{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T12:57:53Z","timestamp":1772283473035,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204909\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204909\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP6253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP6253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01307-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:34:22Z","timestamp":1768804462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction-based attention computing: a proof of concept study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Vine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Buckingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Brosnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1307_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48754","volume":"25","author":"A Abd-Alrazaq","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abd-Alrazaq A, AlSaad R, Harfouche M, Aziz S, Ahmed A, Damseh R, Sheikh J (2023) Wearable artificial intelligence for detecting anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 25:e48754","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"1307_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.09.017","volume":"145","author":"T Arthur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arthur T, Harris D (2021) Predictive eye movements are adjusted in a Bayes-optimal fashion in response to unexpectedly changing environmental probabilities. Cortex 145:212\u2013225","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"9","key":"1307_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05586-z","volume":"237","author":"T Arthur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arthur T, Vine S, Brosnan M, Buckingham G (2019) Exploring how material cues drive sensorimotor prediction across different levels of autistic-like traits. Exp Brain Res 237(9):9","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"20377","key":"1307_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99864-y","volume":"11","author":"T Arthur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arthur T, Harris D, Buckingham G, Brosnan M, Wilson M, Williams G, Vine S (2021) An examination of active inference in autistic adults using immersive virtual reality. Sci Rep 11(20377):20377","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"1307_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05718-5","volume":"53","author":"T Arthur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arthur T, Brosnan M, Harris D, Buckingham G, Wilson M, Williams G, Vine S (2023) Investigating how explicit contextual cues affect predictive sensorimotor control in autistic adults. J Autism Dev Disord 53(11):4368\u20134381","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1307_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.24.6.4","volume":"24","author":"T Arthur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arthur T, Vine S, Wilson M, Harris D (2024) The role of prediction and visual tracking strategies during manual interception: an exploration of individual differences. J vis 24(6):4","journal-title":"J vis"},{"key":"1307_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005653411471","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E (2001) The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism, malesand females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1005653411471","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1307_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/16.5.9","volume":"16","author":"VR Bejjanki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bejjanki VR, Knill DC, Aslin RN (2016) Learning and inference using complex generative models in a spatial localization task. J vis 16(5):5","journal-title":"J vis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1307_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809667106","volume":"106","author":"TA Bekinschtein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bekinschtein TA, Dehaene S, Rohaut B, Tadel F, Cohen L, Naccache L (2009) Neural signature of the conscious processing of auditory regularities. PNAS 106(5):5","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"1307_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bontchev B, Vassileva D (2016) Assessing engagement in an emotionally-adaptive applied game, pp 747\u2013754","DOI":"10.1145\/3012430.3012602"},{"issue":"17","key":"1307_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1778351","volume":"36","author":"E Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang E, Kim HT, Yoo B (2020) Virtual reality sickness: a review of causes and measurements. Int J Hum Comput Interact 36(17):1658\u20131682","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"1307_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","volume":"36","author":"A Clark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clark A (2013) Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behav Brain Sci 36(3):3","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1307_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.05.004","volume":"10","author":"AC Courville","year":"2006","unstructured":"Courville AC, Daw ND, Touretzky DS (2006) Bayesian theories of conditioning in a changing world. Trends Cogn Sci 10(7):294\u2013300","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1307_CR14","volume":"30","author":"HE den Ou","year":"2010","unstructured":"den Ou HE, Daunizeau J, Roiser J, Friston KJ, Stephan KE (2010) Striatal prediction error modulates cortical coupling. J Neurosci 30(9):9","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1307_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2025.102856","volume":"79","author":"J Deng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deng J, Wang H, Zhang L, Fu T, Liu D, Xu C, Zhu Y (2025) The effect of acute physical fatigue on gaze behavior during tennis players\u2019 service return. Psychol Sport Exerc 79:102856","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"1307_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2024.1341750","volume":"18","author":"J Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","unstructured":"Engstr\u00f6m J, Wei R, McDonald AD, Garcia A, O\u2019Kelly M, Johnson L (2024) Resolving uncertainty on the fly: modeling adaptive driving behavior as active inference. Front Neurorobot 18:1341750","journal-title":"Front Neurorobot"},{"issue":"10","key":"1307_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu149","volume":"25","author":"MP Ewbank","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ewbank MP, Rhodes G, von dem Hagen EA, Powell TE, Bright N, Stoyanova RS, Baron-Cohen S, Calder AJ (2014) Repetition suppression in ventral visual cortex is diminished as a function of increasing autistic traits. Cereb Cortex 25(10):10","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"1307_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39:175\u2013191","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"1307_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051789","volume":"22","author":"C Filippini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Filippini C, Di Crosta A, Palumbo R, Perpetuini D, Cardone D, Ceccato I, Di Domenico A, Merla A (2022) Automated affective computing based on bio-signals analysis and deep learning approach. Sensors 22(5):5","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"1307_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00622.2019","volume":"123","author":"J Fooken","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fooken J, Spering M (2020) Eye movements as a readout of sensorimotor decision processes. J Neurophysiol 123(4):4","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1307_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.680811","volume":"12","author":"S Fr\u00e4ssle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fr\u00e4ssle S, Aponte EA, Bollmann S, Brodersen KH, Do CT, Harrison OK, Harrison SJ, Heinzle J, Iglesias S, Kasper L (2021) TAPAS: an open-source software package for translational neuromodeling and computational psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 12:680811","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1307_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787","volume":"11","author":"K Friston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Friston K (2010) The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nat Rev Neurosci 11(2):2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1307_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.018","volume":"72","author":"K Friston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Friston K (2011) What is optimal about motor control? Neuron 72(3):3","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1307_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0300","volume":"364","author":"K Friston","year":"2009","unstructured":"Friston K, Kiebel S (2009) Predictive coding under the free-energy principle. Philos Trans Roy Soc B Biol Sci 364:1521","journal-title":"Philos Trans Roy Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"1307_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"100","author":"K Friston","year":"2006","unstructured":"Friston K, Kilner J, Harrison L (2006) A free energy principle for the brain. J Physiol 100:1\u20133","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1307_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.022","volume":"68","author":"K Friston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Friston K, FitzGerald T, Rigoli F, Schwartenbeck P, Pezzulo G (2016) Active inference and learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 68:862\u2013879","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1307_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195573","volume":"20","author":"M Gholami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gholami M, Napier C, Pati\u00f1o AG, Cuthbert TJ, Menon C (2020) Fatigue monitoring in running using flexible textile wearable sensors. Sensors 20:19","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1307_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girardi D, Lanubile F, Novielli N (2017) Emotion detection using noninvasive low cost sensors, pp 125\u2013130","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2017.8273589"},{"key":"1307_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00107","volume":"7","author":"H Haker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haker H, Schneebeli M, Stephan KE (2016) Can Bayesian theories of autism spectrum disorder help improve clinical practice? Front Psychiatry 7:107","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"1307_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05642-8","volume":"237","author":"D Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris D, Buckingham G, Wilson MR, Vine SJ (2019) Virtually the same? How impaired sensory information in virtual reality may disrupt vision for action. Exp Brain Res 237(11):11","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1307_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26544-w","volume":"12","author":"D Harris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harris D, Arthur T, Vine S, Liu J, Abd Rahman H, Han F, Wilson M (2022) Task-evoked pupillary responses track precision-weighted prediction errors and learning rate during interceptive visuomotor actions. Sci Rep 12(1):65","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1307_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/24721840.2023.2195428","volume":"33","author":"D Harris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harris D, Arthur T, de Burgh T, Duxbury M, Lockett-Kirk R, McBarnett W, Vine S (2023a) Assessing expertise using eye tracking in a virtual reality flight simulation. Int J Aerospace Psychol 33(3):153\u2013173","journal-title":"Int J Aerospace Psychol"},{"key":"1307_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1182269","volume":"14","author":"D Harris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harris D, Arthur T, Vine S, Rahman HRA, Liu J, Han F, Wilson MR (2023b) The effect of performance pressure and error-feedback on anxiety and performance in an interceptive task. Front Psychol 14:1182269","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1307_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s42113-023-00190-5","volume":"7","author":"D Harris","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harris D, Vine S, Wilson M, Arthur T (2024) The relationship between environmental statistics and predictive gaze behaviour during a manual interception task: eye movements as active inference. Comput Brain Behav 7:225\u2013241","journal-title":"Comput Brain Behav"},{"key":"1307_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harris D, Arthur T (2025) Hidden state inference or continuous belief updating during a dynamic visuomotor skill. PsyArXiv [preprint]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/2sgbv_v1","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/2sgbv_v1"},{"key":"1307_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harris D, Vine S, Wilson M, Arthur T (2022) The design and development of a virtual environment to measure eye movement indicators of prediction: report on pilot testing. PsyArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/83t9q","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/83t9q"},{"key":"1307_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harris D, Arthur T, Wilson M, Vine S (2023) Eye tracking for affective computing in virtual reality healthcare applications, pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/pd243","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/pd243"},{"key":"1307_CR38","first-page":"105473","volume":"8","author":"R Hodson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hodson R, Mehta M, Smith R (2023) The empirical status of predictive coding and active inference. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8:105473","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1307_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.03.005","volume":"24","author":"S Joshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joshi S, Gold JI (2020) Pupil size as a window on neural substrates of cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 24(6):466\u2013480","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1307_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34115","volume":"7","author":"P Karvelis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karvelis P, Seitz AR, Lawrie SM, Seri\u00e8s P (2018) Autistic traits, but not schizotypy, predict increased weighting of sensory information in Bayesian visual integration. Elife 7:e34115","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1307_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"R Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy R, Lane N, Berbaum K, Lilienthal M (1993) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3:203\u2013220","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"1307_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000943","volume":"2","author":"KP K\u00f6rding","year":"2007","unstructured":"K\u00f6rding KP, Beierholm U, Ma W, Quartz S, Tenenbaum JB, Shams L (2007) Causal inference in multisensory perception. PLoS ONE 2:9","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1307_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214869110","volume":"110","author":"O-S Kwon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kwon O-S, Knill DC (2013) The brain uses adaptive internal models of scene statistics for sensorimotor estimation and planning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:11","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"1307_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00566-0","volume":"5","author":"K Lam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lam K, Chen J, Wang Z, Iqbal FM, Darzi A, Lo B, Purkayastha S, Kinross JM (2022) Machine learning for technical skill assessment in surgery: A systematic review. NPJ Digit Med 5(1):654","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"1307_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4615","author":"RP Lawson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lawson RP, Mathys C, Rees G (2017) Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment. Nat Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.4615","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1307_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.043","author":"RP Lawson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lawson RP, Bisby J, Nord CL, Burgess N, Rees G (2021) The computational, pharmacological, and physiological determinants of sensory learning under uncertainty. Curr Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.043","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"1307_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.725625","volume":"3","author":"M Loiseau-Taupin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loiseau-Taupin M, Ruffault A, Slawinski J, Delabarre L, Bayle D (2021) Effects of acute physical fatigue on gaze behavior and performance during a badminton game. Front Sports Act Living 3:725625","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"1307_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000512166","author":"H Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo H, Lee P-A, Clay I, Jaggi M, De Luca V (2020) Assessment of fatigue using wearable sensors: a pilot study. Digit Biomark. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000512166","journal-title":"Digit Biomark"},{"issue":"1","key":"1307_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1186\/s40708-023-00199-3","volume":"10","author":"B Maiseli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maiseli B, Abdalla A, Massawe L, Mbise M, Mkocha K et al (2023) Brain\u2013computer interface: trend, challenges, and threats. Brain Informatics 10(1):754","journal-title":"Brain Informatics"},{"key":"1307_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00039","volume":"5","author":"C Mathys","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mathys C, Daunizeau J, Friston K, Stephan K (2011) A Bayesian foundation for individual learning under uncertainty. Front Hum Neurosci 5:39\u201359","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1307_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00825","volume":"8","author":"C Mathys","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mathys C, Lomakina E, Daunizeau J, Iglesias S, Brodersen K et al (2014) Uncertainty in perception and the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter. Front Hum Neurosci 8:825","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1307_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3201_1","volume":"32","author":"RE Mayer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mayer RE (1997) Multimedia learning: are we asking the right questions? Educ Psychol 32(1):1\u201319","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"1307_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811678","volume-title":"Multimedia learning","author":"RE Mayer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mayer RE (2009) Multimedia learning, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511811678","edition":"2"},{"key":"1307_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0822-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"MR Nassar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nassar MR, Wilson RC, Heasly B, Gold JI (2010) An approximately Bayesian delta-rule model explains the dynamics of belief updating in a changing environment. J Neurosci 30:37","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1307_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669517708205","author":"DC Niehorster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Niehorster DC, Li L, Lappe M (2017) The accuracy and precision of position and orientation tracking in the HTC vive virtual reality system for scientific research. I-Perception. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2041669517708205","journal-title":"I-Perception"},{"key":"1307_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108174","volume":"165","author":"M Noordewier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noordewier M, Scheepers D, Stins J, Hagenaars M (2021) On the physiology of interruption after unexpectedness. Biol Psychol 165:108174","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"1307_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-019-00805-w","author":"T Parr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parr T, Friston K (2019) Generalised free energy and active inference. Biol Cybern. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00422-019-00805-w","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"1307_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007438","author":"C Pasturel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pasturel C, Montagnini A, Perrinet L (2020) Humans adapt their anticipatory eye movements to the volatility of visual motion properties. PLoS Comput Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007438","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"1307_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104598","volume":"210","author":"K Perrykkad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perrykkad K, Lawson R, Jamadar S, Hohwy J (2021) The effect of uncertainty on prediction error in the action perception loop. Cognition 210:104598","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1307_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajavenkatanarayanan A, Babu AR, Tsiakas K, Makedon F (2018) Monitoring task engagement using facial expressions and body postures, pp 103\u2013108","DOI":"10.1145\/3191801.3191816"},{"key":"1307_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-016-0390-2","volume":"18","author":"A Rankin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rankin A, Woltjer R, Field J (2016) Sensemaking following surprise in the cockpit\u2014a re-framing problem. Cogn Tech Work 18:623\u2013642","journal-title":"Cogn Tech Work"},{"key":"1307_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2011.05118","author":"H Rela\u00f1o-Iborra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rela\u00f1o-Iborra H, B\u00e6kgaard P (2020) PUPILS pipeline: a flexible Matlab toolbox for eyetracking and pupillometry data processing. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2011.05118","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"1307_CR63","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Classical conditioning II: current research and theory","author":"RA Rescorla","year":"1972","unstructured":"Rescorla RA, Wagner AR (1972) Classical conditioning II: current research and theory. In: Black AH, Prokasy WF (eds) Classical conditioning II: current research and theory. Appleton-Century Crofts, pp 64\u201399"},{"key":"1307_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.065","volume":"84","author":"L Rigoux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rigoux L, Stephan K, Friston KJ, Daunizeau J (2014) Bayesian model selection for group studies-revisited. Neuroimage 84:971\u2013985","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"1307_CR65","first-page":"654","volume":"6","author":"E Ruzich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruzich E, Allison C, Smith P, Watson P, Auyeung B et al (2015) Measuring autistic traits in the general population: a systematic review of the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) in a nonclinical population sample of 6,900 typical adult males and females. Mol Autism 6(2):654","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"1307_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00470-6","volume":"12","author":"L-A Sapey-Triomphe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sapey-Triomphe L-A, Temmerman J, Puts NA, Wagemans J (2021) Prediction learning in adults with autism and its molecular correlates. Mol Autism 12:1\u201317","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"1307_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.09.004","author":"S Shipp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shipp S, Adams R, Friston K (2013) Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor cortex. Trends Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2013.09.004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1307_CR68","first-page":"193","volume":"40","author":"M Slater","year":"2009","unstructured":"Slater M, Lotto B, Arnold MM, Sanchez-Vives MV (2009) How we experience immersive virtual environments: the concept of presence and its measurement. An Psicol 40(2):193\u2013210","journal-title":"An Psicol"},{"key":"1307_CR69","unstructured":"Sutton RS (1992) Gain adaptation beats least squares, pp 161\u201366"},{"key":"1307_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6525-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"T Verstynen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verstynen T, Sabes PN (2011) How each movement changes the next: an experimental and theoretical study of fast adaptive priors in reaching. J Neurosci 31:27","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1307_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117807108","volume":"108","author":"C Wacongne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wacongne C, Labyt E, Van Wassenhove V, Bekinschtein T, Naccache L, Dehaene S (2011) Evidence for a hierarchy of predictions and prediction errors in human cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:51","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1307_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.02.001","volume":"43","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Ji Q, Zhou C (2019) Effect of prior cues on action anticipation in soccer goalkeepers. Psychol Sport Exerc 43:137\u2013143","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1307_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605323384654","volume":"14","author":"B Witmer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Witmer B, Jerome C, Singer M (2005) The factor structure of the presence questionnaire. Presence Teleoper Virt Environ 14(3):298\u2013312","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper Virt Environ"},{"key":"1307_CR74","first-page":"1","volume":"269","author":"DH Wolpert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wolpert DH (2000) The bayesian and computational learning theories. NASA Ames Res Cent 269:1\u201313","journal-title":"NASA Ames Res Cent"},{"issue":"1","key":"1307_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2012.723728","volume":"6","author":"G Wulf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wulf G (2013) Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 6(1):77\u2013104","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"1307_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00059","volume":"4","author":"A Wykowska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wykowska A, Anderl C, Schub\u00f6 A, Hommel B (2013) Motivation modulates visual attention: evidence from pupillometry. Front Psychol 4:59","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1307_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00434-w","volume":"24","author":"M Zahabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zahabi M, Razak A, Mohammed A (2020) Adaptive virtual reality-based training: a systematic literature review and framework. Virtual Reality 24(4):654","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01307-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01307-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01307-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T12:03:09Z","timestamp":1772280189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01307-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-025-01307-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This study received approval from both the Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences ethics committee at the University of Exeter (UK) and the Department of Psychology ethics committee at the University of Bath (UK). Informed consent was obtained from all participants, in line with British Psychological Society guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent"}}],"article-number":"44"}}