{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:09:35Z","timestamp":1780456175206,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2152\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2152\/5-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cent Eur J Oper Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the past few years, many public transport companies have launched pilot projects testing the operation of electric buses. The basic objective of these projects is to substitute diesel buses with electric buses within the companies\u2019 daily operations. Despite an extensive media coverage, the share of electric buses deployed still remains very small in practice. In this context, new challenges arise for a company\u2019s planning process due to the considerably shorter ranges of electric buses compared to traditional combustion engine buses and to the necessity to recharge their batteries at charging stations. Vehicle scheduling, an essential planning task within the planning process, is especially affected by these additional challenges. In this paper, we define the <jats:italic>mixed fleet vehicle scheduling problem with electric vehicles<\/jats:italic>. We extend the traditional vehicle scheduling problem by considering a mixed fleet consisting of electric buses with limited driving ranges and rechargeable batteries as well as traditional diesel buses without such range limitations. To solve the problem, we introduce a three-phase solution approach based on an aggregated time\u2013space network consisting of an exact solution method for the vehicle scheduling problem without range limitations, innovative flow decomposition methods, and a novel algorithm for the consideration of charging procedures. Through a computational study using real-world bus timetables, we show that our solution approach meets the requirements of a first application of electric buses in practice. Since the employment of electric buses is mainly influenced by the availability of charging infrastructure, which is determined by the distribution of charging stations within the route network, we particularly focus on the influence of the charging infrastructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-020-00705-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T12:03:59Z","timestamp":1598529839000},"page":"883-919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A study on flow decomposition methods for scheduling of electric buses in public transport based on aggregated time\u2013space network models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Nils","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kliewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Wolbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"705_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2015.0615","volume":"51","author":"J Adler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adler J, Mirchandani P (2016) The vehicle scheduling problem for fleets with alternative-fuel vehicles. Transp Sci 51(2):441\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/trsc.2015.0615","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"705_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/net.3230170303","volume":"17","author":"AA Bertossi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bertossi AA, Carraresi P, Gallo G (1987) On some matching problems arising in vehicle scheduling models. Networks 17(3):271\u2013281","journal-title":"Networks"},{"issue":"5","key":"705_CR3","first-page":"47","volume":"1","author":"L Bodin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bodin L, Rosenfield D, Kydes A (1978) UCOST: a micro approach to a transportation planning problem. J Urban Anal 1(5):47\u201369","journal-title":"J Urban Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"705_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-010-0018-5","volume":"1","author":"S Bunte","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bunte S, Kliewer N (2009) An overview on vehicle scheduling models. Public Transp 1(4):299\u2013317","journal-title":"Public Transp"},{"key":"705_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.08.306","volume":"96","author":"Z Chao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chao Z, Xiaohong C (2013) Optimizing battery electric bus transit vehicle scheduling with battery exchanging: model and case study. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 96:2725\u20132736","journal-title":"Procedia Soc Behav Sci"},{"key":"705_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daduna JR, Branco I, Paix\u00e3o JMP (eds) (1995) Computer-aided transit scheduling. Proceedings of the 6th international conference on computer-aided scheduling of public transport. LNEMS, Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-57762-8"},{"key":"705_CR7","first-page":"35","volume":"8","author":"J Desrosiers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Desrosiers J, Dumas Y, Solomon MM, Soumis F (1995) Time constrained routing and scheduling. Handb Oper Res Manag Sci 8:35\u2013139","journal-title":"Handb Oper Res Manag Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"705_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1988.97","volume":"36","author":"J Ferland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ferland J, Michelon P (1988) The vehicle scheduling problem with multiple vehicle types. J Oper Res Soc 36(6):577\u2013583","journal-title":"J Oper Res Soc"},{"key":"705_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-005-0207-9","volume":"27","author":"V Gintner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gintner V, Kliewer N, Suhl L (2005) Solving large multiple-depot multiple-vehicle-type bus scheduling problems in practice. OR Spectr 27:507\u2013523","journal-title":"OR Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"705_CR10","first-page":"309","volume":"36","author":"A Haghani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haghani A, Banihashemi M (2002) Heuristic approaches for solving large-scale bus transit vehicle scheduling problem with route time constraints. Transp Res Part A 36(4):309\u2013333","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A"},{"issue":"2019","key":"705_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.07.191","volume":"40","author":"M Janoveca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Janoveca M, Kohnia M (2019) Exact approach to the electric bus fleet scheduling. Transp Res Procedia 40(2019):1380\u20131387","journal-title":"Transp Res Procedia"},{"key":"705_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2005.10.041","volume":"154","author":"A Jossen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jossen A (2005) Fundamentals of battery dynamics. J Power Sources 154:530\u2013538","journal-title":"J Power Sources"},{"issue":"3","key":"705_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.02.030","volume":"175","author":"N Kliewer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kliewer N, Mellouli T, Suhl L (2006) A time-space network based exact optimization model for multi-depot bus scheduling. Eur J Oper Res 175(3):1616\u20131627","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"705_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kliewer N, Gintner V, Suhl L (2008) Line change considerations within a time\u2013space network based multi-depot bus scheduling model. In: Computer-aided systems in public transport, pp 57\u201370","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73312-6_4"},{"issue":"4","key":"705_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2013.0468","volume":"48","author":"J-Q Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li J-Q (2013) Transit bus scheduling with limited energy. Transp Sci 48(4):521\u2013539","journal-title":"Transp Sci"},{"key":"705_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millner A (2010) Modeling lithium ion battery degradation in electric vehicles. In: IEEE conference on innovative technologies for an efficient and reliable electricity supply (CITRES), pp 349\u2013356","DOI":"10.1109\/CITRES.2010.5619782"},{"key":"705_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.02.004","volume":"103","author":"A Montoya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montoya A, Guret C, Mendoza JE, Villegas JG (2017) The electric vehicle routing problem with nonlinear charging function. Transp Res Part B 103:87\u2013110","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B"},{"key":"705_CR18","first-page":"4","volume":"13","author":"N Olsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olsen N, Kliewer N (2020) Scheduling electric buses in public transport: modeling of the charging process and analysis of assumptions. Logist Res 13:4","journal-title":"Logist Res"},{"key":"705_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.01.020","volume":"103","author":"S Pelletier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pelletier S, Jabali O, Laporte G, Veneroni M (2017) Battery degradation and behaviour for electric vehicles: review and numerical analyses of several models. Transp Res Part B 103:158\u2013187","journal-title":"Transp Res Part B"},{"key":"705_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pihlatie M, Kukkonen S, Halmeaho T, Karvonen V, Nylund N-O (2014) Fully electric city buses: the viable option. In: IEEE international electric vehicle conference, IEVC (2014) 17\u201319 Dec 2014, Florence, Italy","DOI":"10.1109\/IEVC.2014.7056145"},{"key":"705_CR21","unstructured":"Schallab\u00f6ck KO (2012) \u00dcberlegungen zu L\u00e4rm und Schadstoffen im Zusammenhang mit dem Betrieb von Elektrofahrzeugens. http:\/\/wupperinst.org\/fa\/redaktion\/downloads\/projects\/Elektromobilitaet_TB_Schadstoffe.pdf. Accessed 18 Aug 2018 (in German)"},{"key":"705_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-017-0164-0","volume":"9","author":"ME van Kooten Niekerk","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Kooten Niekerk ME, van den Akker JM, Hoogeveen JA (2017) Scheduling electric vehicles. Public Transp 9:155\u2013176","journal-title":"Public Transp"},{"issue":"2","key":"705_CR23","first-page":"1237","volume":"190","author":"H Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang H, Shen J (2007) Heuristic approaches for solving transit vehicle scheduling problem with route and fueling time constraints. Appl Math Comput 190(2):1237\u20131249","journal-title":"Appl Math Comput"},{"key":"705_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25130-1","volume-title":"Mobile electric vehicles online charging and discharging","author":"M Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhang R, Shen XS (2016) Mobile electric vehicles online charging and discharging. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"705_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101862","volume":"52","author":"E Yao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao E, Liu T, Lu T, Yang Y (2020) Optimization of electric vehicle scheduling with multiple vehicle types in public transport. Sustain Cities Soc 52:101862","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"}],"container-title":["Central European Journal of Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10100-020-00705-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10100-020-00705-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10100-020-00705-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T17:30:18Z","timestamp":1653586218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10100-020-00705-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10100-020-00705-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-246X","1613-9178"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-246X","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-9178","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}