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However, it remains unclear whether immersive visualization modalities influence users\u2019 perception, understanding, and confidence in performing exercises. Moreover, it is unclear whether this improves those with respect to a classical 2D visualization. In this work, we investigate the role of a parametric 3D human model in enhancing workout perception and social presence within immersive fitness environments. To this date, we have designed a modular XR system, named\n                    <jats:italic>XaRNold<\/jats:italic>\n                    , that allows the visualization of single\/multi-view video, and a parametric 3D model called Skinned Multi-Person Linear Model (SMPL) showing how to perform a physical exercise. We conducted a controlled user study (N=30) to compare participants\u2019 cognitive load, understanding, technology acceptance, usability, and social perceptions and engagement across visualization modes. We employ the Fit3D dataset, which provides aligned 2D, multi-view, and related 3D poses data for diverse physical exercises. The results indicate that a parametric virtual human model provides a favorable trade-off between the measured constructs, offering a clearer understanding of why and how avatar-based guidance can be used and paving the way for more effective and empathic virtual fitness systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-026-01395-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:45:26Z","timestamp":1782305126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Xarnold: assessing the role of virtual humans in immersive fitness environments with aligned flat, multi-view, and 3D parametric visual instruction guidance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8258-2158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Sirocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-7651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Stacchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2388-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Migliorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8893-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Frontoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1395_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/70376","volume":"13","author":"RAM Abayasiri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abayasiri RAM, Bo APL, Dick TJM, Baghaei N (2025) Influence of virtual-reality illusions on balance performance and immersive user experience in young adults: A within?subject experimental study. 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