le-Corbusier Museum of Chandigarh, India, to measure the impact of VR on visitors\u2019 experiences. This research evaluated immersion levels and motion sickness by comparing participants' experiences and analyzed the effectiveness of the VR systems in the museum's virtual environment. A total of 80 participants took part in the research, divided into two equal groups. They experienced VR tours on mobile and wearable devices. Immersion Tendency Questionnaire (ITQ) used to measure their immersion level and the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) used to evaluate their motion sickness after the VR experience. Based on the data collected from the participants, the user experience was assessed, and the effectiveness of the designed VR framework was evaluated using statistical analysis. The results identified a statistically significant difference between the designed VR systems in user experiences, as evaluated using the t-test (F\u2009=\u20093.49, df\u2009=\u200978.0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for experience consequences. The study found that motion sickness was significantly reduced in wearable-VR compared to mobile-VR experiences. Additionally, there was a significant impact on immersion scores (F\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20093.39, df\u2009=\u200978.0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) when comparing the virtual tours of mobile-VR and wearable-VR. The evaluated results indicated that the wearable-VR system more effectively immerses the audience. These findings suggest that the wearable-VR is better at reducing motion sickness and improving immersion than mobile-VR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01140-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T09:46:20Z","timestamp":1747388780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring the impact of virtual reality on museum experiences: visitor immersion and experience consequences"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Shinnu","family":"Jangra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gurjinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Mantri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tze Wei","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Faizan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1827440","volume":"31","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad F, Zongwei L, Ahmed Z, Muneeb S (2020) Behavioral profiling: a generationwide study of players\u2019 experiences during brain games play. Interact Learn Environ 31(3):1265\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1827440","journal-title":"Interact Learn Environ"},{"issue":"9","key":"1140_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.3390\/app14093769","volume":"14","author":"A Alabau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alabau A, Fabra L, Mart\u00ed-test\u00f3n A et al (2024) Enriching user-visitor experiences in digital museology: combining social and virtual interaction within a metaverse environment. Appl Sci 14(9):3769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14093769","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010","DOI":"10.3989\/CHDJ.2020.010","volume":"9","author":"AP Ambrosio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ambrosio AP, Fidalgo MIR (2020) Past, present and future of virtual reality: analysis of its technological variables and definitions. Cult Hist Digit J 9(1):e010\u2013e010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3989\/CHDJ.2020.010","journal-title":"Cult Hist DigitJ"},{"key":"1140_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13071396","volume":"13","author":"E Anastasovitis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anastasovitis E, Georgiou G, Matinopoulou E et al (2024) Enhanced inclusion through advanced immersion in cultural heritage: a holistic framework in virtual museology. Electron 13:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13071396","journal-title":"Electron"},{"key":"1140_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Angra S, Sharma B, Sharma A (2022) Analysis of virtual reality and augmented reality SDK\u2019s and game engines: a comparison. In: International conference on edge computing and applications, ICECAA- proceedings. IEEE pp 1681\u20131684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICECAA55415.2022.9936111","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECAA55415.2022.9936111"},{"key":"1140_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-020-01373-8","volume":"24","author":"L Argyriou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Argyriou L, Economou D, Bouki V (2020) Design methodology for 360\u00b0 immersive video applications: the case study of a cultural heritage virtual tour. Pers Ubiquitous Comput 24:843\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00779-020-01373-8","journal-title":"Pers Ubiquitous Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"1140_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13040092","volume":"13","author":"A Augello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Augello A, Infantino I, Pilato G, Vitale G (2021) Site experience enhancement and perspective in cultural heritage fruition\u2014a survey on new technologies and methodologies based on a four-pillars approach. Future Internet 13(4):92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi13040092","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"1140_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balk SA, Bertola DB, Inman VW (2013) Simulator sickness questionnaire: twenty years later. In: Driving assessment conference 7:2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17077\/drivingassessment.1498","DOI":"10.17077\/drivingassessment.1498"},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi12020028","volume":"12","author":"F Banfi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banfi F, Pontisso M, Paolillo FR, Roascio S, Spallino C, Stanga C (2023) Interactive and immersive digital representation for virtual museum: VR and AR for semantic enrichment of Museo Nazionale Romano, Antiquarium di Lucrezia Romana and Antiquarium di Villa Dei Quintili. ISPRS Int J Geo Inf 12(2):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi12020028","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo Inf"},{"key":"1140_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00091","volume":"6","author":"MK Bekele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bekele MK, Champion E (2019) A comparison of immersive realities and interaction methods: cultural learning in virtual heritage. Front Robot AI 6:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2019.00091","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"1140_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-2-2023-203-2023","volume":"48","author":"F Bianconi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bianconi F, Filippucci M, Cornacchini F, Meschini M, Mommi C (2023) Cultural heritage and virtual reality: application for visualization of historical 3D reproduction. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci 48:203\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-2-2023-203-2023","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci"},{"key":"1140_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146868","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3123529","volume":"9","author":"D Bonatto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonatto D, Fachada S, Rogge S et al (2021) Real-time depth video-based rendering for 6-DoF HMD navigation and light field displays. IEEE Access 9:146868\u2013146887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3123529","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1140_CR13","first-page":"311","volume":"40","author":"R Brondi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brondi R, Carrozzino M, Lorenzini C, Tecchia F (2016) Using mixed reality and natural interaction in cultural heritage applications. Inform 40:311\u2013316","journal-title":"Inform"},{"key":"1140_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-024-01403-1","volume":"12","author":"D Buragohain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buragohain D, Meng Y, Deng C (2024) Digitalizing cultural heritage through metaverse applications: challenges, opportunities, and strategies. Herit Sci 12:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40494-024-01403-1","journal-title":"Herit Sci"},{"key":"1140_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-Archives-XLII-5-W1-639-2017","volume":"42","author":"C Castagnetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castagnetti C, Giannini M, Rivola R (2017) Image-based virtual tours and 3d modeling of past and current ages for the enhancement of archaeological parks: the visualversilia 3d project. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci\u2014ISPRS Arch 42:639\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-Archives-XLII-5-W1-639-2017","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci\u2014ISPRS Arch"},{"key":"1140_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1017\/pds.2024.286","volume":"4","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Hua M (2024) VR headset vs. PC screen as virtual learning tour interface for Chinese architecture heritage investigation. Proc des Soc 4:2825\u20132834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/pds.2024.286","journal-title":"Proc des Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1140_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage7040089","volume":"7","author":"S Chernbumroong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chernbumroong S, Ariya P, Yolthasart S et al (2024) Comparing the impact of non-gamified and gamified virtual reality in digital twin virtual museum environments: a case study of Wieng Yong house museum. Heritage 7(4):1870\u20131892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/heritage7040089","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"1140_CR18","first-page":"6429","volume":"82","author":"HT Chong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chong HT, Lim CK, Tan KL (2020) Users experience with VR system: current state and development directions. TEST Eng Manag 82:6429\u20136436","journal-title":"TEST Eng Manag"},{"key":"1140_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10121430","volume":"10","author":"HT Chong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chong HT, Lim CK, Ahmed MF et al (2021) Virtual reality usability and accessibility for cultural heritage practices: challenges mapping and recommendations. Electron 10:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics10121430","journal-title":"Electron"},{"key":"1140_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info15050261","author":"A Christopoulos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Christopoulos A, Styliou M, Ntalas N, Stylios C (2024) The impact of immersive virtual reality on knowledge acquisition and adolescent perceptions in cultural education. Inf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info15050261","journal-title":"Inf"},{"key":"1140_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-Archives-XLII-5-W1-647-2017","volume":"42","author":"P Clini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clini P, Nespeca R, Ruggeri L (2017) Virtual in real. Interactive solutions for learning and communication in the national archaeological museum of Marche. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci\u2014ISPRS Arch 42:647\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-Archives-XLII-5-W1-647-2017","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci\u2014ISPRS Arch"},{"key":"1140_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage7060132","volume":"7","author":"M Corrales-Serrano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Corrales-Serrano M, Merch\u00e1n P, Merch\u00e1n MJ, P\u00e9rez E (2024) Virtual reality applied to heritage in higher education\u2014validation of a questionnaire to evaluate usability, learning, and emotions. Heritage 7:2792\u20132810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/heritage7060132","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"1140_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2024.102748","volume":"12","author":"P Datta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Datta P, Kaur A, Sassi N et al (2024) An evaluation of intelligent and immersive digital applications in eliciting cognitive states in humans through the utilization of emotiv insight. MethodsX 12:102748.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mex.2024.102748","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"1140_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00840-w","volume":"27","author":"V De Luca","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Luca V, Barba MC, D\u2019Errico G et al (2023) A user experience analysis for a mobile mixed reality application for cultural heritage. Virtual Real 27:2821\u20132837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00840-w","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"1140_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10063","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-1071-5","volume":"22","author":"C Donghui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donghui C, Guanfa L, Wensheng Z et al (2019) Virtual reality technology applied in digitalization of cultural heritage. Cluster Comput 22:10063\u201310074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-017-1071-5","journal-title":"Cluster Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.22306\/atec.v7i1.101","volume":"7","author":"G Gabajov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gabajov\u00e1 G, Kraj M (2021) Designing Virtual Workplace Using Unity 3d Game Engine. Acta Tecnolog\u00eda 7(1):35\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22306\/atec.v7i1.101","journal-title":"Acta Tecnolog\u00eda"},{"key":"1140_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1913858","volume":"37","author":"L Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao L, Wan B, Liu G et al (2021) Investigating the effectiveness of virtual reality for culture learning. Int J Hum Comput Interact 37:1771\u20131781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2021.1913858","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"1140_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-00942-z","volume":"28","author":"Q Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong Q, Zou N, Yang W et al (2024) User experience model and design strategies for virtual reality\u2014based cultural heritage exhibition. Virtual Reality 28:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00942-z","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01032-w","volume":"28","author":"A Gronowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gronowski A, Arness DC, Ng J et al (2024) The impact of virtual and augmented reality on presence, user experience and performance of information visualisation. Virtual Reality 28(3):133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01032-w","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-024-01812-w","volume":"28","author":"C Hadjipanayi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hadjipanayi C, Christofi M, Banakou D, Grigoriou DM (2024) Cultivating empathy through narratives in virtual reality: a review. Pers Ubiquitous Comput 28(3):507\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00779-024-01812-w","journal-title":"Pers Ubiquitous Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3359590","volume":"13","author":"R Hammady","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hammady R, Ma M, Strathearn C (2020) Ambient information visualisation and visitors technology acceptance of mixed reality in museums. J Comput Cult Herit 13(2):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3359590","journal-title":"J Comput Cult Herit"},{"key":"1140_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.931955","volume":"13","author":"R Hargitai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hargitai R (2022) Measuring immersion, involvement, and attention focusing tendencies in the mediated environment: the applicability of the immersive tendencies questionnaire. Front Psychol 13:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.931955","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1140_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221084655","volume":"26","author":"D Harley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harley D (2024) \u201cThis would be sweet in VR\u201d: on the discursive newness of virtual reality. New Media Soc 26(4):2151\u20132167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448221084655","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14434\/sdh.v4i1.26218","volume":"4","author":"J Huggett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huggett J(2020) Virtually real or really virtual: towards a heritage metaverse? Stud Digit Herit 4(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14434\/sdh.v4i1.26218","journal-title":"Stud Digit Herit"},{"key":"1140_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3593429","volume":"16","author":"V Hulusic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hulusic V, Gusia L, Luci N, Smith M (2023) Tangible user interfaces for enhancing user experience of virtual reality cultural heritage applications for utilization in educational environment. J Comput Cult Herit 16:1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3593429","journal-title":"J Comput Cult Herit"},{"key":"1140_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14093562","author":"S Iacono","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iacono S, Scaramuzzino M, Martini L et al (2024) Virtual reality in cultural heritage: a setup for balzi rossi museum. Appl Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14093562","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"1140_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2021.1882004","volume":"37","author":"K Iizuka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iizuka K, Ogura T, Akiyama Y et al (2022) Improving the 3D model accuracy with a post-processing kinematic (PPK) method for UAS surveys. Geocarto Int 37:4234\u20134254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10106049.2021.1882004","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"},{"key":"1140_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2023.06.001","volume":"62","author":"C Innocente","year":"2023","unstructured":"Innocente C, Ulrich L, Moos S, Vezzetti E (2023) A framework study on the use of immersive XR technologies in the cultural heritage domain. J Cult Herit 62:268\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.culher.2023.06.001","journal-title":"J Cult Herit"},{"key":"1140_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartIndustryCon61328.2024.10515474","author":"OA Ivashchuk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ivashchuk OA (2024) Development of an information system for modeling and visualization of crops growth and development under climate change conditions using 3D modeling and VR\/AR technologies. Int Russ Smart Ind Conf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SmartIndustryCon61328.2024.10515474","journal-title":"Int Russ Smart Ind Conf"},{"key":"1140_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jangra S, Singh G, Mantri A, Angra S, Sharma B (2023) Interactivity development using unity 3D software and C #. In: 14th International conference on computing communication and networking technologies (ICCCNT) pp 1\u20136. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCCNT56998.2023.10308030","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT56998.2023.10308030"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS et al (2016) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3(3):203\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"1140_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.12.016","volume":"69","author":"HK Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim HK, Park J, Choi Y, Choe M (2018) Virtual reality sickness questionnaire (VRSQ): motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality environment. Appl Ergon 69:66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.12.016","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.30630\/joiv.6.1.708","volume":"6","author":"V Komianos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Komianos V (2022) Immersive applications in museums: an analysis of the use of XR technologies and the provided functionality based on systematic literature review. JOIV: Int J Info Visual 6(1):60\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30630\/joiv.6.1.708","journal-title":"JOIV: Int J Info Visual"},{"issue":"5","key":"1140_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.103229","volume":"57","author":"H Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee H, Jung TH, tom Dieck MC, Chung N (2020) Experiencing immersive virtual reality in museums. Inf Manage 57(5):103229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.im.2019.103229","journal-title":"Inf Manage"},{"issue":"8","key":"1140_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308267","volume":"19","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Lv C (2024) Exploring user acceptance of online virtual reality exhibition technologies: a case study of Liangzhu Museum. PLoS ONE 19(8):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308267","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1140_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/csit.2019.90311","author":"CK Lim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lim CK, Tan KL, Hambira N (2019) A basis of cultural education: safeguarding intangible heritage through a web-based digital photographic collection. Comput Sci Inf Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5121\/csit.2019.90311","journal-title":"Comput Sci Inf Technol"},{"key":"1140_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01865-x","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Z (2023) Regeneration of Liangzhu culture: multimedia exhibition, simulated restoration, innovative cultural products, nearby area integration, virtual reality and augmented reality. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-023-01865-x","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010338","volume":"11","author":"G Margetis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Margetis G, Apostolakis KC, Ntoa S, Papagiannakis G, Stephanidis C (2021) X-reality museums: unifying the virtual and real world towards realistic virtual museums. Appl Sci 11(1):338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11010338","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.17576\/apjitm-2021-1002-09","volume":"10","author":"H Masduki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Masduki H, Nazarrudin SNA, Ali SK (2021) Augmented reality mobile application for malay heritage museum. Asia-Pacific J Inf Technol Multimed 10(2):122\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17576\/apjitm-2021-1002-09","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific J Inf Technol Multimed"},{"issue":"4","key":"1140_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01053-5","volume":"28","author":"B Mills","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mills B, Masek M, Boston J et al (2024) ParaVerse: co\u2014design of a parachute rehearsal and training virtual\u2014reality enhanced simulator for the Australian defence force: combining a generative co - design framework and an agile approach to development. Virtual Reality 28(4):161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01053-5","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"1140_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4394","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3320222","volume":"29","author":"KJ Mimnaugh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mimnaugh KJ, Center EG, Suomalainen M et al (2023) Virtual reality sickness reduces attention during immersive experiences. IEEE Trans vis Comput Graph 29:4394\u20134404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3320222","journal-title":"IEEE Trans vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"1140_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2021.11.002","volume":"53","author":"D Monaco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monaco D, Pellegrino MA, Scarano V, Vicidomini L (2022) Linked open data in authoring virtual exhibitions. J Cult Herit 53:127\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.culher.2021.11.002","journal-title":"J Cult Herit"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01046-4","volume":"28","author":"A O\u2019Meara","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Meara A, Connery T, Chan J et al (2024) Phone-based virtual exploration of green space increases positive affect in students with test anxiety: a pre-post experimental study with qualitative insights. Virtual Reality 28(3):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01046-4","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031241","volume":"12","author":"V Okanovic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okanovic V, Ivkovic-Kihic I, Boskovic D et al (2022) Interaction in extended reality applications for cultural heritage. Appl Sci 12(3):1241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12031241","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"1140_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-021-00820-4","volume":"21","author":"MK Othman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Othman MK, Nogoibaeva A, Leong LS, Barawi MH (2022) Usability evaluation of a virtual reality smartphone app for a living museum. Univers Access Inf Soc 21:995\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-021-00820-4","journal-title":"Univers Access Inf Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"1140_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7120463","volume":"7","author":"C Panou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panou C, Ragia L, Dimelli D, Mania K (2018) An architecture for mobile outdoors augmented reality for cultural heritage. ISPRS Int J Geo Inf 7(12):463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7120463","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo Inf"},{"key":"1140_CR57","unstructured":"Papaefthymiou M, Plelis K, Mavromatis D, Papagiannakis G (2015) Mobile Virtual Reality featuring a six degrees of freedom interaction paradigm in a virtual museum application. Found Res Technol -Hellas \u0399\u03bdstitute Comput Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies11020036","volume":"11","author":"L Paulauskas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paulauskas L, Paulauskas A, Bla\u017eauskas T et al (2023) Reconstruction of industrial and historical heritage for cultural enrichment using virtual and augmented reality. Technologies 11(2):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/technologies11020036","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"1140_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dim.2023.100057","volume":"7","author":"X Pei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pei X, Fu S, Jiang T (2023) An empirical study on user experience evaluation of VR interface in digital museums. Data Inf Manag 7(4):100057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dim.2023.100057","journal-title":"Data Inf Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01043-7","volume":"28","author":"T Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu T, Li H, Chen Y et al (2024) Continuance intention toward VR games of intangible cultural heritage: a stimulus-organism-response perspective. Virtual Reality 28(3):149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01043-7","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"1140_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16031156","author":"J Rafeiro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rafeiro J, Tom\u00e9 A, Naz\u00e1rio M (2024) Immersive learning for lost architectural heritage: interweaving the past and present, physical and digital in the monastery of madre de deus. Sustain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16031156","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"1140_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v23i4.6475","volume":"23","author":"R Rawson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rawson R, Okere U, Tooth O (2022) Using low-immersive virtual reality in online learning: field notes from environmental management education. Int Rev Res Open Distance Learn 23:211\u2013221","journal-title":"Int Rev Res Open Distance Learn"},{"key":"1140_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02092","volume":"10","author":"A Recupero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Recupero A, Talamo A, Triberti S, Modesti C (2019) Bridging museum mission to visitors\u2019 experience: activity, meanings, interactions, technology. Front Psychol 10:2092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02092","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1140_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89743","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-18700-3","volume":"83","author":"B Rodriguez-Garcia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Garcia B, Guillen-Sanz H, Checa D, Bustillo A (2024) A systematic review of virtual 3D reconstructions of cultural heritage in immersive virtual reality. Multimed Tools Appl 83:89743\u201389793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-024-18700-3","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/designs5030044","volume":"5","author":"J-A Rodr\u00edguez-Lora","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lora J-A, Rosado A, Navas-Carrillo D (2021) Le Corbusier\u2019s urban planning as a cultural legacy. An approach to the case of Chandigarh. Designs 5(3):44.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/designs5030044","journal-title":"Designs"},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-885-2022","volume":"43","author":"A Roumana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roumana A, Georgopoulos A, Koutsoudis A (2022) Developing an educational cultural heritage 3d puzzle in a virtual reality environment. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci 43(2):885\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-885-2022","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci"},{"key":"1140_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/10645578.2021.1907151","volume":"24","author":"J Rudi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rudi J (2021) Designing soundscapes for presence in virtual reality exhibitions: a study of visitor experiences. Visit Stud 24:121\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10645578.2021.1907151","journal-title":"Visit Stud"},{"key":"1140_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2021.014868","volume":"67","author":"K Sahu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sahu K, Alzahrani FA, Srivastava RK, Kumar R (2021) Evaluating the impact of prediction techniques: software reliability perspective. Comput Mater Contin 67:1471\u20131488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2021.014868","journal-title":"Comput Mater Contin"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics12010027","volume":"12","author":"S Sangamuang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sangamuang S, Wongwan N, Intawong K, Khanchai S, Puritat K (2025) Gamification in virtual reality museums: effects on hedonic and eudaimonic experiences in cultural heritage learning. Informatics 12(1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics12010027","journal-title":"Informatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3130\/jaabe.16.23","volume":"16","author":"S Sendai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sendai S (2017) Realization of natural order through Le-Corbusier\u2032s museum prototype in Chandigarh. J Asian Arch Build Eng 16(1):23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3130\/jaabe.16.23","journal-title":"J Asian Arch Build Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3130\/jaabe.16.23","volume":"16","author":"S Sendai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sendai S (2018) Realization of natural order through le Corbusier\u2032s museum prototype in Chandigarh. J Asian Archit Build Eng 16(1):23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3130\/jaabe.16.23","journal-title":"J Asian Archit Build Eng"},{"key":"1140_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102958","volume":"82","author":"V Sevinc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sevinc V, Mehmet B (2020) Psychometric evaluation of simulator sickness Questionnaire and its variants as a measure of cybersickness in consumer virtual environments. App Erg 82:102958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.102958","journal-title":"App Erg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1140_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22156","volume":"27","author":"G Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh G (2019) Evaluating the impact of the augmented reality learning environment on electronics laboratory skills of engineering students. Comput Appl Eng Educ 27(6):1361\u20131375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.22156","journal-title":"Comput Appl Eng Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00287-1","volume":"11","author":"G Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh G, Ahmad F (2024) An interactive augmented reality framework to enhance the user experience and operational skills in electronics laboratories. Smart Learn Environ 11(1):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-023-00287-1","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"key":"1140_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041185","volume":"21","author":"A Somrak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Somrak A, Poga\u010dnik M, Guna J (2021) Suitability and comparison of questionnaires assessing virtual reality-induced symptoms and effects and user experience in virtual environments. Sensors (Switzerland) 21:1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21041185","journal-title":"Sensors (Switzerland)"},{"key":"1140_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-2-2023-1485-2023","volume":"48","author":"R Spallone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spallone R, Russo M, Teolato C et al (2023) Reconstructive 3D modelling and interactive visualization for accessibility of piffetti\u2019s library in the villa della regina museum (Turin). Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci\u2014ISPRS Arch 48:1485\u20131492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-2-2023-1485-2023","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci\u2014ISPRS Arch"},{"key":"1140_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-Archives-XLVIII-2-W4-2024-413-2024","volume":"48","author":"R Spallone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spallone R, Lamberti F, Vigo L et al (2024) 3D modelling and virtual reality for museum heritage presentation: contextualisation of sculpture from the tang era. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci\u2014ISPRS Arch 48:413\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-Archives-XLVIII-2-W4-2024-413-2024","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci\u2014ISPRS Arch"},{"key":"1140_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Subramanyam S, Li J, Viola I, Cesar P (2020) Comparing the quality of highly realistic digital humans in 3DoF and 6DoF: a volumetric video case study, pp 127\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/vr46266.2020.00031","DOI":"10.1109\/vr46266.2020.00031"},{"key":"1140_CR79","first-page":"16","volume":"2022","author":"T Suhaeni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suhaeni T, Brien A, Andrianto T, TahaMannaa DM (2022) Predicting future halal tourist behavior: incorporating holistic tourist experience and virtual reality experience. Int J Appl Bus Res 2022:16\u201331","journal-title":"Int J Appl Bus Res"},{"key":"1140_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.11.002","volume":"68","author":"S Sylaiou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sylaiou S, Mania K, Karoulis A, White M (2010) Exploring the relationship between presence and enjoyment in a virtual museum. Int J Hum Comput Stud 68:243\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.11.002","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"1140_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2021.02.005","volume":"49","author":"A Tabadkani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tabadkani A, Campus GW (2021) Virtual reality-based digitisation for endangered heritage sites: theoretical framework and application. J Cult Herit 49:140\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.culher.2021.02.005","journal-title":"J Cult Herit"},{"key":"1140_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2927929.2927955","author":"K Tcha-Tokey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tcha-Tokey K, Loup-Escande E, Christmann O, Richir S (2016) A questionnaire to measure the user experience in immersive virtual environments. ACM Int Conf Proceeding Ser. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2927929.2927955","journal-title":"ACM Int Conf Proceeding Ser"},{"issue":"5","key":"1140_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage6050218","volume":"6","author":"C Tsita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsita C, Satratzemi M, Pedefoudas A et al (2023) A virtual reality museum to reinforce the interpretation of contemporary art and increase the educational value of user experience. Heritage 6(5):4134\u20134172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/heritage6050218","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-022-00388-0","volume":"16","author":"S Vlahovic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vlahovic S, Suznjevic M, Skorin-Kapov L (2022) A survey of challenges and methods for quality of experience assessment of interactive VR applications. J Multimodal User Interfaces 16(3):257\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12193-022-00388-0","journal-title":"J Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003111","DOI":"10.47405\/mjssh.v10i1.3111","volume":"10","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Hidayat R, Wardi B, Ghazali RB (2025) Evaluation of virtual reality cultural heritage experience at Guilin Museum, China: a conceptual paper. Malaysian J Soc Sci HumIties (MJSSH) 10(1):e003111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47405\/mjssh.v10i1.3111","journal-title":"Malaysian J Soc Sci HumIties (MJSSH)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","volume":"7","author":"BG Witmer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Singer MJ (1998) Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ 7(3):225\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474698565686","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators VirtualEnviron"},{"issue":"15","key":"1140_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6446","DOI":"10.3390\/su16156446","volume":"16","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J (2024) The impact of immersive technologies on cultural heritage: a bibliometric study of VR, AR, and MR applications. Sustainability 16(15):6446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16156446","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"1140_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frcha.2025.1506392","volume":"4","author":"P Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang P, Zhang T, Chen Z et al (2025) Exploring the restorativeness of different hydrodynamic. Front Child Adolesc Psychiatry 4:1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frcha.2025.1506392","journal-title":"Front Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1140_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01031-x","volume":"28","author":"A Zheleva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheleva A, De Marez L, Talsma D, Bombeke K (2024) Intersecting realms: a cross-disciplinary examination of VR quality of experience research. Virtual Reality 28(3):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-01031-x","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01140-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01140-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01140-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T09:58:23Z","timestamp":1750499903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01140-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01140-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was conducted under ethical guidelines and was approved (No.STEPS-2024\/763) by the Tourism Department of Chandigarh, India. Prior to their participation, all participants were given written informed consent. The purpose of the study was clearly explained, and participants were emailed to be informed of their right to withdraw at any time.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This research was conducted on humans, and all participants provided their consent before taking part in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"84"}}