{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:31:04Z","timestamp":1767846664827,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011588","name":"University of Lapland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immersive virtual reality (IVR) appears to hold much potential for educational use in occupational safety training, but the best practices for its pedagogically viable design and application remain unclear. We performed an empirical mixed-methods study on the effects of IVR interactivity design and learner characteristics on the learners\u2019 extraneous cognitive load (ECL), sense of spatial presence, and sense of embodiment. The research questions were: (1) \u201cDo learner\u2013IVR interactivity or learner characteristics influence the learners\u2019 perceptions of spatial presence, ECL, and embodiment in IVR safety training?\u201d and (2) \u201cWhat kind of factors influence the learners\u2019 training experiences, and how can they be addressed in IVR safety training design?\u201d Two experimental groups were compared using IVR training scenarios designed for either high or limited interactivity. Sixty-eight learners participated in training interventions in two work organizations. Data was collected by questionnaires, video recordings, and interviews. No significant differences between the interactivity conditions were found in statistical analyses. Upon examining the effects of learner characteristics, we found that learners with previous VR experience reported significantly higher embodiment compared with VR novices due to higher self-rated body ownership. The qualitative analysis of the interview data revealed that the VR novices discussed issues related to ECL and a diminished sense of spatial presence more frequently. We offer recommendations for the design and application of IVR for safety training based on the findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01196-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:04:15Z","timestamp":1753880655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Previous VR experience increases embodiment in immersive VR safety training: an exploratory mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5573-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anu","family":"Lehikko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-4991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Nyk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heli","family":"Ruokamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1196_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00498-8","volume":"25","author":"J Abich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abich J, Parker J, Murphy JS, Eudy M (2021) A review of the evidence for training effectiveness with virtual reality technology. Virtual Real 25(4):919\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00498-8","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"1196_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPEDU.2021.104154","volume":"166","author":"P Albus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Albus P, Vogt A, Seufert T (2021) Signaling in virtual reality influences learning outcome and cognitive load. Comput Educ 166:104154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPEDU.2021.104154","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"1196_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baceviciute S, Mottelson A, Terkildsen T, Makransky G (2020) Investigating representation of text and audio in educational VR using learning outcomes and EEG. In: Proceedings of the 2020 conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376872","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376872"},{"key":"1196_CR4","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control","author":"A Bandura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bandura A (1997) Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.116","volume":"3","author":"LW Barsalou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barsalou LW (2020) Challenges and opportunities for grounding cognition. J Cogn 3(1):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/joc.116","journal-title":"J Cogn"},{"key":"1196_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2012.05.004","volume":"8","author":"S Billett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Billett S (2013) Recasting transfer as a socio-personal process of adaptable learning. Educ Res Rev 8:5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2012.05.004","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1196_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794658","volume":"24","author":"S Bovet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bovet S, Debarba HG, Herbelin B, Molla E, Boulic R (2018) The critical role of self-contact for embodiment in virtual reality. IEEE Trans vis Comput Graphics 24(4):1428\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794658","journal-title":"IEEE Trans vis Comput Graphics"},{"key":"1196_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPEDU.2022.104711","volume":"195","author":"J Buchner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buchner J, Kerres M (2023) Media comparison studies dominate comparative research on augmented reality in education. Comput Educ 195:104711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMPEDU.2022.104711","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1196_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117","volume":"24","author":"F Buttussi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buttussi F, Chittaro L (2018) Effects of different types of virtual reality display on presence and learning in a safety training scenario. IEEE Trans vis Comput Graphics 24(2):1063\u20131076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117","journal-title":"IEEE Trans vis Comput Graphics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2020.3033766","volume":"14","author":"F Buttussi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buttussi F, Chittaro L (2021) A comparison of procedural safety training in three conditions: virtual reality headset, smartphone, and printed materials. IEEE Trans Learn Technol 14(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TLT.2020.3033766","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Learn Technol"},{"key":"1196_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3487898","volume":"17","author":"F Buttussi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buttussi F, Chittaro L (2024) Embedding test questions in educational mobile virtual reality: a study on hospital hygiene procedures. IEEE Trans Learn Technol 17:2199\u20132211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TLT.2024.3487898","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Learn Technol"},{"key":"1196_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01118-z","volume":"29","author":"R B\u00f6dding","year":"2025","unstructured":"B\u00f6dding R, Schriek SA, Maier GW (2025) A systematic review and meta-analysis of mixed reality in vocational education and training: examining behavioral, cognitive, and affective training outcomes and possible moderators. Virtual Real 29:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01118-z","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"1196_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2021.06.004","volume":"78","author":"T Casey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casey T, Turner N, Hu X, Bancroft K (2021) Making safety training stickier: a richer model of safety training engagement and transfer. J Safety Res 78:303\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2021.06.004","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"key":"1196_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castro-Alonso JC, Ayres P, Sweller J (2019) Instructional visualizations, cognitive load theory, and visuospatial processing. In: Visuospatial processing for education in health and natural sciences. Springer, pp 111\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-20969-8_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20969-8_5"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09847-4","volume":"36","author":"JC Castro-Alonso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castro-Alonso JC, Ayres P, Zhang S, de Koning BB, Paas F (2024) Research avenues supporting embodied cognition in learning and instruction. Educ Psychol Rev 36(1):1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-024-09847-4","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1196_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chauvergne E, Hachet M, Prouzeau A (2023) User onboarding in virtual reality: an investigation of current practices. In: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3544548.3581211","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581211"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"1196_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08348-9","volume":"79","author":"D Checa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Checa D, Bustillo A (2020) A review of immersive virtual reality serious games to enhance learning and training. Multimedia Tools Appl 79(9\u201310):5501\u20135527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-019-08348-9","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"key":"1196_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2024.100053","volume":"4","author":"M Conrad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conrad M, Kablitz D, Schumann S (2024) Learning effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in education and training: a systematic review of findings. Comput Educ X Reality 4:100053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2024.100053","journal-title":"Comput Educ X Reality"},{"key":"1196_CR19","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL (2017) Designing and conducting mixed methods research, 3rd edn. Sage Publications, Berlin","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"1196_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","volume":"19","author":"JJ Cummings","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cummings JJ, Bailenson JN (2016) How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media Psychol 19(2):272\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","journal-title":"Media Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x","volume":"41","author":"B Dalgarno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dalgarno B, Lee MJW (2010) What are the learning affordances of 3-D virtual environments? Br J Edu Technol 41(1):10\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x","journal-title":"Br J Edu Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1196_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-009-9110-0","volume":"38","author":"T de Jong","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Jong T (2010) Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: some food for thought. Instr Sci 38(2):105\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11251-009-9110-0","journal-title":"Instr Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3180f637f5","volume":"2","author":"P Dieckmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dieckmann P, Gaba D, Rall M (2007) Deepening the theoretical foundations of patient simulation as social practice. Simul Healthc 2(3):183\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3180f637f5","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1196_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700268","volume":"32","author":"MS Elbamby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elbamby MS, Perfecto C, Bennis M, Doppler K (2018) Toward low-latency and ultra-reliable virtual reality. IEEE Network 32(2):78\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700268","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"1196_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09978-8","volume":"37","author":"T Endres","year":"2025","unstructured":"Endres T, Bender L, Sepp S, Zhang S, David L, Trypke M, Lieck D, D\u00e9siron J, Bohm J, Weissgerber S, Castro-Alonso JC, Paas F (2025) Developing the mental effort and load\u2014translingual scale (MEL-TS) as a foundation for translingual research in self-regulated learning. Educ Psychol Rev 37:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-024-09978-8","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09841-2","volume":"36","author":"P Evans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Evans P, Vansteenkiste M, Parker P, Kingsford-Smith A, Zhou S (2024) Cognitive load theory and its relationships with motivation: a self-determination theory perspective. Educ Psychol Rev 36(1):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-023-09841-2","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1196_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2023.100048","volume":"4","author":"E Fokides","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fokides E, Antonopoulos P (2024) Development and testing of a model for explaining learning and learning-related factors in immersive virtual reality. Comput Educ X Reality 4:100048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2023.100048","journal-title":"Comput Educ X Reality"},{"key":"1196_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.05.003","volume":"138","author":"Y Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao Y, Gonzalez VA, Yiu TW (2019) The effectiveness of traditional tools and computer-aided technologies for health and safety training in the construction sector: a systematic review. Comput Educ 138:101\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.05.003","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"1196_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315740218","volume-title":"The ecological approach to visual perception: classic edition","author":"JJ Gibson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gibson JJ (2014) The ecological approach to visual perception: classic edition. Psychology Press"},{"key":"1196_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/FROBT.2018.00074\/BIBTEX","volume":"5","author":"M Gonzalez-Franco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Franco M, Peck TC (2018) Avatar embodiment: towards a standardized questionnaire. Front Robot AI 5:74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FROBT.2018.00074\/BIBTEX","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-020-00169-2","volume":"8","author":"D Hamilton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamilton D, McKechnie J, Edgerton E, Wilson C (2021) Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: a systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design. J Compu Educ 8(1):1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40692-020-00169-2","journal-title":"J Compu Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15252019.2000.10722040","volume":"1","author":"C Heeter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heeter C (2000) Interactivity in the context of designed experiences. J Interact Advert 1(1):3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15252019.2000.10722040","journal-title":"J Interact Advert"},{"key":"1196_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009003414","volume-title":"Attending to moving objects","author":"A Holcombe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holcombe A (2023) Attending to moving objects. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009003414"},{"key":"1196_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/SJP.2021.46","volume":"24","author":"J-J Igartua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Igartua J-J, Hayes AF (2021) Mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: concepts, computations, and some common confusions. Spanish J Psychol 24:e49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/SJP.2021.46","journal-title":"Spanish J Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1196_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9676-0","volume":"23","author":"L Jensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jensen L, Konradsen F (2018) A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training. Educ Inf Technol 23(4):1515\u20131529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9676-0","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"1196_CR36","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Learning in a digital world smart computing and intelligence","author":"MC Johnson-Glenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson-Glenberg MC (2019) The necessary nine: Design principles for embodied VR and active stem education. In: D\u00edaz PA, Ioannou A, KumarBhakat K, Spector MJ (eds) Learning in a digital world smart computing and intelligence. Springer, Berlin, pp 83\u2013112"},{"key":"1196_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2023.100037","volume":"3","author":"S Khorasani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khorasani S, Victor Syiem B, Nawaz S, Knibbe J, Velloso E (2023) Hands-on or hands-off: deciphering the impact of interactivity on embodied learning in VR. Comput Educ X Reality 3:100037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2023.100037","journal-title":"Comput Educ X Reality"},{"issue":"4","key":"1196_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00124","volume":"21","author":"K Kilteni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kilteni K, Groten R, Slater M (2012) The sense of embodiment in virtual reality. Presence 21(4):373\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres_a_00124","journal-title":"Presence"},{"issue":"2","key":"1196_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-018-9277-y","volume":"13","author":"PA Kirschner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kirschner PA, Sweller J, Kirschner F, Zambrano JR (2018) From cognitive load theory to collaborative cognitive load theory. Int J Comput-Support Collab Learn 13(2):213\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-018-9277-y","journal-title":"Int J Comput-Support Collab Learn"},{"key":"1196_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01997","volume":"8","author":"M Klepsch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klepsch M, Schmitz F, Seufert T (2017) Development and validation of two instruments measuring intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. Front Psychol 8:1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01997","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1196_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S10648-024-09956-0","volume":"36","author":"S Klingenberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klingenberg S, Bosse R, Mayer RE, Makransky G (2024) Does embodiment in virtual reality boost learning transfer? Testing an immersion-interactivity framework. Educ Psychol Rev 36(4):1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10648-024-09956-0","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1196_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-00955-8","author":"J Laine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laine J, Rastas E, Seitamaa A, Hakkarainen K, Korhonen T (2024) Immersive virtual reality for complex skills training: content analysis of experienced challenges. Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00955-8","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"2","key":"1196_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.2.35","volume":"6","author":"AP Lawson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lawson AP, Martella AM (2023) Critically reflecting on the use of immersive virtual reality in educational settings: What is known and what has yet to be shown? J Appl Learn Teach 6(2):121\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.2.35","journal-title":"J Appl Learn Teach"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09908-8","volume":"36","author":"AP Lawson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lawson AP, Martella AM, LaBonte K, Delgado CY, Zhao F, Gluck JA, Munns ME, Wells LeRoy A, Mayer RE (2024) Confounded or controlled? A systematic review of media comparison studies involving immersive virtual reality for STEM education. Educ Psychol Rev 36(3):1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-024-09908-8","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1196_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12925","author":"AP Lawson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lawson AP, Mayer RE (2024) Individual differences in executive function affect learning with immersive virtual reality. J Comput Assist Learn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12925","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x","volume":"14","author":"KM Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee KM (2004) Presence, explicated. Commun Theory 14(1):27\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x","journal-title":"Commun Theory"},{"key":"1196_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2024.100066","volume":"4","author":"A Lehikko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lehikko A, Nyk\u00e4nen M, Lukander K, Uusitalo J, Ruokamo H (2024) Exploring interactivity effects on learners\u2019 sense of agency, cognitive load and learning outcomes: a mixed-methods study. Comput Educ X Reality 4:100066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2024.100066","journal-title":"Comput Educ X Reality"},{"key":"1196_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11423-025-10490-1","author":"A Lehikko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lehikko A, Nyk\u00e4nen M, Ruokamo H (2025) Conceptualizing a pedagogical model for immersive virtual reality safety training: pedagogical practices in trainer interviews. Educ Tech Res Dev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11423-025-10490-1","journal-title":"Educ Tech Res Dev"},{"key":"1196_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lehikko A, Ruokamo H, Nyk\u00e4nen M, Lukander K, Tiikkaja M (2023) A pedagogical model for immersive virtual reality safety training: mixed-methods research [Poster presentation]. AERA 2023 Annual Meeting, Chicago, United States. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/IP.23.2000571","DOI":"10.3102\/IP.23.2000571"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/001872674700100103","volume":"1","author":"K Lewin","year":"1947","unstructured":"Lewin K (1947) Frontiers in group dynamics: concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change. Human Relations 1(1):5\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872674700100103","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"issue":"6","key":"1196_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13237","volume":"53","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Z, Fan X, Liu Y, Ye X (2022) Effects of immersive virtual reality cardiopulmonary resuscitation training on prospective kindergarten teachers\u2019 learning achievements, attitudes and self-efficacy. Br J Edu Technol 53(6):2050\u20132070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13237","journal-title":"Br J Edu Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1196_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2022.0248","volume":"26","author":"ZM Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu ZM, Liu CY, Chen CQ, Ye XD (2023) 360\u00b0 digital travel to improve emotional state and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of presence and sense of place. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 26(9):690\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2022.0248","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12538","volume":"37","author":"H Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo H, Li G, Feng Q, Yang Y, Zuo M (2021) Virtual reality in K-12 and higher education: a systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2019. J Comput Assist Learn 37(3):887\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12538","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"issue":"5","key":"1196_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-018-9581-2","volume":"66","author":"G Makransky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Makransky G, Lilleholt L (2018) A structural equation modeling investigation of the emotional value of immersive virtual reality in education. Educ Tech Res Dev 66(5):1141\u20131164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-018-9581-2","journal-title":"Educ Tech Res Dev"},{"key":"1196_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.066","volume":"72","author":"G Makransky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Makransky G, Lilleholt L, Aaby A (2017) Development and validation of the Multimodal Presence Scale for virtual reality environments: a confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory approach. Comput Hum Behav 72:276\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.066","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/S10648-022-09675-4\/TABLES\/3","volume":"34","author":"G Makransky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Makransky G, Mayer RE (2022) Benefits of taking a virtual field trip in immersive virtual reality: evidence for the immersion principle in multimedia learning. Educ Psychol Rev 34(3):1771\u20131798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10648-022-09675-4\/TABLES\/3","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1196_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-020-09586-2","volume":"33","author":"G Makransky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Makransky G, Petersen GB (2021) The cognitive affective model of immersive learning (CAMIL): a theoretical research-based model of learning in immersive virtual reality. Educ Psychol Rev 33:937\u2013958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-020-09586-2","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1196_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","volume":"60","author":"G Makransky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makransky G, Terkildsen TS, Mayer RE (2019) Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning. Learn Instr 60:225\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1196_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247089","volume":"29","author":"D Mal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mal D, Wolf E, Dollinger N, Wienrich C, Latoschik ME (2023) The impact of avatar and environment congruence on plausibility, embodiment, presence, and the proteus effect in virtual reality. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics 29(5):2358\u20132368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247089","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics"},{"key":"1196_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.04.003","volume":"29","author":"RE Mayer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mayer RE (2014) Incorporating motivation into multimedia learning. Learn Instr 29:171\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.04.003","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09842-1","volume":"36","author":"RE Mayer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mayer RE (2024) The past, present, and future of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Educ Psychol Rev 36(1):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-023-09842-1","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1196_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McDonald, N., Schoenebeck, S., & Forte, A. (2019). Reliability and inter-rater reliability in qualitative research: norms and guidelines for CSCW and HCI practice. In: Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction, vol 3, Issue CSCW, 72, pp 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3359174","DOI":"10.1145\/3359174"},{"key":"1196_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044022","volume":"68","author":"J Metcalfe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Metcalfe J (2017) Learning from errors. Annu Rev Psychol 68:465\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"1196_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s41237-022-00162-2","volume":"50","author":"J Mets\u00e4muuronen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mets\u00e4muuronen J (2023) Artificial systematic attenuation in eta squared and some related consequences: attenuation-corrected eta and eta squared, negative values of eta, and their relation to Pearson correlation. Behaviormetrika 50:27\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41237-022-00162-2","journal-title":"Behaviormetrika"},{"key":"1196_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103603","author":"OA Meyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meyer OA, Omdahl MK, Makransky G (2019) Investigating the effect of pre-training when learning through immersive virtual reality and video: a media and methods experiment. Comput Educ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103603","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3390\/app13010593","volume":"13","author":"I Miguel-Alonso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miguel-Alonso I, Rodriguez-Garcia B, Checa D, Bustillo A (2023) Countering the novelty effect: a tutorial for immersion virtual reality learning environments. Appl Sci 13(1):593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13010593","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ECNS.2016.09.004","volume":"13","author":"VC Muckler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muckler VC (2017) Exploring suspension of disbelief during simulation-based learning. Clin Simul Nurs 13(1):3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ECNS.2016.09.004","journal-title":"Clin Simul Nurs"},{"issue":"1S","key":"1196_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.24989\/dp.v4i1s.2227","volume":"4","author":"M Mulders","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mulders M (2023) Confounding in educational research: an overview of research approaches investigating virtual and augmented reality. Digital Psychol 4(1S):9\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24989\/dp.v4i1s.2227","journal-title":"Digital Psychol"},{"issue":"24","key":"1196_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i24.16615","volume":"15","author":"M Mulders","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mulders M, Buchner J, Kerres M (2020) A framework for the use of immersive virtual reality in learning environments. Int J Emerg Technol Learn 15(24):208\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijet.v15i24.16615","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Technol Learn"},{"key":"1196_CR70","volume-title":"The design of everyday things (revised and extended edition)","author":"D Norman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Norman D (2013) The design of everyday things (revised and extended edition). Basic Books"},{"key":"1196_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ogawa N, Narumi T, Kuzuoka H, Hirose M (2020) Do you feel like passing through walls? Effect of self-avatar appearance on facilitating realistic behavior in virtual environments. In: Conference on human factors in computing systems\u2014proceedings 2020, pp 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376562","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376562"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12482","volume":"37","author":"J Parong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parong J, Mayer RE (2021) Cognitive and affective processes for learning science in immersive virtual reality. J Comput Assist Learn 37(1):226\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12482","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"key":"1196_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHB.2020.106290","volume":"107","author":"J Parong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parong J, Pollard KA, Files BT, Oiknine AH, Sinatra AM, Moss JD, Passaro A, Khooshabeh P (2020) The mediating role of presence differs across types of spatial learning in immersive technologies. Comput Hum Behav 107:106290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHB.2020.106290","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"1196_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3270725","volume":"30","author":"TC Peck","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peck TC, Good JJ (2024) Measuring embodiment: Movement complexity and the impact of personal characteristics. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics 30(8):4588\u20134600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3270725","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics"},{"key":"1196_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.09.002","volume":"35","author":"PE Pelargos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pelargos PE, Nagasawa DT, Lagman C, Tenn S, Demos JV, Lee SJ, Bui TT, Barnette NE, Bhatt NS, Ung N, Bari A, Martin NA, Yang I (2017) Utilizing virtual and augmented reality for educational and clinical enhancements in neurosurgery. J Clin Neurosci 35:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.09.002","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02759.x","volume":"48","author":"EM Perse","year":"1998","unstructured":"Perse EM (1998) Implications of cognitive and affective involvement for channel changing. J Commun 48(3):49\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02759.x","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"1196_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104429","volume":"179","author":"GB Petersen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petersen GB, Petkakis G, Makransky G (2022) A study of how immersion and interactivity drive VR learning. Comput Educ 179:104429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104429","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"1196_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01649","volume":"7","author":"SC Pritchard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pritchard SC, Zopf R, Polito V, Kaplan DM, Williams MA (2016) Non-hierarchical influence of visual form, touch, and position cues on embodiment, agency, and presence in virtual reality. Front Psychol 7:1649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01649","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1196_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1954693","volume":"40","author":"U Radhakrishnan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan U, Koumaditis K, Chinello F (2021) A systematic review of immersive virtual reality for industrial skills training. Behaviour Inf Technol 40(12):1310\u20131339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1954693","journal-title":"Behaviour Inf Technol"},{"key":"1196_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","volume":"147","author":"J Radianti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radianti J, Majchrzak TA, Fromm J, Wohlgenannt I (2020) A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Comput Educ 147:103778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"1196_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ratcliffe J, Tokarchuk L (2021) Sensorimotor learning in immersive virtual reality: a scoping literature review. In 2021 IEEE international conference on artificial intelligence and virtual reality (AIVR), pp 276\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AIVR52153.2021.00061","DOI":"10.1109\/AIVR52153.2021.00061"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/973801.973818","volume":"2","author":"M Roussou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roussou M (2004) Learning by doing and learning through play. Comput Entertain 2(1):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/973801.973818","journal-title":"Comput Entertain"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","volume":"55","author":"RM Ryan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ryan RM, Deci EL (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol 55(1):68\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2022.2038291","volume":"15","author":"S Safikhani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Safikhani S, Keller S, Schweiger G, Pirker J (2022) Immersive virtual reality for extending the potential of building information modeling in architecture, engineering, and construction sector: systematic review. Int J Digital Earth 15(1):503\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538947.2022.2038291","journal-title":"Int J Digital Earth"},{"issue":"4","key":"1196_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/S10648-007-9053-4\/","volume":"19","author":"W Schnotz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schnotz W, K\u00fcrschner C (2007) A reconsideration of cognitive load theory. Educ Psychol Rev 19(4):469\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10648-007-9053-4\/","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","volume":"10","author":"T Schubert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schubert T, Friedmann F, Regenbrecht H (2001) The experience of presence: factor analytic insights. Presence 10(3):266\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474601300343603","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"1196_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00450-w","volume":"25","author":"B Sch\u00f6ne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6ne B, Sylvester RS, Radtke EL, Gruber T (2021) Sustained inattentional blindness in virtual reality and under conventional laboratory conditions. Virtual Real 25:209\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00450-w","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"1196_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106605","volume":"115","author":"M Shin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin M, Lee S, Song SW, Chung D (2021) Enhancement of perceived body ownership in virtual reality-based teleoperation may backfire in the execution of high-risk tasks. Comput Hum Behav 115:106605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106605","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09869-y","volume":"36","author":"A Skulmowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Skulmowski A (2024) Learning by doing or doing without learning? The potentials and challenges of activity-based learning. Educ Psychol Rev 36(1):1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-024-09869-y","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1196_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01191","volume":"8","author":"A Skulmowski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skulmowski A, Rey GD (2017) Measuring cognitive load in embodied learning settings. Front Psychol 8:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01191","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1196_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-018-0092-9","volume":"3","author":"A Skulmowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skulmowski A, Rey GD (2018) Embodied learning: introducing a taxonomy based on bodily engagement and task integration. Cognit Res Princ Implications 3:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41235-018-0092-9","journal-title":"Cognit Res Princ Implications"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.190","volume":"2","author":"A Skulmowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skulmowski A, Rey GD (2020) The realism paradox: Realism can act as a form of signaling despite being associated with cognitive load. Human Behavior Emerg Technol 2(3):251\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbe2.190","journal-title":"Human Behavior Emerg Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1196_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-021-09624-7","volume":"34","author":"A Skulmowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skulmowski A, Xu KM (2022) Understanding cognitive load in digital and online learning: a new perspective on extraneous cognitive load. Educ Psychol Rev 34(1):171\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-021-09624-7","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR94","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"M Slater","year":"2003","unstructured":"Slater M (2003) A note on presence terminology. Presence Connect 3(3):1\u20135","journal-title":"Presence Connect"},{"key":"1196_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5490-7_2","volume-title":"Virtual, augmented and mixed realities in education","author":"M Slater","year":"2017","unstructured":"Slater M (2017) Implicit learning through embodiment in immersive virtual reality. In: Kinshuk, Huang R, Dede C (eds) Virtual, augmented and mixed realities in education. Springer, Berlin, pp 19\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-5490-7_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1196_CR96","first-page":"193","volume":"40","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater M, Lotto B, Arnold MM, Sanchez-Vives MV (2009) How we experience immersive virtual environments: the concept of presence and its measurement. Anuario De Psicologia 40(2):193\u2013210","journal-title":"Anuario De Psicologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"1196_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","volume":"6","author":"M Slater","year":"1997","unstructured":"Slater M, Wilbur S (1997) A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments. Presence 6(6):603\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"1196_CR98","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Communication in the age of virtual reality","author":"J Steuer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Steuer J (1992) Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. In: Biocca F, Levy MR (eds) Communication in the age of virtual reality. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp 33\u201356"},{"key":"1196_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09701-3","volume":"68","author":"J Sweller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sweller J (2020) Cognitive load theory and educational technology. Educ Technol Res Dev 68:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-019-09701-3","journal-title":"Educ Technol Res Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1196_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09817-2","volume":"35","author":"J Sweller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sweller J (2023) The development of cognitive load theory: replication crises and incorporation of other theories can lead to theory expansion. Educ Psychol Rev 35(4):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-023-09817-2","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1196_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACTPSY.2010.02.006","volume":"135","author":"J Theeuwes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Theeuwes J (2010) Top-down and bottom-up control of visual selection. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 135(2):77\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ACTPSY.2010.02.006","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1196_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1145\/3689046","volume":"31","author":"TQ Tran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tran TQ, Langlotz T, Young J, Schubert TW, Regenbrecht H (2024) Classifying presence scores: insights and analysis from two decades of the igroup presence questionnaire (IPQ). ACM Trans Comput-Human Interact 31(5):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3689046","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput-Human Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.3.569","volume":"69","author":"TC Wild","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wild TC, Kuiken D, Schopflocher D (1995) The role of absorption in experiential involvement. J Pers Soc Psychol 69(3):569\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.69.3.569","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260701283079","volume":"9","author":"W Wirth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wirth W, Hartmann T, B\u00f6cking S, Vorderer P, Klimmt C, Schramm H, Saari T, Laarni J, Ravaja N, Gouveia FR, Biocca R, Sacau A, J\u00e4ncke L, Baumgartner T, J\u00e4ncke P (2007) A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences. Media Psychol 9(3):493\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213260701283079","journal-title":"Media Psychol"},{"key":"1196_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Singer MJ (1994) Measuring presence in virtual environments (ARI Technical Report). U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA286183"},{"issue":"3","key":"1196_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","volume":"7","author":"BG Witmer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Singer MJ (1998) Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence 7(3):225\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474698565686","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"1196_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104701","volume":"195","author":"M Won","year":"2023","unstructured":"Won M, Ungu DAK, Matovu H, Treagust DF, Tsai CC, Park J, Mocerino M, Tasker R (2023) Diverse approaches to learning with immersive Virtual Reality identified from a systematic review. Comput Educ 195:104701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104701","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"1196_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104485","volume":"249","author":"C Wrzus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wrzus C, Frenkel MO, Sch\u00f6ne B (2024) Current opportunities and challenges of immersive virtual reality for psychological research and application. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 249:104485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104485","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01196-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01196-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01196-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:56:41Z","timestamp":1761119801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01196-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01196-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study has been reviewed and approved by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health\u2019s Ethical Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"126"}}