{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T15:11:37Z","timestamp":1771427497426,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Basic life support (BLS) is crucial to improve cardiac arrest survival. Virtual reality (VR), a core aspect of extended reality, is increasingly utilized for immersive adult BLS training. However, the effectiveness of VR-based training varies significantly due to differences in target populations, implementation strategies, and the specific applications (apps) used. This study assesses how well VR apps for teaching adult BLS adhere to the 2021 adult BLS guidelines. In 2024, a comparative analysis was conducted using VR apps stores and the Google search engine. Three experts evaluated the identified VR apps using various VR headsets and a detailed adult BLS checklist. The findings were analyzed and documented using descriptive statistics. Of 911 identified VR adult BLS apps, 20 (2%) claimed to train adult BLS and were available for analysis. The common shortcomings identified were as follows: inadequate instruction to ensure the safety of the rescuer, the patient, and any bystanders before assisting out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients (1\/20; 5%), failure to recognize cardiac arrest (4\/20; 20%), insufficient guidance on opening the OHCA patient\u2019s airway (3\/20; 15%), and improper technique in performing high-quality chest compressions (3\/20; 15%). While the majority of VR adult BLS apps included instructions on how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED) (17\/20; 75%), many demonstrated deficiencies in the correct application of AED pads (11\/17; 65%) and highlighted unsafe AED usage practices (3\/17; 18%). This comparative analysis underscores the potential importance of evaluation and testing of VR BLS apps to ensure high-quality teaching tools in the domain of life-saving BLS education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01283-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:10:48Z","timestamp":1770822648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing virtual reality applications for adult basic life support: insights from a comparative analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nino","family":"Fija\u010dko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-0891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin S.","family":"Abella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-5599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinay M.","family":"Nadkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4051-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160pela","family":"Metli\u010dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0903-5716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Astrid","family":"Agten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0160-2073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Greif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2023.100741","volume":"12","author":"JR Abbas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbas JR, O\u2019Connor A, Ganapathy E et al (2023) What is virtual reality? A healthcare-focused systematic review of definitions. Health Policy Technol 12:100741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hlpt.2023.100741","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"key":"1283_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13442","volume":"7","author":"E Aksoy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aksoy E (2019) Comparing the effects on learning outcomes of tablet-based and virtual reality-based serious gaming modules for basic life support training: randomized trial. JMIR Serious Games 7:e13442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/13442","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"1283_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01336","author":"E Aksoy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aksoy E, Izzetoglu K, Baysoy E et al (2019) Performance monitoring via functional near infrared spectroscopy for virtual reality based basic life support training. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01336","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1283_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24166","volume":"8","author":"ME Aksoy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aksoy ME (2020) Comparing basic life support serious gaming scores with hands-on training platform performance scores: pilot simulation study for basic life support training. JMIR Serious Games 8:e24166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/24166","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"1283_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2023.08.002","volume":"27","author":"PM Alc\u00e1zar Artero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alc\u00e1zar Artero PM, Greif R, Cer\u00f3n Madrigal JJ et al (2024) Teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation using virtual reality: a randomized study. Australas Emerg Care 27:57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.auec.2023.08.002","journal-title":"Australas Emerg Care"},{"key":"1283_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-019-0722-7","volume":"21","author":"C Andrews","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrews C, Southworth MK, Silva JNA, Silva JR (2019) Extended reality in medical practice. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 21:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11936-019-0722-7","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1283_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s44247-023-00016-1","volume":"1","author":"T Arthur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arthur T, Loveland-Perkins T, Williams C et al (2023) Examining the validity and fidelity of a virtual reality simulator for basic life support training. BMC Digit Health 1:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44247-023-00016-1","journal-title":"BMC Digit Health"},{"key":"1283_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s40037-022-00725-9","volume":"11","author":"ES Barry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barry ES, Merkebu J, Varpio L (2022) State-of-the-art literature review methodology: a six-step approach for knowledge synthesis. Perspect Med Educ 11:281\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40037-022-00725-9","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"key":"1283_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000387","volume":"14","author":"S Bench","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bench S, Winter C, Francis G (2019) Use of a virtual reality device for basic life support training: prototype testing and an exploration of users\u2019 views and experience. Simulation in Healthcare: the J Soc Simulation in Healthcare 14:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000387","journal-title":"Simulation in Healthcare: the J Soc Simulation in Healthcare"},{"key":"1283_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.23.049","volume":"10","author":"A Birkun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Birkun A, Gautam A, B\u00f6ttiger BW (2023) An expert consensus\u2013based checklist for quality appraisal of educational resources on adult basic life support: a Delphi study. Clin Exp Emerg Med 10:400\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15441\/ceem.23.049","journal-title":"Clin Exp Emerg Med"},{"key":"1283_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.08.013","volume":"62","author":"A Birkun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Birkun A, Gautam A, Trunkwala F, B\u00f6ttiger BW (2022) Open online courses on basic life support: availability and resuscitation guidelines compliance. Am J Emerg Med 62:102\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.08.013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1283_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-023-6388-2","volume":"235","author":"R Bjelovucic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bjelovucic R, Bak J, Wolff J, Taneja P (2023) Dental students\u2019 attitudes on cardiopulmonary resuscitation training via virtual reality: an exploratory study. Br Dent J 235:607\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41415-023-6388-2","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"1283_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz297","volume":"40","author":"MT Blom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blom MT, Oving I, Berdowski J et al (2019) Women have lower chances than men to be resuscitated and survive out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J 40:3824\u20133834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz297","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1283_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boggs S, McNally JD, O\u2019Hearn K, et al (2024) Teaching High Quality Child Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Laypeople: The Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Simulation Game","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4942466"},{"key":"1283_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00513-4","volume":"21","author":"N Breindahl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Breindahl N, Granholm A, Jensen TW et al (2021) Assessment of breathing in cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial of three teaching methods among laypersons. BMC Emerg Med 21:114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-021-00513-4","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"1283_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2019.03.003","volume":"10","author":"DG Buckler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buckler DG, Almodovar A, Snobelen P et al (2019) Observing the stages of bystander intervention in virtual reality simulation. World J Emerg Med 10:145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2019.03.003","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1283_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103590","volume":"111","author":"F Buttussi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buttussi F, Chittaro L, Valent F (2020) A virtual reality methodology for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training with and without a physical mannequin. J Biomed Inform 111:103590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103590","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"1283_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054095","volume":"20","author":"J Castillo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castillo J, Rodr\u00edguez-Higueras E, Belmonte R et al (2023) Efficacy of virtual reality simulation in teaching basic life support and its retention at 6 months. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20:4095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20054095","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1283_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00795-y","volume":"27","author":"E Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang E, Billinghurst M, Yoo B (2023a) Brain activity during cybersickness: a scoping review. Virtual Real 27:2073\u20132097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00795-y","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"1283_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283099","volume":"18","author":"Y-T Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang Y-T, Wu K-C, Yang H-W et al (2023b) Effects of different cardiopulmonary resuscitation education interventions among university students: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 18:e0283099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283099","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1283_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100643","volume":"18","author":"A Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng A, Fijacko N, Lockey A et al (2024) Use of augmented and virtual reality in resuscitation training: a systematic review. Resusc plus 18:100643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100643","journal-title":"Resusc plus"},{"key":"1283_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2023.104426","volume":"107","author":"AF Danvers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Danvers AF, Efinger LD, Mehl MR et al (2023) Loneliness and time alone in everyday life: a descriptive-exploratory study of subjective and objective social isolation. J Res Pers 107:104426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2023.104426","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"1283_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De La Vega SB, Guerif-Dubreucq E, Bouaoud J, Awad M, Mathon L, Beauvais A, et al. Mixed reality versus manikins in basic life support simulation-based training for medical students in France: the mixed reality non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2025;22:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3352\/jeehp.2025.22.15","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2025.22.15"},{"key":"1283_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029254","volume":"9","author":"M de Visser","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Visser M, Bosch J, Bootsma M et al (2019) An observational study on survival rates of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Netherlands after improving the \u2018chain of survival.\u2019 BMJ Open 9:e029254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029254","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"16_suppl_2","key":"1283_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001374","volume":"152","author":"AJ Donoghue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Donoghue AJ, Auerbach M, Banerjee A, Blewer AL, Cheng A, Kadlec KD, Lin Y, Diederich E, Sawyer T, Stallings DT, Toft LE (2025) Part 12: Resuscitation education science: 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 152(16_suppl_2):719\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001374","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1283_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dubreucq E, Barlocco De La Vega S, Bouaoud J, Philippon A-L, Thiebaud P-C. Impact of virtual, augmented or mixed reality in basic life support training: A scoping review. Clin Simul Nurs. 2025;99(101672):101672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecns.2024.101672.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2024.101672"},{"key":"1283_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05957-3","volume":"24","author":"J Einloft","year":"2024","unstructured":"Einloft J, Meyer HL, Bedenbender S et al (2024) Immersive medical training: a comprehensive longitudinal study of extended reality in emergency scenarios for large student groups. BMC Med Educ 24:978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05957-3","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"1283_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7337.573","volume":"324","author":"G Eysenbach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eysenbach G, K\u00f6hler C (2002) How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? Qualitative study using focus groups, usability tests, and in-depth interviews. BMJ 324:573\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.324.7337.573","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1283_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04029-2","volume":"23","author":"M Figols Pedrosa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Figols Pedrosa M, Barra Perez A, Vidal-Alaball J et al (2023) Use of virtual reality compared to the role-playing methodology in basic life support training: a two-arm pilot community-based randomised trial. BMC Med Educ 23:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04029-2","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"1283_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25437","volume":"9","author":"N Fija\u010dko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko N, Creber RM, Gosak L et al (2021) Evaluating quality, usability, evidence-based content, and gamification features in mobile learning apps designed to teach children basic life support: systematic search in app stores and content analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 9:e25437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/25437","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"1283_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/56037","volume":"12","author":"N Fija\u010dko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko N, Creber RM, Metli\u010dar \u0160 et al (2024a) Effects of a serious smartphone game on nursing students\u2019 theoretical knowledge and practical skills in adult basic life support: randomized wait list-controlled trial. JMIR Serious Games 12:e56037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/56037","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"1283_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko N, Dokl I, Metli\u010dar \u0160, Greif R (2024b) Strategic placement of automated external defibrillators at city bicycle-sharing stations: Exploring the potential. Resuscitation 198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110193"},{"key":"1283_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(23)00663-9","volume":"192","author":"N Fija\u010dko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko N, Greif R, Metli\u010dar \u0160 et al (2023a) 344 shout for help: Still part of adult basic life support education, but not recommended by European resuscitation council guidelines. Resuscitation 192:S137\u2013S138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0300-9572(23)00663-9","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109973","author":"N Fija\u010dko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko N, Metli\u010dar \u0160, Kleesiek J et al (2023b) Virtual reality, augmented reality, augmented virtuality, or mixed reality in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: which extended reality am i using for teaching adult basic life support? Resuscitation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109973","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100558","volume":"17","author":"N Fija\u010dko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko N, \u0160tiglic G, Gsaxner C et al (2024c) Rethinking realities: a call for accurate terminology in eXtended Reality studies. Resuscitation plus 17:100558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100558","journal-title":"Resuscitation plus"},{"key":"1283_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.04.034","volume":"139","author":"AG Foster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foster AG, Deakin CD (2019) Accuracy of instructional diagrams for automated external defibrillator pad positioning. Resuscitation 139:282\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.04.034","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.140.suppl_2.396","volume":"140","author":"L Gent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gent L, Sarno D, Coppock K, Axelrod DM (2019) Abstract 396: successful virtual reality cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in schools: digitally linking a physical manikin to a virtual lifesaving scenario. Circulation 140:A396\u2013A396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circ.140.suppl_2.396","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1283_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gianquintieri L, Caiani EG, Brambilla P, et al (2019) OPEN DATA IN HEALTH-GEOMATICS: MAPPING AND EVALUATING PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE DEFIBRILLATORS. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci XLII-4-W14:63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W14-63-2019","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W14-63-2019"},{"key":"1283_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(99)00135-5","volume":"43","author":"CA Graham","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graham CA, Lewis NF (2000) A scoring system for the assessment of basic life support ability. Resuscitation 43:111\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0300-9572(99)00135-5","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.12.042","volume":"148","author":"JT Gr\u00e4sner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4sner JT, Wnent J, Herlitz J et al (2020) Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe - Results of the EuReCa TWO study. Resuscitation 148:218\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.12.042","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.08.009","volume":"131","author":"MM Hassounah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hassounah MM, AlOwaini HS, Diab CN, Khamis NN (2018) YouTube videos teaching Arabic speaking population how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the gap between the need and quality! Resuscitation 131:e13\u2013e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.08.009","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2022.04.004","volume":"68","author":"L Hou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou L, Dong X, Li K et al (2022) Comparison of Augmented Reality-assisted and instructor-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a simulated randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Simul Nurs 68:9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecns.2022.04.004","journal-title":"Clin Simul Nurs"},{"key":"1283_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103241","volume":"73","author":"D Hubail","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hubail D, Mondal A, Al Jabir A, Patel B (2022) Comparison of a virtual reality compression-only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) course to the traditional course with content validation of the VR course \u2013 a randomized control pilot study. Ann Med Surg 73:103241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103241","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"1283_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2022.06.004","volume":"177","author":"G Imbriaco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Imbriaco G, Masina J, Scquizzato T et al (2022) Don\u2019t call it \u201cmassage\u201d! The importance of words during dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 177:3\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2022.06.004","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.21783","volume":"6","author":"M Ishii","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ishii M, Tsujita K, Seki T et al (2023) Sex- and age-based disparities in public access defibrillation, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. JAMA Netw Open 6:e2321783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.21783","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1283_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-021-00836-y","volume":"29","author":"M Issleib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Issleib M, Kromer A, Pinnschmidt HO et al (2021) Virtual reality as a teaching method for resuscitation training in undergraduate first year medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 29:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00836-y","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"1283_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Issleib M, Geiger A, Pinnschmidt HO, Hilz P, Z\u00f6llner C, Moll-Khosrawi P. Virtual reality as a training method for basic life support of the medical staff on general wards: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Virtual Real. 2025;29(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01216-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01216-y"},{"key":"1283_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023374","volume":"99","author":"F Jaskiewicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaskiewicz F, Kowalewski D, Starosta K et al (2020) Chest compressions quality during sudden cardiac arrest scenario performed in virtual reality: a crossover study in a training environment. Medicine Baltimore 99:e23374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000023374","journal-title":"Medicine Baltimore"},{"key":"1283_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.10.029","volume":"134","author":"TW Jensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jensen TW, M\u00f8ller TP, Viereck S et al (2019) A nationwide investigation of CPR courses, books, and skill retention. Resuscitation 134:110\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.10.029","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2951","volume":"16","author":"M Kalz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kalz M, Lenssen N, Felzen M et al (2014) Smartphone apps for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and real incident support: a mixed-methods evaluation study. J Med Internet Res 16:e2951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.2951","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"1283_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapadia N, Gokhale S, Nepomuceno A, et al (2024) Evaluation of\u00a0Large Language Model Generated Dialogues for\u00a0an\u00a0AI Based VR Nurse Training Simulator. In: Chen JYC, Fragomeni G (eds) Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, pp 200\u2013212","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-61041-7_13"},{"key":"1283_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720820904229","volume":"63","author":"AD Kaplan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaplan AD, Cruit J, Endsley M et al (2021) The effects of virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality as training enhancement methods: a meta-analysis. Hum Factors 63:706\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720820904229","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"16_suppl_2","key":"1283_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001369","volume":"152","author":"ME Kleinman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kleinman ME, Buick JE, Huber N, Idris AH, Levy M, Morgan SG, Nassal MM, Neth MR, Norii T, Nunnally ME, Rodriguez AJ (2025) Part 7: Adult basic life support: 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 152(16_suppl_2):448\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001369","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1283_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v52i7.13244","volume":"52","author":"E-A Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim E-A, Cho K-J (2023) Comparing the effectiveness of two new CPR training methods in Korea: medical virtual reality simulation and flipped learning. Iran J Public Health 52:1428\u20131438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijph.v52i7.13244","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"1283_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/58654","volume":"12","author":"D Kitapcioglu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kitapcioglu D, Aksoy ME, Ozkan AE, Usseli T (2024) Comparing learning outcomes of machine-guided virtual reality-based training with educator-guided training in a metaverse environment: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Serious Games 12:e58654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/58654","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"1283_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.12.038","volume":"123","author":"K Kiyohara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kiyohara K, Nishiyama C, Matsuyama T et al (2019) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest at home in Japan. Am J Cardiol 123:1060\u20131068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.12.038","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1283_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lampropoulos G, Kinshuk (2024) Virtual reality and gamification in education: a systematic review. Educ Technol Res Dev 72:1691\u20131785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-024-10351-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-024-10351-3"},{"key":"1283_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000338","volume":"14","author":"M Leary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leary M, Almodovar AJ, Buckler DG et al (2019) Using an immersive virtual reality system to assess lay provider response to an unannounced simulated sudden cardiac arrest in the out-of-hospital setting. Simulation in Healthcare: the J Soc Simulation in Healthcare 14:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000338","journal-title":"Simulation in Healthcare: the J Soc Simulation in Healthcare"},{"key":"1283_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2022.3152365","volume":"10","author":"DK Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee DK, Choi H, Jheon S et al (2022) Development of an extended reality simulator for basic life support training. IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med 10:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JTEHM.2022.3152365","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med"},{"key":"1283_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leszczy\u0144ski PK, J\u0119dral KW, Malm M, Muraczy\u0144ska B, Kobuszewski G. Effectiveness of teaching basic life support resuscitation using virtual reality \u2013 a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med Educ. 2025;25(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07827-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07827-y"},{"key":"1283_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105718","volume":"122","author":"SY Liaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liaw SY, Tan JZ, Lim S et al (2023) Artificial intelligence in virtual reality simulation for interprofessional communication training: mixed method study. Nurse Educ Today 122:105718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2023.105718","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"1283_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1960606","volume":"40","author":"Q Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Q, Tang Q, Wang Y (2021) The effects of pretraining intervention in immersive embodied virtual reality cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Behav Inf Technol 40:1265\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1960606","journal-title":"Behav Inf Technol"},{"key":"1283_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Yin X, Huang G, Wang X. Effectiveness of extended reality technologies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a bayesian network meta-analysis. BMC Emerg Med. 2025;25(1):94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-025-01256-2. PMID: 40483416; PMCID: PMC12145595.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-025-01256-2"},{"key":"1283_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109873","volume":"189","author":"CYZ Lo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lo CYZ, Fook-Chong S, Shahidah N et al (2023) Does witness type affect the chance of receiving bystander CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 189:109873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109873","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10468781241268766","author":"R Maniker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maniker R, Treat C, Feiner S et al (2024) Defibrillator training in the virtual setting is feasible and improves medical student self-efficacy; a pilot study. Simul Gaming. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10468781241268766","journal-title":"Simul Gaming"},{"key":"1283_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.08.039","volume":"74","author":"A Marquis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marquis A, Douillet D, Morin F et al (2023) Comparison of chest compression quality between the overlapping hands and interlocking hands techniques: a randomised cross-over trial. Am J Emerg Med 74:9\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.08.039","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1283_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7318.912","volume":"323","author":"R Mccloy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mccloy R, Stone R (2001) Virtual reality in surgery. BMJ 323:912\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.323.7318.912","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1283_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2022.07.009","volume":"3","author":"NK Mehta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehta NK, Allam S, Mazimba S, Karim S (2022) Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest within the United States: now is the time for change. Heart Rhythm O2 3:857\u2013863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hroo.2022.07.009","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm O2"},{"key":"1283_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.9651","volume":"6","author":"B Metelmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Metelmann B, Metelmann C, Schuffert L et al (2018) Medical correctness and user friendliness of available apps for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: systematic search combined with guideline adherence and usability evaluation. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 6:e9651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mhealth.9651","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"1283_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milgram P, Takemura H, Utsumi A, Kishino F (1995) Augmented reality: a class of displays on the reality-virtuality continuum. In: Telemanipulator and Telepresence Technologies. SPIE, pp 282\u2013292","DOI":"10.1117\/12.197321"},{"key":"1283_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/53212","volume":"1","author":"HJ Min","year":"2024","unstructured":"Min HJ, Andler C, Barber ROLB et al (2024) Virtual reality for basic life support training in high school students: thematic analysis of focus group interviews. JMIR XR Spat Comput JMXR 1:e53212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/53212","journal-title":"JMIR XR Spat Comput JMXR"},{"key":"1283_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03533-1","volume":"22","author":"P Moll-Khosrawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moll-Khosrawi P, Falb A, Pinnschmidt H et al (2022) Virtual reality as a teaching method for resuscitation training in undergraduate first year medical students during COVID-19 pandemic: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Educ 22:483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03533-1","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"1283_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p.110739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110739","volume":"215","author":"S Nabecker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nabecker S, de Raad T, Abelairas-Gomez C, Breckwoldt J, Chakroun-Walha O, Farquharson B, Hunyadi-Anti\u010devi\u0107 S, Lott C, Schnaubelt S, Yeung J, Lockey A (2025) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Education for Resuscitation. Resuscitation 215:p.110739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110739","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR69","unstructured":"Nederlandse Reanimatie Raad (2021) Basale reanimatie van volwassenen"},{"key":"1283_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2011.02566.x","volume":"56","author":"A Neset","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neset A, Birkenes TS, Furunes T et al (2012) A randomized trial on elderly laypersons\u2019 CPR performance in a realistic cardiac arrest simulation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56:124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2011.02566.x","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"1283_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009","volume":"161","author":"TM Olasveengen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G et al (2021) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: basic life support. Resuscitation 161:98\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S366","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000916","volume":"142","author":"AR Panchal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Caba\u00f1as JG et al (2020) Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 142:S366\u2013S468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000916","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1283_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-017-1061-5","volume":"26","author":"NM Panhuyzen-Goedkoop","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Wellens HJ, Piek JJ (2018) Early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest in athletes during sports activity. Neth Heart J 26:21\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12471-017-1061-5","journal-title":"Neth Heart J"},{"key":"1283_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2013.09.008","volume":"43","author":"K Papalexopoulou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Papalexopoulou K, Chalkias A, Dontas I et al (2014) Education and age affect skill acquisition and retention in lay rescuers after a European Resuscitation Council CPR\/AED course. Heart Lung 43:66\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2013.09.008","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"1283_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster RW, et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation 95:81\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.07.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.07.015"},{"key":"1283_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037692","volume":"139","author":"SM Perman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perman SM, Shelton SK, Knoepke C et al (2019) Public Perceptions on Why Women Receive Less Bystander CPR than Men in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation 139:1060\u20131068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037692","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1283_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003379","volume":"91","author":"JTH Prins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prins JTH, Van Lieshout EMM, Van Wijck SFM et al (2021) Chest wall injuries due to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the effect on in-hospital outcomes in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 91:966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0000000000003379","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"1283_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134913","volume":"22","author":"M Rodr\u00edguez-Matesanz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Matesanz M, Guzm\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda C, Oropesa I et al (2022) A new immersive virtual reality station for cardiopulmonary resuscitation objective structured clinical exam evaluation. Sensors 22:4913","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1283_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107289","volume":"133","author":"PA Rauschnabel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rauschnabel PA, Felix R, Hinsch C, Shahab H, Alt F (2022) What is XR? Towards a framework for augmented and virtual reality. Comput Human Behav 133(1):107289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107289","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"1283_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05254-z","volume":"183","author":"S Savino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Savino S, Mormando G, Saia G et al (2024) SIMPEDVR: using VR in teaching pediatric emergencies to undergraduate students\u2014a pilot study. Eur J Pediatr 183:499\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-023-05254-z","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1283_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.12.016","volume":"80","author":"F Semeraro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Semeraro F, Frisoli A, Bergamasco M, Cerchiari EL (2009) Virtual reality enhanced mannequin (VREM) that is well received by resuscitation experts. Resuscitation 80:489\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.12.016","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.12.016","volume":"135","author":"F Semeraro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Giulini G et al (2019a) Virtual reality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): comparison with a standard CPR training mannequin. Resuscitation 135:234\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.12.016","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.02.034","volume":"138","author":"F Semeraro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Giulini G et al (2019b) Back to reality: a new blended pilot course of Basic Life Support with Virtual Reality. Resuscitation 138:18\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.02.034","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100758","volume":"20","author":"D Slabe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Slabe D, Metelko \u017d, \u0160parovec ED (2024) The impact on users of an unfamiliar AED following a recent training experience: a randomized cross over simulation study. Resusc plus 20:100758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100758","journal-title":"Resusc plus"},{"key":"1283_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110771","volume":"215","author":"MA Smyth","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smyth MA, van Goor S, Hansen CM, Fija\u010dko N, Nakagawa NK, Raffay V, Ristagno G, Rogers J, Scquizzato T, Smith CM, Spartinou A (2025) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Basic Life Support. Resuscitation 215:110771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110771","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strada F, Bottino A, Lamberti F, et al (2019) Holo-BLSD \u2013 A Holographic Tool for Self-training and Self-Evaluation of Emergency Response Skills. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput PP:1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TETC.2019.2925777","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2925777"},{"key":"1283_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05720-8","volume":"24","author":"R Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun R, Wang Y, Wu Q et al (2024) Effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Educ 24:730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05720-8","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"1283_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2016.07.061","volume":"106","author":"L Szarpak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Szarpak L, Truszewski Z, Madziala M et al (2016) Comparison of Pocket Mask vs. bag valve mask ventilation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 106:e27\u2013e28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2016.07.061","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65299-4","volume":"14","author":"S Tachejian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tachejian S, Moussa A (2024) 360-degree virtual reality video to teach neonatal resuscitation: an exploratory development study. Sci Rep 14:14383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-65299-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1283_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-024-01395-1","volume":"82","author":"W Timler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Timler W, Jaskiewicz F, Kempa J, Timler D (2024) Automatic external defibrillator (AED) location \u2013 seconds that save lifes. Arch Public Health 82:153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-024-01395-1","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"1283_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2020.101655","volume":"71","author":"H Treiblmaier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Treiblmaier H, Putz L-M (2020) Gamification as a moderator for the impact of intrinsic motivation: findings from a multigroup field experiment. Learn Motiv 71:101655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lmot.2020.101655","journal-title":"Learn Motiv"},{"key":"1283_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02063-1","volume":"48","author":"R Trevi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Trevi R, Chiappinotto S, Palese A, Galazzi A (2024) Virtual reality for cardiopulmonary resuscitation healthcare professionals training: a systematic review. J Med Syst 48:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-024-02063-1","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"1283_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110366","volume":"203","author":"JA van Eijk","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Eijk JA, Doeleman LC, Loer SA et al (2024) Ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a narrative review. Resuscitation 203:110366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110366","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.05.018","volume":"141","author":"BP van Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Nieuwenhuizen BP, Oving I, Kunst AE et al (2019) Socio-economic differences in incidence, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 141:44\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2019.05.018","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2014-203736","volume":"32","author":"P Wagner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wagner P, Lingemann C, Arntz H-R, Breckwoldt J (2015) Official lay basic life support courses in Germany: is delivered content up to date with the guidelines? An observational study. Emerg Med J 32:547\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emermed-2014-203736","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"1283_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037676","volume":"10","author":"P Wagner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wagner P, Schloesser S, Braun J et al (2020) In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, is the positioning of victims by bystanders adequate for CPR? A cohort study. BMJ Open 10:e037676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037676","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1283_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X20000588","volume":"35","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhang H, Zhao Z et al (2020) Impact of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med 35:372\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1049023X20000588","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"1283_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-9572(03)00246-6","volume":"59","author":"RH Whitfield","year":"2003","unstructured":"Whitfield RH, Newcombe RG, Woollard M (2003) Reliability of the Cardiff Test of basic life support and automated external defibrillation version 3.1. Resuscitation 59:291\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0300-9572(03)00246-6","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1283_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiltvank IL, Besselaar LM, van Goor H, Tan ECTH. Redesign of a virtual reality basic life support module for medical training - a feasibility study. BMC Emerg Med. 2024;24(1):176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-024-01092-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-024-01092-w"},{"key":"1283_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104701","volume":"195","author":"M Won","year":"2023","unstructured":"Won M, Ungu DAK, Matovu H et al (2023) Diverse approaches to learning with immersive virtual reality identified from a systematic review. Comput Educ 195:104701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104701","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"1283_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312118799602","author":"MAME Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong MAME, Chue S, Jong M et al (2018) Clinical instructors\u2019 perceptions of virtual reality in health professionals\u2019 cardiopulmonary resuscitation education. SAGE Open Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050312118799602","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"1283_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2773-2","volume":"24","author":"S Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan S, Gan Y, Jiang N et al (2020) The global survival rate among adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 24:61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-020-2773-2","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1283_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yigitbas E, Krois S, Renzelmann T, Engels G (2022) Technical Report: Comparative Evaluation of AR-based, VR-based, and Traditional Basic Life Support Training","DOI":"10.1109\/SEGAH54908.2022.9978596"},{"key":"1283_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.auec.2020.05.005","volume":"23","author":"S Yilmaz Ferhatoglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yilmaz Ferhatoglu S, Kudsioglu T (2020) Evaluation of the reliability, utility, and quality of the information in cardiopulmonary resuscitation videos shared on open access video sharing platform YouTube. Australas Emerg Care 23:211\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.auec.2020.05.005","journal-title":"Australas Emerg Care"},{"key":"1283_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.13274","volume":"19","author":"MW Zackoff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zackoff MW, Cruse B, Sahay RD et al (2024) Multiuser immersive virtual reality simulation for interprofessional sepsis recognition and management. J Hosp Med 19:185\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jhm.13274","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"1283_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2024.2416971","volume":"2024","author":"N Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang N, Ye G, Yang C et al (2024) Benefits of virtual reality training for cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill acquisition and maintenance. Prehosp Emerg Care 2024:1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10903127.2024.2416971","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01283-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01283-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01283-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T14:13:56Z","timestamp":1771424036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01283-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01283-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"60"}}