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Program."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Approximate integer programming is the following: For a given convex body <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$K \\subseteq {\\mathbb {R}}^n$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>K<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2286<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>, either determine whether <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$K \\cap {\\mathbb {Z}}^n$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>K<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2229<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>Z<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> is empty, or find an integer point in the convex body <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$2\\cdot (K - c) +c$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>\u00b7<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>K<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>c<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>c<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> which is <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>, scaled by 2 from its center of gravity <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>. Approximate integer programming can be solved in time <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$2^{O(n)}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> while the fastest known methods for exact integer programming run in time <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$2^{O(n)} \\cdot n^n$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mo>\u00b7<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>. So far, there are no efficient methods for integer programming known that are based on approximate integer programming. Our main contribution are two such methods, each yielding novel complexity results. First, we show that an integer point <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$x^* \\in (K \\cap {\\mathbb {Z}}^n)$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u2217<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2208<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mi>K<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u2229<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:msup>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>Z<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> can be found in time <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$2^{O(n)}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>, provided that the <jats:italic>remainders<\/jats:italic> of each component <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$x_i^* \\mod \\ell $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msubsup>\n                      <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u2217<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:msubsup>\n                    <mml:mspace\/>\n                    <mml:mo>mod<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mspace\/>\n                    <mml:mi>\u2113<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> for some arbitrarily fixed <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$\\ell \\ge 5(n+1)$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>\u2113<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2265<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> of <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$x^*$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2217<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> are given. The algorithm is based on a <jats:italic>cutting-plane technique<\/jats:italic>, iteratively halving the volume of the feasible set. The cutting planes are determined via approximate integer programming. Enumeration of the possible remainders gives a <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$2^{O(n)}n^n$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> algorithm for general integer programming. This matches the current best bound of an algorithm by Dadush (Integer programming, lattice algorithms, and deterministic, vol. Estimation. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 2012) that is considerably more involved. Our algorithm also relies on a new <jats:italic>asymmetric approximate Carath\u00e9odory theorem<\/jats:italic> that might be of interest on its own. Our second method concerns integer programming problems in equation-standard form <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$Ax = b, 0 \\le x \\le u, \\, x \\in {\\mathbb {Z}}^n$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>b<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>u<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mspace\/>\n                    <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2208<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>Z<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>. Such a problem can be reduced to the solution of <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$\\prod _i O(\\log u_i +1)$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mo>\u220f<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mo>log<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>u<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> approximate integer programming problems. This implies, for example that <jats:italic>knapsack<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>subset-sum<\/jats:italic> problems with <jats:italic>polynomial variable range<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$0 \\le x_i \\le p(n)$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> can be solved in time <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$(\\log n)^{O(n)}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mo>log<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>. For these problems, the best running time so far was <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$n^n \\cdot 2^{O(n)}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mo>\u00b7<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-024-02084-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T15:01:56Z","timestamp":1713970916000},"page":"223-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From approximate to exact integer programming"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"210","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dadush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Eisenbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8314-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Rothvoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2084_CR1","series-title":"Algorithms and Combinatorics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-97881-4","volume-title":"Geometric algorithms and combinatorial optimization","author":"M Gr\u00f6tschel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6tschel, M., Lov\u00e1sz, L., Schrijver, A.: Geometric algorithms and combinatorial optimization. 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