{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T05:48:58Z","timestamp":1782107338306,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Arctic regions are undergoing rapid environmental change, with thawing permafrost threatening infrastructure and complicating operations in extreme cold environments. Understanding these complex landscapes requires new approaches to geospatial data interaction that go beyond traditional 2D tools. The Arctic Data Visualization Environment (ADVE) is an immersive extended reality platform designed to support intuitive exploration of Arctic Digital Twins. Built on Cesium virtual globe technology and Unreal Engine 5.2, ADVE integrates motion tracking, eye-tracking headsets, and a VR treadmill to enable immersive interaction with real-world geospatial datasets. This paper presents the architecture of ADVE and its evaluation through a pilot user study. Participants explored virtual twins of two locations in Nome, Alaska and provided feedback via both closed- and open-ended questions, which were analyzed to guide iterative system improvements. Findings indicate generally positive usability and presence outcomes, while also revealing constraints related to physiological realism. This work lays the foundation for future studies examining the potential of XR-based geospatial data exploration in educational and training contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-026-01365-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T14:03:41Z","timestamp":1775225021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Creation and evaluation of the arctic data visualization environment: an XR system for geospatial data exploration in Cesium"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Xudong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walker","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Bergstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheridan","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Traver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Pasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1365_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549718757039","volume":"95","author":"IJ Akpan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akpan IJ, Shanker M (2019) A comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of virtual reality, 3D visualization and 2D visual interactive simulation: an exploratory meta-analysis. SIMULATION 95(2):145\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549718757039 (https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549718757039)","journal-title":"SIMULATION"},{"key":"1365_CR2","first-page":"54","volume":"2018","author":"B An","year":"2018","unstructured":"An B, Matteo F, Epstein M et al (2018) Comparing the performance of an immersive virtual reality and traditional desktop cultural game. CHIRA 2018:54\u201361","journal-title":"CHIRA"},{"key":"1365_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Angel-Urdinola DF, Castillo-Castro C, Hoyos A (2021) Meta-analysis assessing the effects of virtual reality training on student learning and skills development. Policy Res Work Papers The World Bank, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-9587","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-9587"},{"issue":"1","key":"1365_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-016-0002-y","volume":"1","author":"K Atit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atit K, Weisberg SM, Newcombe NS et al (2016) Learning to interpret topographic maps: understanding layered spatial information. Cognit Res Principles Implications 1(1):2","journal-title":"Cognit Res Principles Implications"},{"issue":"10","key":"1365_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275119","volume":"17","author":"RCA Barrett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barrett RCA, Poe R, O\u2019Camb JW et al (2022) Comparing virtual reality, desktop-based 3D, and 2D versions of a category learning experiment. PLoS ONE 17(10):e0275119","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"1365_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3023567","volume":"26","author":"V Biener","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biener V, Schneider D, Gesslein T et al (2020) Breaking the screen: interaction across touchscreen boundaries in virtual reality for mobile knowledge workers. IEEE Transac Visu Comput Graph 26(12):3490\u20133502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3023567","journal-title":"IEEE Transac Visu Comput Graph"},{"issue":"10","key":"1365_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0258103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258103","volume":"16","author":"A Bueckle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bueckle A, Buehling K, Shih PC et al (2021) 3D virtual reality vs. 2D desktop registration user interface comparison. PLoS ONE 16(10):e0258103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258103","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1365_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cannav\u00f2 A, D\u2019Alessandro A, Maglione D, et\u00a0al (2020) Automatic generation of affective 3D virtual environments from 2D images:. In: Proceedings of the 15th international joint conference on computer vision, imaging and computer graphics theory and applications. SCITEPRESS\u2014Science and Technology Publications, Valletta, Malta, pp 113\u2013124, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0008951301130124, http:\/\/www.scitepress.org\/DigitalLibrary\/Link.aspx?doi=10.5220\/0008951301130124","DOI":"10.5220\/0008951301130124"},{"key":"1365_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chakraborty S, Kane A, Gagnon H, et\u00a0al (2024) Comparative effectiveness of an omnidirectional treadmill versus natural walking for navigating in virtual environments. In: ACM Symposium on applied perception 2024. ACM, Dublin Ireland, pp 1\u201310, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3675231.3675243, https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3675231.3675243","DOI":"10.1145\/3675231.3675243"},{"key":"1365_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen W, Cao Y, Qin Y, et\u00a0al (2023) Real-time super-resolution: a new mechanism for XR over 5G-advanced. In: 2023 IEEE Wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC). IEEE, Glasgow, United Kingdom, pp 1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WCNC55385.2023.10118858, https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10118858\/","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC55385.2023.10118858"},{"issue":"9","key":"1365_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2234","volume":"7","author":"J Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cohen J, Screen JA, Furtado JC et al (2014) Recent arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather. Nat Geosci 7(9):627\u2013637","journal-title":"Nat Geosci"},{"key":"1365_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crofton-Sleigh L, Beams B (eds) (2024) Past and future presence: approaches for Implementing XR technology in humanities and art education. Amherst College Press, Amherst, Massachusetts","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.14371789"},{"key":"1365_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deering M (1992) High resolution virtual reality. Comput Graph 26(2)","DOI":"10.1145\/142920.134039"},{"key":"1365_CR14","unstructured":"Development CoVRR, , Board CSaT, et\u00a0al (1994) Virtual reality: scientific and technological challenges. National Academies Press, google-Books-ID: L2xOAgAAQBAJ"},{"key":"1365_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00026","author":"J Diemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diemer J, Alpers GW, Peperkorn HM et al (2015) The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00026","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1365_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donalek C, Djorgovski SG, Cioc A, et\u00a0al (2014) Immersive and collaborative data visualization using virtual reality platforms. In: 2014 IEEE International conference on big data (big data). IEEE, pp 609\u2013614, https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/7004282\/","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2014.7004282"},{"key":"1365_CR17","unstructured":"Epic Games (n.d.) VR Template in Unreal Engine | Unreal Engine 5.6 Documentation | Epic Developer Community. https:\/\/dev.epicgames.com\/documentation\/en-us\/unreal-engine\/vr-template-in-unreal-engine"},{"key":"1365_CR18","unstructured":"Falconsai (2024) Fine-tuned t5 small for text summarization. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/Falconsai\/text_summarization"},{"issue":"5","key":"1365_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2018.05.009","volume":"61","author":"M Farshid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farshid M, Paschen J, Eriksson T et al (2018) Go boldly! Bus Horiz 61(5):657\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2018.05.009 (https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000768131830079X)","journal-title":"Bus Horiz"},{"key":"1365_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2025.100927","author":"N Fija\u010dko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko N, Metli\u010dar \u0160, Jan\u017eekovi\u010d B et al (2025) Extended reality technologies in adult basic life support education: a scoping review. Resuscitation Plus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resplu.2025.100927","journal-title":"Resuscitation Plus"},{"issue":"6","key":"1365_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.735","volume":"12","author":"JD Ford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ford JD, Pearce T, Canosa IV et al (2021) The rapidly changing Arctic and its societal implications. WIREs Clim Change 12(6):e735","journal-title":"WIREs Clim Change"},{"key":"1365_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg D, Dubey N, Goel P, et\u00a0al (2024) Improvisation in Spinal Surgery Using AR (Augmented Reality), MR (Mixed Reality), and VR (Virtual Reality). In: RAiSE-2023. MDPI, p 186, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/engproc2023059186, https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4591\/59\/1\/186","DOI":"10.3390\/engproc2023059186"},{"key":"1365_CR23","unstructured":"Gates WL, Mitchell JF, Boer G, et\u00a0al (1992) Climate modelling, climate prediction and model validation. Climate change 1992: The y report to the IPCC scientific assessment 97:134"},{"key":"1365_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89150","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3089946","volume":"9","author":"G Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves G, Monteiro P, Coelho H et al (2021) Systematic review on realism research methodologies on immersive virtual, augmented and mixed realities. IEEE Access 9:89150\u201389161","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"1365_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3533377","volume":"55","author":"G Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves G, Coelho H, Monteiro P et al (2022) Systematic review of comparative studies of the impact of realism in immersive virtual experiences. ACM Comput Surv 55(6):1\u201336","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"10","key":"1365_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3136-6","volume":"72","author":"C Helbig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Helbig C, Bauer HS, Rink K et al (2014) Concept and workflow for 3D visualization of atmospheric data in a virtual reality environment for analytical approaches. Environ Earth Sci 72(10):3767\u20133780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12665-014-3136-6 (http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12665-014-3136-6)","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1365_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-021-00247-8","volume":"3","author":"J Hjort","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hjort J, Streletskiy D, Dor\u00e9 G et al (2022) Impacts of permafrost degradation on infrastructure. Nat Rev Earth Environ 3(1):24\u201338","journal-title":"Nat Rev Earth Environ"},{"key":"1365_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137053","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3338176","volume":"11","author":"M Hmoud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hmoud M, Swaity H, Karram O et al (2023) High School Students\u2019 Engagement in Biology in the Context of XR Technology. IEEE Access 11:137053\u2013137066","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1365_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2020.100352","volume":"34","author":"K Hooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hooks K, Ferguson W, Morillo P et al (2020) Evaluating the user experience of omnidirectional VR walking simulators. Entertain Comput 34:100352","journal-title":"Entertain Comput"},{"key":"1365_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"2025","author":"RK Horota","year":"2025","unstructured":"Horota RK, Eide CH, Senger K et al (2025) Digital field representations as a holistic approach to experiential learning in high arctic geoscience field education. EGUsphere 2025:1\u201326","journal-title":"EGUsphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"1365_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1017\/dsi.2019.198","volume":"1","author":"N Horvat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horvat N, \u0160kec S, Martinec T et al (2019) Comparing virtual reality and desktop interface for reviewing 3D CAD models. Proc Design Soc Int Conf Eng Design 1(1):1923\u20131932","journal-title":"Proc Design Soc Int Conf Eng Design"},{"key":"1365_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob RJ, Girouard A, Hirshfield LM, et\u00a0al (2008) Reality-based interaction: a framework for post-wimp interfaces. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp 201\u2013210","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357089"},{"issue":"8","key":"1365_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3997\/1365-2397.fb2025060","volume":"43","author":"D Kramer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kramer D, Jonassen MO, Senger K et al (2025) The use of gaming and geodata visualisation in preparation for high arctic research fieldwork. First Break 43(8):31\u201337","journal-title":"First Break"},{"issue":"1","key":"1365_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0346-3","volume":"23","author":"E Krokos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krokos E, Plaisant C, Varshney A (2019) Virtual memory palaces: immersion aids recall. Virtual Reality 23(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-018-0346-3","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"1365_CR35","unstructured":"Kurtz A (2025) Und, partners lead arctic research supercomputing initiative. https:\/\/blogs.und.edu\/und-today\/2025\/07\/und-partners-lead-arctic-research-supercomputing-initiative\/, published in College of Arts & Sciences, Discovery"},{"key":"1365_CR36","unstructured":"Laha B, Bowman DA (2012) Identifying the benefits of immersion in virtual reality for volume data visualization. In: Immersive visualization revisited workshop of the IEEE VR conference. Citeseer, pp 1\u20132, https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=318943f1865bad0e25f6a7746ce657ac9bb2ee06"},{"issue":"2","key":"1365_CR37","first-page":"1095","volume":"27","author":"D Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown D, Lee B, Lee B et al (2020) Data visceralization: enabling deeper understanding of data using virtual reality. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph 27(2):1095\u20131105","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graph"},{"key":"1365_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leggett H, Bergstrom A, Kuhlke O, et\u00a0al (2025) A Permafrost Tunnel Digital Twin: Web3D Applications for Infrastructure Visualization and Arctic Research. In: Proceedings of the 30th international conference on 3d web technology. ACM, Siena Italy, pp 1\u20134, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3746237.3746291, https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3746237.3746291","DOI":"10.1145\/3746237.3746291"},{"key":"1365_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li M, Houwing D, Albayrak A, et\u00a0al (2023) Mapping XR Platforms: analyzing immersion from the designer\u2019s perspective. In: Kurosu M, Hashizume A (eds) Human-computer interaction. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, pp 450\u2013464, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-35602-5_32","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35602-5_32"},{"key":"1365_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liang J, Shaw C, Green M (1991) On temporal-spatial realism in the virtual reality environment. In: Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology\u2014UIST \u201991. ACM Press, Hilton Head, South Carolina, United States, pp 19\u201325https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/120782.120784, http:\/\/portal.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=120782.120784","DOI":"10.1145\/120782.120784"},{"key":"1365_CR41","unstructured":"Liljedahl AK, Jones BM, Brubaker M, et\u00a0al (2019) Permafrost Discovery Gateway: A web platform to enable discovery and knowledge-generation of permafrost Big Imagery products. In: EPIC3AGU fall meeting 2019, San Francisco, USA, 2019-12-09-2019-12-13San Francisco, USA, AGU. AGU, San Francisco, USA, https:\/\/epic.awi.de\/id\/eprint\/50806\/"},{"key":"1365_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lipp N, Sterna R, Du\u017cma\u0144ska-Misiarczyk N, et\u00a0al (2021-12-21) VR realism scale\u2014revalidation of contemporary VR headsets on a polish sample. PLOS ONE 16(12):e0261507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261507, https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261507","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261507"},{"issue":"2","key":"1365_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5194\/gh-71-121-2016","volume":"71","author":"R Luethi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luethi R, Phillips M (2016) Challenges and solutions for long-term permafrost borehole temperature monitoring and data interpretation. Geographica Helvetica 71(2):121\u2013131","journal-title":"Geographica Helvetica"},{"issue":"1","key":"1365_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/mti3010009","volume":"3","author":"M L\u00fctjens","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00fctjens M, Kersten T, Dorschel B et al (2019) Virtual reality in cartography: immersive 3D visualization of the arctic Clyde inlet (Canada) using digital elevation models and bathymetric data. Multimod Technol Interact 3(1):9","journal-title":"Multimod Technol Interact"},{"key":"1365_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","volume":"60","author":"G Makransky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makransky G, Terkildsen TS, Mayer RE (2019) Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning. Learn Instr 60:225\u2013236","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"issue":"12","key":"1365_CR46","first-page":"1321","volume":"77","author":"P Milgram","year":"1994","unstructured":"Milgram P, Kishino F (1994) A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE Trans Inf Syst 77(12):1321\u20131329","journal-title":"IEICE Trans Inf Syst"},{"key":"1365_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Millais P, Jones SL, Kelly R (2018) Exploring Data in Virtual Reality: Comparisons with 2D Data Visualizations. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, Montreal QC Canada, pp 1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3170427.3188537,","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3188537"},{"key":"1365_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misiak M, Fuhrmann A, Latoschik ME (2021) Impostor-based rendering acceleration for virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology, pp 1\u201310","DOI":"10.1145\/3489849.3489865"},{"key":"1365_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitaritonna A, Ab\u00e1solo MJ, Montero F (2020) An augmented reality-based software architecture to support military situational awareness. In: 2020 International conference on electrical, communication, and computer engineering (ICECCE). IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCE49384.2020.9179187"},{"key":"1365_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mook A (2019) Virtual reality based environment for immersive, hands-on learning. In: Practice and experience in advanced research computing 2019: rise of the machines (learning). Association for Computing Machinery, PEARC \u201919, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3332186.3338099, , event-place: Chicago, IL, USA","DOI":"10.1145\/3332186.3338099"},{"key":"1365_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales-Vega JC, Raya L, Rubio-S\u00e1nchez M, et\u00a0al (2024-03) A virtual reality data visualization tool for dimensionality reduction methods. Virtual Reality 28(1):41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00939-8, https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00939-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-00939-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"1365_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020470","volume":"11","author":"T Morimoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morimoto T, Kobayashi T, Hirata H et al (2022) Xr (extended reality: virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality) technology in spine medicine: status quo and quo vadis. J Clin Med 11(2):470","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1365_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen H, Ward B, Engelke U, et\u00a0al (2019) Collaborative data analytics using virtual reality. In: 2019 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR). IEEE, pp 1098\u20131099, https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8797845\/","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797845"},{"key":"1365_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.08.015","volume":"61","author":"B Perroud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perroud B, R\u00e9gnier S, Kemeny A et al (2019) Model of realism score for immersive VR systems. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 61:238\u2013251","journal-title":"Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"1365_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2012.722657","volume":"66","author":"G Plancher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Plancher G, Barra J, Orriols E et al (2013) The influence of action on episodic memory: a virtual reality study. Q J Exp Psychol 66(5):895\u2013909","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"1365_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.125103","volume":"380","author":"J P\u00e9rez-Romero","year":"2025","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Romero J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Sanchis M, Blanco-Cano L et al (2025) Development of a multi-objective decision support system for eco-hydrological forest management that quantifies and optimizes ecosystem services related to Carbon, Water, Fire-risk and Eco-resilience (CAFE). J Environ Manage 380:125103","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"issue":"140","key":"1365_CR57","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"C Raffel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raffel C, Shazeer N, Roberts A et al (2020) Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. J Mach Learn Res 21(140):1\u201367","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"1365_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarathy S, Shujaee K, Cannon K (2000) Visualization of large complex datasets using virtual reality. In: Proceedings international conference on information technology: coding and computing (Cat. No.PR00540), pp 522\u2013526, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITCC.2000.844280, https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/844280\/?arnumber=844280","DOI":"10.1109\/ITCC.2000.844280"},{"key":"1365_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeder BL, Bailey SK, Johnson CI, et\u00a0al (2017) Presence and usability do not directly predict procedural recall in virtual reality training. In: International conference on human-computer interaction, Springer, pp 54\u201361","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58753-0_9"},{"issue":"4","key":"1365_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0376-x","volume":"23","author":"Y Shu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shu Y, Huang YZ, Chang SH et al (2019) Do virtual reality head-mounted displays make a difference? A comparison of presence and self-efficacy between head-mounted displays and desktop computer-facilitated virtual environments. Virtual Reality 23(4):437\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-018-0376-x","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"3","key":"1365_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/10468781221094473","volume":"53","author":"W Sinlapanuntakul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinlapanuntakul W, Derby JL, Chaparro BS (2022) Understanding the effects of mixed reality on video game satisfaction, enjoyment, and performance. Simul Gaming 53(3):237\u2013252","journal-title":"Simul Gaming"},{"issue":"6","key":"1365_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","volume":"6","author":"M Slater","year":"1997","unstructured":"Slater M, Wilbur S (1997) A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments. Presence Teleop Virt 6(6):603\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt"},{"key":"1365_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava P, Rimzhim A, Vijay P et\u00a0al (2019) Desktop VR Is Better Than Non-ambulatory HMD VR for Spatial Learning. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 6","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00050"},{"issue":"2","key":"1365_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaf5e6","volume":"14","author":"DA Streletskiy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Streletskiy DA, Suter LJ, Shiklomanov NI et al (2019) Assessment of climate change impacts on buildings, structures and infrastructure in the Russian regions on permafrost. Environ Res Lett 14(2):025003","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"1365_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sutherland IE (1968) A head-mounted three dimensional display. In: Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I on\u2014AFIPS \u201968 (Fall, part I). ACM Press, San Francisco, California, p 757, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1476589.1476686, http:\/\/portal.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=1476589.1476686","DOI":"10.1145\/1476589.1476686"},{"issue":"12","key":"1365_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.5345","volume":"3","author":"D Todorovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Todorovic D (2008) Gestalt principles Scholarpedia 3(12):5345","journal-title":"Gestalt principles Scholarpedia"},{"issue":"5","key":"1365_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050620","volume":"8","author":"C Tuena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tuena C, Serino S, Dutriaux L et al (2019) Virtual enactment effect on memory in young and aged populations: a systematic review. J Clin Med 8(5):620","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1365_CR68","unstructured":"Tulenko JP, Goliber SA, Jones-Ivey R, et\u00a0al (2025) Brief Communication: Enabling Open Cryosphere Research with Ghub. EGUsphere 2025:1\u201312. https:\/\/egusphere.copernicus.org\/preprints\/2025\/egusphere-2025-894\/, publisher: Copernicus Publications G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"issue":"4","key":"1365_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(02)00113-9","volume":"26","author":"A Van Dam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Van Dam A, Laidlaw DH, Simpson RM (2002) Experiments in immersive virtual reality for scientific visualization. Comput Graph 26(4):535\u2013555","journal-title":"Comput Graph"},{"key":"1365_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2025.104178","volume":"171","author":"EL Verstraete","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verstraete EL, Kuo S, Adams N et al (2025) Embodying the impact of climate change for decision makers using augmented reality (ar): a case study of climate-threatened cultural heritage sites in western alaska. Environ Sci Policy 171:104178","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1365_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00782-3","volume":"27","author":"A Voinescu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Voinescu A, Petrini K, Stanton Fraser D (2023) Presence and simulator sickness predict the usability of a virtual reality attention task. Virtual Reality 27(3):1967\u20131983","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"1","key":"1365_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00565-8","volume":"27","author":"N Wenk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wenk N, Penalver-Andres J, Buetler KA et al (2023) Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment. Virtual Reality 27(1):307\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-021-00565-8","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"1365_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wirth M, Mehringer W, Gradl S, et\u00a0al (2022) Extended Realities (XRs): How immersive technologies influence assessment and training for extreme environments, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 309\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-96921-9sps14,","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96921-9sps14"},{"issue":"6","key":"1365_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2139","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.2139","volume":"34","author":"S Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao S, Ni Y, Dong G et al (2023) Comparing three XR technologies in reviewing performance? Based building design: a pilot study of fa\u00e7ade fenestrations. Comput Animat Virt Worlds 34(6):e2139","journal-title":"Comput Animat Virt Worlds"}],"container-title":["Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-026-01365-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-026-01365-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10055-026-01365-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T05:32:08Z","timestamp":1782106328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10055-026-01365-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-026-01365-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the University of North Dakota (project number: IRB0005912).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants gave informed written consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"109"}}