{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T07:25:30Z","timestamp":1764573930612,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032090","name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mindfulness, characterized by a non-judgmental present-moment awareness, has been empirically associated with numerous psychological and physiological health benefits. Advances in technology, particularly immersive virtual reality (VR) using head-mounted displays, provide interactive and engaging environments that enhance mindfulness practices. This study builds on a primary investigation to explore the integration of a mobile VR-based mindfulness breathing meditation with biofeedback and its effects on physiological and psychological health. This replication study used a within-subject design, with 45 participants (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>ag<\/jats:italic>\n                      e\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    = 22.9 years; 30 men, 15 women) completing six consecutive days of supervised self-guided VR-based training (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>session<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    = 8\u00a0min 52\u00a0s). Physiological measures such as breathing parameters, heart and respiratory rates and heart rate variability were combined with psychological measures including momentary relaxation, burnout symptoms and relaxation-related self-efficacy. Additional health parameters, objective instruments and measurement points were incorporated into the study design to offer a more comprehensive view of participants\u2019 health status as well as capturing both short-term and medium-term effects. Our study showed positive effects on health concerning diaphragmatic breathing, breathing awareness, heart and respiratory rates, momentary relaxation, burnout symptoms and relaxation-related self-efficacy, with several benefits persisting not only short- but also medium-term (1-week\/1-month post-intervention). Moreover, the feasibility of the VR intervention was confirmed through high user satisfaction. This study was able to demonstrate positive health effects of VR-based mindfulness breathing meditation with integrated biofeedback, which emphasizes the importance of replication studies. Future research should focus on different target groups in terms of external validity and use different VR protocols to more accurately define the dose-response relationship.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01235-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T13:45:37Z","timestamp":1757943937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological and psychological health effects of a mobile VR-based mindfulness breathing meditation with integrated biofeedback: a replication study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Alissa","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Pintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1235_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.86.5.726","volume":"86","author":"M Aickin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aickin M, Gensler H (1996) Adjusting for multiple testing when reporting research results: the Bonferroni vs Holm methods. Am J Public Health 86(5):726\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.86.5.726","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1235_CR2","unstructured":"Antonovsky A (1979) Health, stress, and coping. Jossey-Bass Publishers"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.84.2.191","volume":"84","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 84(2):191\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295x.84.2.191","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1235_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Becker-Carus C, Wendt M, Lay M (2017) Allgemeine Psychologie: Eine Einf\u00fchrung (2. Aufl. 2017). Springer, Berlin. http:\/\/nbn-resolving.org\/urn:nbn:de:bsz:31-epflicht-1531815https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-53006-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53006-1"},{"key":"1235_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.007","volume":"378","author":"AM Berger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berger AM, Davelaar EJ (2018) Frontal alpha oscillations and attentional control: a virtual reality neurofeedback study. Neuroscience 378:189\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1235_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop SR (2002) What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction? Psychosom Med 64:71\u201384","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200201000-00010"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2022.292","volume":"35","author":"MJ Blanca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blanca MJ, Arnau J, Garc\u00eda-Castro FJ, Alarc\u00f3n R, Bono R (2023) Non-normal data in repeated measures ANOVA: impact on type I error and power. Psicothema 35(1):21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7334\/psicothema2022.292","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"1235_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02172","volume":"10","author":"J Blum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blum J, Rockstroh C, G\u00f6ritz AS (2019) Heart rate variability biofeedback based on slow-paced breathing with immersive virtual reality nature scenery. Front Psychol 10:2172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02172","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1235_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.12.004","volume":"68","author":"F Bruno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bruno F, Muzzupappa M (2010) Product interface design: a participatory approach based on virtual reality. Int J Hum Comput Stud 68(5):254\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.12.004","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"1235_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burdea G, Coiffet P (2003) Virtual reality technology, 2 ed. Wiley, Hoboken","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322955950"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01243.x","volume":"13","author":"V Busch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Busch V, Magerl W, Kern U, Haas J, Hajak G, Eichhammer P (2012) The effect of deep and slow breathing on pain perception, autonomic activity, and mood processing\u2014an experimental study. Pain Med (Malden Mass) 13(2):215\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01243.x","journal-title":"Pain Med (Malden Mass)"},{"key":"1235_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.08.003","volume":"61","author":"E Carl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carl E, Stein AT, Levihn-Coon A, Pogue JR, Rothbaum B, Emmelkamp P, Asmundson GJ, Carlbring P, Powers MB (2019) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord 61:27\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.08.003","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00380-2","volume":"24","author":"A Chandrasiri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chandrasiri A, Collett J, Fassbender E, de Foe A (2020) A virtual reality approach to mindfulness skills training. Virtual Real 24(1):143\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00380-2","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12184","volume":"53","author":"YF Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen YF, Huang XY, Chien CH, Cheng JF (2017) The effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation training for reducing anxiety. Perspect Psychiatr Care 53(4):329\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppc.12184","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"1235_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4174\/jkss.2012.82.5.312","volume":"82","author":"I Christakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christakis I, Pagkratis MT, Varvogli L, Darviri C, Chroussos G (2012) Measuring the stress of the surgeons in training and use of a novel interventional program to combat it. J Korean Surg Soc 82(5):312\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4174\/jkss.2012.82.5.312","journal-title":"J Korean Surg Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01296-3","volume":"11","author":"G Christodoulou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christodoulou G, Salami N, Black DS (2020) The utility of heart rate variability in mindfulness research. Mindfulness 11(3):554\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-019-01296-3","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7898","volume":"20","author":"D Clus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clus D, Larsen ME, Lemey C, Berrouiguet S (2018) The use of virtual reality in patients with eating disorders: systematic review. J Med Internet Res 20(4):e157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.7898","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","volume":"24","author":"S Cohen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R (1983) A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 24(4):385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2136404","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"1235_CR23","unstructured":"de Abreu G (2023) Replication of studies: advancing scientific rigor and reliability. https:\/\/mindthegraph.com\/blog\/replication-of-studies\/"},{"issue":"12","key":"1235_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20160054","volume":"96","author":"IJM de Rooij","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Rooij IJM, van de Port IGL, Meijer J\u2013WG (2016a) Effect of virtual reality training on balance and gait ability in patients with stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther 96(12):1905\u20131918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20160054","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.1169","volume":"92","author":"I Dennis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dennis I (2007) Halo effects in grading student projects. J Appl Psychol 92(4):1169\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.92.4.1169","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324796abm3203_9","volume":"32","author":"B Ditto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ditto B, Eclache M, Goldman N (2006) Short-term autonomic and cardiovascular effects of mindfulness body scan meditation. Ann Behav Med Publ Soc Behav Med 32(3):227\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15324796abm3203_9","journal-title":"Anna Behav Med Publ Soc Behav Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H638","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1982.242.4.H638","volume":"242","author":"DL Eckberg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Eckberg DL, Eckberg MJ (1982) Human sinus node responses to repetitive, ramped carotid baroreceptor stimuli. Am J Physiol 242(4):H638\u2013H644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.1982.242.4.H638","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"1235_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-017-0064-6","volume":"4","author":"M Elices","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elices M, Soler J, Feliu-Soler A, Carmona C, Tiana T, Pascual JC, Garc\u00eda-Palacios A, \u00c1lvarez E (2017) Combining emotion regulation and mindfulness skills for preventing depression relapse: a randomized-controlled study. Bord Pers Disorder Emot Dysregulation 4:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-017-0064-6","journal-title":"Bord Pers Disorder Emot Dysregulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017162","volume":"10","author":"SM Erisman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erisman SM, Roemer L (2010) A preliminary investigation of the effects of experimentally induced mindfulness on emotional responding to film clips. Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 10(1):72\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017162","journal-title":"Emotion (Washington, D.C.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.07.005","volume":"22","author":"S Evans","year":"2008","unstructured":"Evans S, Ferrando S, Findler M, Stowell C, Smart C, Haglin D (2008) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 22(4):716\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.07.005","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002147","volume":"2","author":"CJ Falconer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falconer CJ, Rovira A, King JA, Gilbert P, Antley A, Fearon P, Ralph N, Slater M, Brewin CR (2016) Embodying self-compassion within virtual reality and its effects on patients with depression. BJPsych Open 2(1):74\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002147","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"1235_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A\u2013G, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39:175\u2013191.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"1235_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fisher JP, Zera T, Paton JF (2022) Chapter 10\u2014Respiratory\u2013cardiovascular interactions. In: Chen R, Guyenet PG (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology: respiratory neurobiology, vol 188. Elsevier, pp 279\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-91534-2.00006-0","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91534-2.00006-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/b:apbi.0000026638.64386.89","volume":"29","author":"ND Giardino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Giardino ND, Chan L, Borson S (2004) Combined heart rate variability and pulse oximetry biofeedback for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: preliminary findings. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 29(2):121\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/b:apbi.0000026638.64386.89","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"1235_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-60","volume":"10","author":"OM Giggins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giggins OM, Persson UM, Caulfield B (2013) Biofeedback in rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil 10:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-0003-10-60","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018441","volume":"10","author":"PR Goldin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldin PR, Gross JJ (2010) Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 10(1):83\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018441","journal-title":"Emotion (Washington, D.C.)"},{"key":"1235_CR39","unstructured":"Goleman D, Gurin J (1993) Mind, body and medicine: [How to use your mind for better health], 2nd edn. Consumer Reports Books"},{"key":"1235_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gradl S, Wirth M, Zillig T, Eskofier BM (2018) Visualization of heart activity in virtual reality: a biofeedback application using wearable sensors. In: 2018 IEEE 15th international conference on wearable and implantable body sensor networks (BSN): 4\u20137 March 2018, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. IEEE, pp 152\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BSN.2018.8329681","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2018.8329681"},{"key":"1235_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01604","volume":"11","author":"S Grassini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grassini S, Laumann K (2020) Are modern head-mounted displays sexist? A systematic review on gender differences in HMD-mediated virtual reality. Front Psychol 11:1604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01604","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1235_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gromala D, Tong X, Choo A, Karamnejad M, Shaw CD (2015) The virtual meditative walk: virtual reality therapy for chronic pain management. In: Kim J (eds) Chi 2015 crossings: Chi 2015; proceedings of the 33rd annual CHI conference on human factors in computing systems; April 18\u201323, 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ACM, pp 521\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2702123.2702344","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702344"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(03)00573-7","volume":"57","author":"P Grossman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H (2004) Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. J Psychosom Res 57(1):35\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3999(03)00573-7","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1235_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamasaki H (2020) Effects of diaphragmatic breathing on health: a narrative review. Medicines (Basel Switzerland) 7(10):65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines7100065","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines7100065"},{"key":"1235_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haus K-M, Held C, Kowalski A, Krombholz A, Nowak M, Schneider E, Strau\u00df G, Wiedemann M (eds) (2020) Praxisbuch Biofeedback und Neurofeedback (3. Auflage). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-59720-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-59720-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(04)80013-3","volume":"35","author":"SC Hayes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayes SC (2004) Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behav Ther 35(4):639\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7894(04)80013-3","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.180372","volume":"211","author":"C Hill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill C, Martin JL, Thomson S, Scott-Ram N, Penfold H, Creswell C (2017) Navigating the challenges of digital health innovation: considerations and solutions in developing online and smartphone-application-based interventions for mental health disorders. Br J Psychiatry: J Mental Sci 211(2):65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.180372","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry: J Mental Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1235_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611419671","volume":"6","author":"BK H\u00f6lzel","year":"2011","unstructured":"H\u00f6lzel BK, Lazar SW, Gard T, Schuman-Olivier Z, Vago DR, Ott U (2011) How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci 6(6):537\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691611419671","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1235_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003848","volume":"17","author":"SI Hopper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hopper SI, Murray SL, Ferrara LR, Singleton JK (2019) Effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing for reducing physiological and psychological stress in adults: a quantitative systematic review. JBI Database Syst Rev Implement Rep 17(9):1855\u20131876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003848","journal-title":"JBI Database Syst Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"1235_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Houzangbe S, Christmann O, Gorisse G, Richir S (2019) Effects of voluntary heart rate control on user engagement in virtual reality. In: Teather RJ, Itoh Y, Gabbard J, Argelaguet F, Olivier A-H, Keefe D (eds) 26th IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces: Osaka, Japan: 23\u201327 March 2019: proceedings. IEEE, pp 982\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR.2019.8797759","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797759"},{"key":"1235_CR53","unstructured":"IBM Corp (Released 2023) IBM SPSS statistics for windows (Version 29.0.2.0) [Computer software]"},{"key":"1235_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Janet S, Mangala Gowri P (2017) Effectiveness of deep breathing exercise on blood pressure among patients with hypertension. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 8(1):B256\u2013B260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22376\/ijpbs.2017.8.1.b256-260","DOI":"10.22376\/ijpbs.2017.8.1.b256-260"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80210-6","volume":"16","author":"R Jevning","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jevning R, Wallace RK, Beidebach M (1992) The physiology of meditation: a review. A wakeful hypometabolic integrated response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16(3):415\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80210-6","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018438","volume":"10","author":"AP Jha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jha AP, Stanley EA, Kiyonaga A, Wong L, Gelfand L (2010) Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 10(1):54\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018438","journal-title":"Emotion (Washington, D.C.)"},{"key":"1235_CR57","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn J (1990) Full catastrophe living. In: Using wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. Bantam Doubleday Dell"},{"key":"1235_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn J. (2003). Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clipsy\/bpg016","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy\/bpg016"},{"issue":"6","key":"1235_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.04.006","volume":"31","author":"S\u2013L Keng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keng S\u2013L, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ (2011) Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clin Psychol Rev 31(6):1041\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.04.006","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1235_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kosunen I, Salminen M, J\u00e4rvel\u00e4 S, Ruonala A, Ravaja N, Jacucci G (2016) RelaWorld. In: Nichols J, Mahmud J, O\u2019Donovan J, Conati C, Zancanaro M (eds) IUI\u201916: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on intelligent user interfaces: March 7\u201310, 2016, Sonoma, CA, USA. The Association for Computing Machinery, pp 208\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2856767.2856796","DOI":"10.1145\/2856767.2856796"},{"key":"1235_CR60","unstructured":"Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A, Hauk N, Kasthofer E, Gomm J, Kryspin-Exner I (2012) TUI\u2014Technology usage inventory manual. https:\/\/www.ffg.at\/sites\/default\/files\/allgemeine_downloads\/thematische%20programme\/programmdokumente\/tui_manual.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43176-w","volume":"13","author":"TRA Kral","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kral TRA, Weng HY, Mitra V, Imhoff-Smith TP, Azemi E, Goldman RI, Rosenkranz MA, Wu S, Chen A, Davidson RJ (2023) Slower respiration rate is associated with higher self-reported well-being after wellness training. Sci Rep 13(1):15953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-43176-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370500297720","volume":"19","author":"TS Kristensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kristensen TS, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB (2005) The Copenhagen burnout inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress 19(3):192\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02678370500297720","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.017","volume":"89","author":"JR Krygier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krygier JR, Heathers JAJ, Shahrestani S, Abbott M, Gross JJ, Kemp AH (2013) Mindfulness meditation, well-being, and heart rate variability: a preliminary investigation into the impact of intensive vipassana meditation. Int J Psychophysiol 89(3):305\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.017","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"1235_CR64","unstructured":"Kubios HRV Scientific Lite (Version 4.1.0) [Computer software] (2023). Kubios Oy. https:\/\/www.kubios.com\/hrv-scientific-lite\/"},{"key":"1235_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laborde S, Mosley E, Thayer JF (2017) Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research\u2013recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Front Psychol 8:213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2010.523754","volume":"23","author":"FD Legrand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Legrand FD, Joly PM, Bertucci WM, Soudain-Pineau MA, Marcel J (2011) Interactive-virtual reality (IVR) exercise: an examination of in-task and pre-to-post exercise affective changes. J Appl Sport Psychol 23(1):65\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2010.523754","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"1235_CR67","unstructured":"Leiner DJ (2024) SoSci Survey (Version Version 3.5.02) [Computer software]. https:\/\/www.soscisurvey.de"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.10.15","volume":"1","author":"A Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li A, Monta\u00f1o Z, Chen VJ, Gold JI (2011) Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain Manage 1(2):147\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/pmt.10.15","journal-title":"Pain Manage"},{"key":"1235_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Fagern\u00e4s, S., Andersen, J., Sigeman, M., Andersson, G., Furmark, T., & Carlbring, P. (2019). Therapist-led and self-led one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety with consumer hardware and software: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.07.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.07.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.017","volume":"97","author":"A\u2013L Lumma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lumma A-L, Kok BE, Singer T (2015) Is meditation always relaxing? Investigating heart rate, heart rate variability, experienced effort and likeability during training of three types of meditation. Int J Psychophysiol 97(1):38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.017","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"1235_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00874","volume":"8","author":"X Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma X, Yue Z-Q, Gong Z-Q, Zhang H, Duan N-Y, Shi Y-T, Wei G-X, Li Y-F (2017) The effect of diaphragmatic breathing on attention, negative affect and stress in healthy adults. Front Psychol 8:874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00874","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1235_CR71","unstructured":"Mackey A (2012) Why (or why not), when, and how to replicate research. In: Porte GK (ed) The Cambridge applied linguistics series. Why (or why not), when and how to replicate research. Cambridge University Press"},{"issue":"6","key":"1235_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612460688","volume":"7","author":"MC Makel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Makel MC, Plucker JA, Hegarty B (2012) Replications in psychology research: How often do they really occur? Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci 7(6):537\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691612460688","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1235_CR74","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation (2021) Microsoft Excel (Version Version 2108) [Computer software]. https:\/\/office.microsoft.com\/excel"},{"key":"1235_CR75","unstructured":"Mirgain SA, Singles J, Hampton A (2016) The power of breath. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY\/docs\/The-Power-Of-Breath-Diaphragmatic-Breathing.pdf"},{"key":"1235_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01895","volume":"6","author":"J Montero-Marin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montero-Marin J, Tops M, Manzanera R, Piva Demarzo MM, \u00c1lvarez de Mon M, Garc\u00eda-Campayo J (2015) Mindfulness, resilience, and burnout subtypes in primary care physicians: the possible mediating role of positive and negative affect. Front Psychol 6:1895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01895","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1235_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187777","volume":"12","author":"MV Navarro-Haro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Navarro-Haro MV, L\u00f3pez-Del-Hoyo Y, Campos D, Linehan MM, Hoffman HG, Garc\u00eda-Palacios A, Modrego-Alarc\u00f3n M, Borao L, Garc\u00eda-Campayo J (2017) Meditation experts try virtual reality mindfulness: a pilot study evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of virtual reality to facilitate mindfulness practice in people attending a mindfulness conference. PLoS ONE 12(11):e0187777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0187777","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-017-0320-5","volume":"22","author":"DL Neumann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neumann DL, Moffitt RL, Thomas PR, Loveday K, Watling DP, Lombard CL, Antonova S, Tremeer MA (2018) A systematic review of the application of interactive virtual reality to sport. Virtual Real 22(3):183\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-017-0320-5","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"1235_CR80","unstructured":"Parak J, Korhonen I (2015) Accuracy of firstbeat bodyguard 2 beat-to-beat heart rate monitor. https:\/\/www.firstbeat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/white_paper_bodyguard2_final.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-012-9185-2","volume":"37","author":"M Paul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Paul M, Garg K (2012) The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback on performance psychology of basketball players. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 37(2):131\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-012-9185-2","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2790-8","volume":"38","author":"V Perciavalle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perciavalle V, Blandini M, Fecarotta P, Buscemi A, Di Corrado D, Bertolo L, Fichera F, Coco M (2017) The role of deep breathing on stress. Neurol Sci 38(3):451\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-016-2790-8","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30053-1","volume":"5","author":"RMCA Pot-Kolder","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pot-Kolder RMCA, Geraets CNW, Veling W, van Beilen M, Staring ABP, Gijsman HJ, Delespaul PA E. G., van der Gaag M (2018) Virtual-reality-based cognitive behavioural therapy versus waiting list control for paranoid ideation and social avoidance in patients with psychotic disorders: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 5(3):217\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30053-1","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12006","volume":"14","author":"K Reiner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reiner K, Tibi L, Lipsitz JD (2013) Do mindfulness-based interventions reduce pain intensity? A critical review of the literature. Pain Med (Malden Mass) 14(2):230\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pme.12006","journal-title":"Pain Med (Malden Mass)"},{"key":"1235_CR87","unstructured":"Roche K, Chawla S, Liu S, Siegel S (2019) The effects of virtual reality on mental wellness: a literature review. Mental Health Family Med 14:811\u2013818"},{"key":"1235_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.06.011","volume":"130","author":"C Rockstroh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rockstroh C, Blum J, G\u00f6ritz AS (2019) Virtual reality in the application of heart rate variability biofeedback. Int J Hum Comput Stud 130:209\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.06.011","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000270","volume":"32","author":"C Rockstroh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rockstroh C, Blum J, G\u00f6ritz AS (2020) Combining VR and biofeedback. J Media Psychol 32(4):176\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000270","journal-title":"J Media Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00471-5","volume":"25","author":"C Rockstroh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rockstroh C, Blum J, G\u00f6ritz AS (2021) A mobile VR-based respiratory biofeedback game to foster diaphragmatic breathing. Virtual Real 25(2):539\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00471-5","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"1235_CR91","unstructured":"Roediger HL (2012) Psychology\u2019s woes and a partial cure: the value of replication. APS Observer 25:9"},{"key":"1235_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17987\/icfj.v6i0.242","author":"S Sammito","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sammito S, B\u00f6ckelmann I (2016) Factors influencing heart rate variability. Int Cardiovasc Forum J https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17987\/icfj.v6i0.242","journal-title":"Int Cardiovasc Forum J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27E","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.2.27E","volume":"17","author":"SF Sawyer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sawyer SF (2009) Analysis of variance: the fundamental concepts. J Man Manip Ther 17(2):27E\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.2.27E. E","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-020-09467-y","volume":"45","author":"A Scavone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scavone A, Kadziolka MJ, Miller CJ (2020) State and trait mindfulness as predictors of skin conductance response to stress. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 45(3):221\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-020-09467-y","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2020.03.004","volume":"20","author":"EE Schneider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider EE, Sch\u00f6nfelder S, Domke-Wolf M, Wessa M (2020) Measuring stress in clinical and nonclinical subjects using a German adaptation of the perceived stress scale. Int J Clin Health Psychol IJCHP 20(2):173\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijchp.2020.03.004","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol IJCHP"},{"key":"1235_CR97","unstructured":"Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD (2002) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. Guilford Press"},{"key":"1235_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","volume":"5","author":"F Shaffer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP (2017) An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front Public Health 5:258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1235_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01040","volume":"5","author":"F Shaffer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaffer F, McCraty R, Zerr CL (2014) A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart\u2019s anatomy and heart rate variability. Front Psychol 5:1040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01040","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1235_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soyka F, Leyrer M, Smallwood J, Ferguson C, Riecke BE, Mohler BJ (2016) Enhancing stress management techniques using virtual reality. In: Jain E, Joerg S (eds) ACM digital library, proceedings of the ACM symposium on applied perception. ACM, pp 85\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2931002.2931017","DOI":"10.1145\/2931002.2931017"},{"key":"1235_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00004","volume":"7","author":"K Stanney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stanney K, Fidopiastis C, Foster L (2020) Virtual reality is sexist: but it does not have to be. Front Rob AI 7:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2020.00004","journal-title":"Front Rob AI"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12163","volume":"5","author":"NK Subbalakshmi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Subbalakshmi NK, Adhikari P, Shanmugavel Jeganathan P (2014) Comparative study on cardiac autonomic modulation during deep breathing test and diaphragmatic breathing in type 2 diabetes and healthy subjects. J Diabetes Invest 5(4):456\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdi.12163","journal-title":"J Diabetes Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR103","first-page":"263","volume":"43","author":"BM Sundram","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sundram BM, Dahlui M, Chinna K (2014) Taking my breath away by keeping stress at bay\u2014an employee assistance program in the automotive assembly plant. Iran J Public Health 43(3):263\u2013272","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"1235_CR104","unstructured":"Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2013) Using multivariate statistics: pearson new international edition. Pearson Education Limited, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"1235_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)E0011-7","volume":"33","author":"JD Teasdale","year":"1995","unstructured":"Teasdale JD, Segal Z, Williams JG (1995) How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behav Res Ther 33(1):25\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(94)E0011-7","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvn.2004.06.003","volume":"22","author":"S Terathongkum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Terathongkum S, Pickler RH (2004) Relationships among heart rate variability, hypertension, and relaxation techniques. J Vasc Nurs 22(3):78\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvn.2004.06.003","journal-title":"J Vasc Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"1235_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-013-9223-8","volume":"38","author":"M Teufel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Teufel M, Stephan K, Kowalski A, K\u00e4sberger S, Enck P, Zipfel S, Giel KE (2013) Impact of biofeedback on self-efficacy and stress reduction in obesity: a randomized controlled pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 38(3):177\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-013-9223-8","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"1235_CR108","unstructured":"Thera N (1962) The heart of buddhist meditation: a handbook of mental training based on the buddha\u2019s way of mindfulness, 1st edn. Rider & Co. https:\/\/terebess.hu\/keletkultinfo\/the_heart_of_buddhist_meditation.pdf"},{"key":"1235_CR109","unstructured":"Tukey JW (1997) Exploratory data analysis. In: Addison-Wesley series in behavioral science quantitative methods. Addison-Wesley"},{"key":"1235_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.015","volume":"236","author":"LR Valmaggia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valmaggia LR, Latif L, Kempton MJ, Rus-Calafell M (2016) Virtual reality in the psychological treatment for mental health problems: a systematic review of recent evidence. Psychiatry Res 236:189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1235_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Rooij M, Lobel A, Harris O, Smit N, Granic I (2016b) DEEP: a biofeedback virtual reality game for children at-risk for anxiety. In: Kaye J, Druin A, Lampe C, Morris D, Hourcade JP (eds) Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems\u2014CHI EA \u201816. ACM Press, pp 1989\u20131997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2851581.2892452","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892452"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-006-9009-3","volume":"31","author":"EG Vaschillo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, Lehrer PM (2006) Characteristics of resonance in heart rate variability stimulated by biofeedback. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 31(2):129\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-006-9009-3","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"1235_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vinje HF, Langeland E, Bull T (2022) Aaron antonovsky\u2019s development of salutogenesis, 1979\u20131994. In: Mittelmark MB, Bauer GF, Vaandrager L, Pelikan JM, Sagy S, Eriksson M, Lindstr\u00f6m B, Meier Magistretti C (eds) The handbook of salutogenesis. Springer International Publishing, pp 29\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-79515-3_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79515-3_5"},{"key":"1235_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weerdmeester J, van Rooij M, Harris O, Smit N, Engels RC, Granic I (2017) Exploring the role of self-efficacy in biofeedback video games. In: Schouten B (eds) ACM digital library, extended abstracts publication of the annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play. ACM, pp 453\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3130859.3131299","DOI":"10.1145\/3130859.3131299"},{"key":"1235_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762412726","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241272604","volume":"10","author":"A Wieczorek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wieczorek A, Schrank F, Renner K\u2013H, Wagner M (2024) Psychological and physiological health outcomes of virtual reality-based mindfulness interventions: a systematic review and evidence mapping of empirical studies. Digit Health 10:20552076241272604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076241272604","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1235_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.683","volume":"125","author":"F Yasuma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yasuma F, Hayano J\u2013I (2004) Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? Chest 125(2):683\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.125.2.683","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1235_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fict.2018.00023","volume":"5","author":"B Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu B, Funk M, Hu J, Wang Q, Feijs L (2018) Biofeedback for everyday stress management: a systematic review. Front ICT 5:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fict.2018.00023","journal-title":"Front ICT"},{"issue":"8","key":"1235_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0321","volume":"16","author":"F Zeidan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Gordon NS, Goolkasian P (2010) Effects of brief and sham mindfulness meditation on mood and cardiovascular variables. J Altern Complement Med (New York N Y) 16(8):867\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/acm.2009.0321","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med (New York N Y)"},{"key":"1235_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang S, Chen M, Yang N, Lu S, Ni S. (2021). Effectiveness of VR based mindfulness on psychological and physiological health: A systematic review. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-021-01777-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01777-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"1235_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2023.10.003","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang J, Shan G, Tian D (2023) A survey of immersive visualization: focus on perception and interaction. Visual Inf 7(4):22\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visinf.2023.10.003","journal-title":"Visual Inf"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01235-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01235-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01235-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T07:22:07Z","timestamp":1764573727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01235-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01235-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1434-9957"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"152"}}