{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T12:03:45Z","timestamp":1772280225726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006393","name":"Universidad de Granada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used across diverse fields, with proven utility for behavioral outcomes such as learning, training, and treatment. Presence and immersion are central to understanding the VR user experience and the effectiveness of VR applications. Self-report measures are commonly used in VR evaluation due to their ease of use and utility to assess subjective lived experiences. Two of the most widely used questionnaires are the Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (ITQ) and the Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ). Despite their extensive use, important validity issues remain. The present study aimed to translate and validate an abbreviated 10-item version of the ITQ and the IPQ for use in Spain. A sample of 288 participants (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u200923.38; 53.8% women) completed the questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure of the ITQ-10, comprising focus and involvement. For the IPQ, the three-factor model\u2014involvement, realness, and spatial presence\u2014showed good fit and outperformed alternative CFA models. However, comparisons between average variance extracted and shared variance revealed limited discriminant validity among the IPQ factors, particularly between spatial presence and realness. McDonald\u2019s omega coefficients indicated acceptable reliability for most subscales (ITQ-10: 0.53\u20130.77; IPQ: 0.54\u20130.86). Moreover, significant and theoretically consistent correlations were found between ITQ and IPQ factors and measures of suggestibility and cybersickness, providing evidence of concurrent validity. Implications for research and recommendations to strengthen the reliability of these scales are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01301-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T15:15:46Z","timestamp":1768058146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immersive tendencies and presence in virtual reality: Spanish adaptation of the ITQ and IPQ, and their relationship with suggestibility and cybersickness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7348-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1ndida","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea I.","family":"Dinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Doncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda B.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco M.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Tromp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario A.","family":"Tr\u00f3golo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1301_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.025","volume":"39","author":"SJG Ahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahn SJG, Bailenson JN, Park D (2014) Short-and long-term effects of embodied experiences in immersive virtual environments on environmental locus of control and behavior. Comput Hum Behav 39:235\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.025","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"1301_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bader, M., Jobst, L. J., & Moshagen, M. (2022). Sample Size Requirements for Bifactor Models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 29(5), 772\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2021.2019587}","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2021.2019587"},{"key":"1301_CR3","unstructured":"Beat Games (2018) Beat Saber [videojuego]. Beat Games"},{"key":"1301_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2024.100505","volume":"16","author":"L Barei\u0161yt\u0117","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barei\u0161yt\u0117 L, Slatman S, Austin J, Rosema M, van Sintemaartensdijk I, Watson S, Bode C (2004) Questionnaires for evaluating virtual reality: a systematic scoping review. Comput Hum Behav Rep 16:100505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbr.2024.100505","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1301_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1302_2","volume":"3","author":"A Beauducel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beauducel A, Herzberg PY (2006) On the performance of maximum likelihood versus means and variance adjusted weighted least squares estimation in CFA. Struct Equ Model 3(2):186\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15328007sem1302_2","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"2","key":"1301_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","volume":"107","author":"PM Bentler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bentler PM (1990) Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 107(2):238\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1301_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22531\/muglajsci.882271","volume":"7","author":"M\u0130 Berkman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berkman M\u0130, \u00c7atak G (2021) I-group presence questionnaire: psychometrically revised English version. Mugla J Sci Technol 7:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22531\/muglajsci.882271","journal-title":"Mugla J Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1301_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x","volume":"78","author":"J Bethlehem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bethlehem J (2010) Selection bias in web surveys. Int Stat Rev 78(2):161\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x","journal-title":"Int Stat Rev"},{"key":"1301_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2007.257","volume":"40","author":"D Bowman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bowman D, McMahan RP (2007) Virtual reality: how much immersion is enough? Computer 40:36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2007.257","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"1301_CR10","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Testing structural equation models","author":"MW Browne","year":"1993","unstructured":"Browne MW, Cudeck R (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS (eds) Testing structural equation models. Sage, pp 136\u2013162"},{"key":"1301_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brunner, M., Nagy, G., & Wilhelm, O. (2012). A tutorial on hierarchically structured constructs. Journal of personality, 80(4), 796\u2013846.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00749.x}","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00749.x"},{"key":"1301_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315757421}","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315757421"},{"key":"1301_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v43i0.87605","volume":"43","author":"P Campo-Prieto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campo-Prieto P, Rodr\u00edguez-Fuentes G, Cancela-Carral JM (2022) Traducci\u00f3n y adaptaci\u00f3n transcultural al espa\u00f1ol del Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Retos 43:503\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47197\/retos.v43i0.87605","journal-title":"Retos"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.05.002","volume":"23","author":"P Carlbring","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carlbring P, Brunt S, Bohman S, Austin D, Richards J, \u00d6st LG, Andersson G (2007) Internet vs. paper and pencil administration of questionnaires commonly used in panic\/agoraphobia research. Comput Hum Behav 23(3):1421\u20131434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2005.05.002","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"1301_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.3390\/su15042924","volume":"15","author":"IL Chamusca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chamusca IL, Ferreira CV, Murari TB, Apolinario AL Jr, Winkler I (2023) Towards sustainable virtual reality: gathering design guidelines for intuitive authoring tools. Sustainability 15(4):2924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15042924","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00739.x","volume":"80","author":"FF Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen FF, Hayes A, Carver CS, Laurenceau JP, Zhang Z (2012) Modeling general and specific variance in multifaceted constructs: a comparison of the bifactor model to other approaches. J Pers 80(1):219\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2011.00739.x","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"issue":"2","key":"1301_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","volume":"19","author":"JJ Cummings","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cummings JJ, Bailenson JN (2016) How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media Psychol 19(2):272\u2013309","journal-title":"Media Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1301_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-009-9297-9","volume":"45","author":"E Davidov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Davidov E, Depner F (2011) Testing for measurement equivalence of human values across online and paper-and-pencil surveys. Qual Quant 45(2):375\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-009-9297-9","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1390394","volume":"25","author":"C DiStefano","year":"2018","unstructured":"DiStefano C, Liu J, Jiang N, Shi D (2018) Examination of the weighted root mean square residual: evidence for trustworthiness? Struct Equ Model 25(3):453\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2017.1390394","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"7","key":"1301_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211017635","volume":"29","author":"DM Dueber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dueber DM, Toland MD, Lingat JE, Love AM, Qiu C, Wu R, Brown AV (2022) To reverse item orientation or not to reverse item orientation, that is the question. Assessment 29(7):1422\u20131440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911211017635","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"1301_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Espinoza-Castro, K. E., Apolo-Buena\u00f1o, D. E., Espinoza-Castro, P. E., & Gaona-Pineda, J. S. (2025). Virtual Reality and Education: A Systematic Review of a Decade of Research in the Arts and Humanities Area of SCOPUS. Qualitative Research in Education, 14(2), 116\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17583\/qre.16336}","DOI":"10.17583\/qre.16336"},{"key":"1301_CR22","unstructured":"Farrell AM, Rudd JM (2009) Factor analysis and discriminant validity: a brief review of some practical issues. Presented at: Australia and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference (ANZMAC), Melbourne"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1921368","volume":"38","author":"WM Felton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Felton WM, Jackson RE (2021) Presence: a review. Int J Hum Comput Interact 38(1):1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2021.1921368","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.35670\/16674545.v18.n3.22221","volume":"18","author":"PE Flores Kanter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flores Kanter PE, Dominguez-Lara S, Trogolo MA, Medrano LA (2018) Best practices in the use of bifactor models: conceptual grounds, fit indices and complementary indicators. Evaluar 18(3):44\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35670\/16674545.v18.n3.22221","journal-title":"Evaluar"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res 18(1):39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224378101800104","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"1301_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gignac, G. E. (2016). The higher-order model imposes a proportionality constraint: That is why the bifactor model tends to fit better, Intelligence, 55, 57-68,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2016.01.006}","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2016.01.006"},{"key":"1301_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garner TA (2018) Echoes of other worlds: sound in virtual reality\u2014past, present and future. 1st ed. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-65708-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65708-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"1301_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3533377","volume":"55","author":"G Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves G, Coelho H, Monteiro P, Melo M, Bessa M (2023) Systematic review of comparative studies of the impact of realism in immersive virtual experiences. ACM Comput Surv 55(6):1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3533377","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR29","first-page":"57","volume":"5","author":"H Gonz\u00e1lez-Ordi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ordi H, Miguel-Tobal JJ (1999) Caracter\u00edsticas de la sugestionabilidad y su relaci\u00f3n con otras variables psicol\u00f3gicas. An Psicol 5(1):57\u201375","journal-title":"An Psicol"},{"key":"1301_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01604","volume":"11","author":"S Grassini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grassini S, Laumann K (2020) Are modern head-mounted displays sexist? A systematic review on gender differences in HMD-mediated virtual reality. Front Psychol 11:1604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01604","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1301_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2023.10.602","volume":"227","author":"A Gunawan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gunawan A, Wiranto N, Wu D (2023) Application of virtual reality in diverse fields of study in education sector: a systematic literature review. Procedia Comput Sci 227:948\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2023.10.602","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"1301_CR32","volume-title":"An\u00e1lisis Multivariante","author":"J Hair","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hair J, Anderson R, Tatham R, Black W (2010) An\u00e1lisis Multivariante, 5th edn. Prentice Hall, Madrid","edition":"5"},{"issue":"18","key":"1301_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811278","volume":"19","author":"A Hamad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamad A, Jia B (2022) How virtual reality technology has changed our lives: an overview of the current and potential applications and limitations. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(18):11278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811278","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"1301_CR34","first-page":"13095","volume":"12","author":"JL Higuera-Trujillo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Higuera-Trujillo JL, Llinares Mill\u00e1n C, Barranco Merino R (2022) The use of sense of presence in studies on human behavior in virtual environments: a systematic review. Appl Sci 12(24):13095","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1301_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424","volume":"3","author":"LT Hu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hu LT, Bentler PM (1998) Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychol Methods 3(4):424\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00563-3","volume":"26","author":"H Huygelier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huygelier H, Schraepen B, Neyens V (2022) Factors influencing presence and cybersickness in virtual reality: a review. Virtual Real 26(1):27\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00563-3","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"1301_CR37","unstructured":"Hyun J, Habuchi Y, Park A, Ishikawa T, Kourogi M, Kurata T (2010) Service-field simulator using MR techniques: behavior comparison in real and virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on artificial reality and telexistence (ICAT2010), pp 14\u201321"},{"key":"1301_CR38","unstructured":"Igroup Project Consortium (2024) Igroup presence questionnaire (IPQ) overview [Internet]. [cited 2024 May 5]. https:\/\/www.igroup.org\/pq\/ipq\/index.php"},{"key":"1301_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.12.006","volume":"71","author":"KM Ingram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ingram KM, Espelage DL, Merrin GJ, Valido A, Heinhorst J, Joyce M (2019) Evaluation of a virtual reality enhanced bullying prevention curriculum pilot trial. J Adolesc 71:72\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.12.006","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.56137","volume":"16","author":"CK Javvaji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Javvaji CK, Reddy H, Vagha JD, Taksande A, Kommareddy A, Reddy NS (2024) Immersive innovations: exploring the diverse applications of virtual reality (VR) in healthcare. Cureus 16(3):e56137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.56137","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1301_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jicol C, Clarke C, Tor E, Yip HL, Yoon J, Bevan C, Bowden H, Brann E, Cater K, Cole R, Deeley Q, Eidinow E, O\u2019Neill E, Lutteroth C, Proulx MJ (2023) Imagine that! Imaginative suggestibility affects presence in virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Article No. 397. Association for Computing Machinery, pp 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3544548.3581212","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581212"},{"key":"1301_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.693327","volume":"2","author":"S Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung S, Lindeman RW (2021) Perspective: Does realism improve presence in VR? Suggesting a model and metric for VR experience evaluation. Front Virtual Real 2:693327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2021.693327","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/21501378.2021.1940118","volume":"14","author":"MT Kalkbrenner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalkbrenner MT (2023) Alpha, omega, H internal consistency reliability estimates: reviewing these options and when to use them. Couns Outcome Res Eval 14(1):77\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21501378.2021.1940118","journal-title":"Couns Outcome Res Eval"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS, Lilienthal MG (1993) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3(3):203\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"1301_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kongsved, S. M., Basnov, M., Holm-Christensen, K., & Hjollund, N. H. (2007). Response rate and completeness of questionnaires: a randomized study of Internet versus paper-and-pencil versions. Journal of medical Internet research, 9(3), e25.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.9.3.e25}","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9.3.e25"},{"key":"1301_CR46","unstructured":"Krauss M, Scheuchenpflug R, Piechulla W, Zimmer A (2001) Measurement of presence in virtual environments. Experimentelle Psychologie im Spannungsfeld von Grundlagenforschung und Anwendung Proceedings, pp 358\u2013362"},{"issue":"2","key":"1301_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2010.02.003","volume":"112","author":"H Le","year":"2010","unstructured":"Le H, Schmidt FL, Harter JK, Lauver KJ (2010) The problem of empirical redundancy of constructs in organizational research: an empirical investigation. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 112(2):112\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.obhdp.2010.02.003","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","volume":"48","author":"CH Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li CH (2016) Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behav Res Methods 48(3):936\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"1301_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, X. P., Li, B. B., Yao, Z. N., Yang, Z., & Zhang, M. (2024). The impact of virtual reality on student engagement in the classroom-a critical review of the literature. Frontiers in psychology, 15, 1360574.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1360574}","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1360574"},{"key":"1301_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79685","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3084863","volume":"9","author":"M Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es M, Melo M, Bessa M, Coelho AF (2021) The relationship between cybersickness, sense of presence, the users\u2019 expectancy and perceived similarity between virtual and real places. IEEE Access 9:79685\u201379694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3084863","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1301_CR51","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Contemporary psychometrics: a festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald","author":"HW Marsh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marsh HW, Hau KT, Grayson D (2005) Goodness of fit in structural equation models. In: Maydeu-Olivares A, McArdle JJ (eds) Contemporary psychometrics: a festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, pp 275\u2013340"},{"key":"1301_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2017.11.00","volume":"71","author":"M Melo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Melo M, Vasconcelos-Raposo J, Bessa M (2017) Presence and cybersickness in immersive content: effects of content type, exposure time and gender. Comput Graph 71:159\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cag.2017.11.00","journal-title":"Comput Graph"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.961800","volume":"23","author":"AJS Morin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morin AJS, Arens AK, Marsh HW (2016) A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling framework for the identification of distinct sources of construct-relevant psychometric multidimensionality. Struct Equ Model 23(1):116\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2014.961800","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"1301_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.08.010","volume":"74","author":"N Morina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morina N, Ijntema H, Meyerbr\u00f6ker K, Emmelkamp PM (2015) Can virtual reality exposure therapy gains be generalized to real-life? A meta-analysis of studies applying behavioral assessments. Behav Res Ther 74:18\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2015.08.010","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1301_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nasser R. A method for social scientists to adapt instruments from one culture to another: The case of the Job Description Index. Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;1:232\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3844\/jssp.2005.232.237}","DOI":"10.3844\/jssp.2005.232.237"},{"issue":"9","key":"1301_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.01.017","volume":"117","author":"BS Oken","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oken BS, Salinsky MC, Elsas S (2006) Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement. Clin Neurophysiol 117(9):1885\u20131901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.01.017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR57","first-page":"27","volume":"3","author":"M Panahi-Shahri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Panahi-Shahri M, Fathi-Ashtiani A, Azad-Fallah P, Gh AM (2009) Reliability and validity of Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ). Int J Behav Med 3(1):27\u201334","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"1301_CR58","unstructured":"Robillard G, Bouchard S, Renaud P, Cournoyer LG (2002) Validation canadienne-fran\u00e7aise de deux mesures importantes en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 virtuelle: l\u2019Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire et le Presence Questionnaire. In: Proceedings of the 25i\u00e8me congr\u00e8s de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise pour la Recherche en Psychologie (SQRP); Trois-Rivi\u00e8res QC"},{"key":"1301_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.931955","volume":"13","author":"S R\u00f3zsa","year":"2022","unstructured":"R\u00f3zsa S, Hargitai R, L\u00e1ng A, Osv\u00e1th A, Hupuczi E, Tam\u00e1s I, K\u00e1llai J (2022) Measuring immersion, involvement, attention focusing tendencies in the mediated environment: the applicability of the Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire. Front Psychol 13:931955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.931955","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","volume":"10","author":"T Schubert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schubert T, Friedmann F, Regenbrecht H (2001) The experience of presence: factor analytic insights. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 10(3):266\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474601300343603","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"key":"1301_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.02.026","volume":"102","author":"DC Schwebel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwebel DC, McClure LA, Porter BE (2017) Experiential exposure to texting and walking in virtual reality: a randomized trial to reduce distracted pedestrian behavior. Accid Anal Prev 102:116\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2017.02.026","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1301_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322761270","volume":"12","author":"M Slater","year":"2003","unstructured":"Slater M (2003) A note on presence terminology. Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ 12(4):446\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474603322761270","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virtual Environ"},{"issue":"1535","key":"1301_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","volume":"364","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater M (2009) Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364(1535):3549\u20133557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"1301_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanney KM, Kennedy RS, Drexler JM (1997) Cybersickness is not simulator sickness. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting. vol 41, no 2. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, pp 1138\u201342","DOI":"10.1177\/107118139704100292"},{"issue":"15","key":"1301_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.14746\/HL.2022.15.10","volume":"1","author":"P Strojny","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strojny P, Lipp N, Strojny A (2022) Polish adaptation of the Igroup presence questionnaire. Homo Ludens 1(15):177\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14746\/HL.2022.15.10","journal-title":"Homo Ludens"},{"key":"1301_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2024.00001","volume":"5","author":"K Tcha-Tokey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tcha-Tokey K, Christmann O, Loup-Escande E, Richir S (2024) The presence of an avatar can reduce cybersickness in virtual reality. Front Virtual Real 5:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2024.00001","journal-title":"Front Virtual Real"},{"issue":"5","key":"1301_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3689046","volume":"31","author":"TQ Tran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tran TQ, Langlotz T, Young J, Schubert TW, Regenbrecht H (2024) Classifying presence scores: insights and analysis from two decades of the Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ). ACM Trans Comput-Hum Interact 31(5):1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3689046","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput-Hum Interact"},{"key":"1301_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.015","volume":"236","author":"LR Valmaggia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valmaggia LR, Latif L, Kempton MJ, Rus-Calafell M (2016) Virtual reality in the psychological treatment for mental health problems: a systematic review of recent evidence. Psychiatry Res 236:189\u2013195","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00261","volume":"25","author":"J Vasconcelos-Raposo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vasconcelos-Raposo J, Bessa M, Melo M, Barbosa L, Rodrigues R, Teixeira CM et al (2016) Adaptation and validation of the Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) in a Portuguese sample. Presence Teleop Virt 25(3):191\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/PRES_a_00261","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt"},{"key":"1301_CR70","unstructured":"Viaud-Delmo I (2024) Igroup presence questionnaire (IPQ) item download [Internet]. [cited 2024]. http:\/\/www.igroup.org\/pq\/ipq\/IPQinstructionsFr.doc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1301_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-009-0141-9","volume":"14","author":"HS Wallach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wallach HS, Safir MP, Samana R (2010) Personality variables and presence. Virtual Real 14(1):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-009-0141-9","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"issue":"4","key":"1301_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164404272494","volume":"65","author":"M Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang M, Russell SS (2005) Measurement equivalence of the Job Descriptive Index across Chinese and American workers: results from confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. Educ Psychol Meas 65(4):709\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164404272494","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"1301_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.628298","volume":"12","author":"S Weber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weber S, Weibel D, Mast FW (2021) How to get there when you are there already? Defining presence in virtual reality and the importance of perceived realism. Front Psychol 12:628298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.628298","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1301_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158","volume":"10","author":"S Weech","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weech S, Kenny S, Barnett-Cowan M (2019) Presence and cybersickness in virtual reality are negatively related: a review. Front Psychol 10:158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2010.02.004","volume":"27","author":"B Weijters","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weijters B, Cabooter E, Schillewaert N (2010) The effect of rating scale format on response styles: the number of response categories and response category labels. Int J Res Mark 27(3):236\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2010.02.004","journal-title":"Int J Res Mark"},{"key":"1301_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cexr.2024.100064","volume":"4","author":"A Wiepke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wiepke A, Heinemann B (2024) A systematic literature review on user factors to support the sense of presence in virtual reality learning environments. Comput Educ X Real 4:100064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cexr.2024.100064","journal-title":"Comput Educ X Real"},{"key":"1301_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weibel, D., Wissmath, B., & Mast, F. W. (2010). Immersion in mediated environments: the role of personality traits. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 13(3), 251\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2009.0171}","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0171"},{"key":"1301_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilkinson M, Brantley S, Feng J (2021) A mini review of presence and immersion in virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society-annual meeting. vol 65, no 1, SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, pp 1099\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071181321651148","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181321651148"},{"issue":"3","key":"1301_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","volume":"7","author":"BG Witmer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Witmer BG, Singer MJ (1998) Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire. Presence 7(3):225\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474698565686","journal-title":"Presence"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01301-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01301-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01301-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:55:57Z","timestamp":1772272557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01301-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01301-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"49"}}