{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:17:58Z","timestamp":1781587078421,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Geogr Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In today's era, the address plays a crucial role as one of the key components that enable mobility in daily life. Address data are used by global map platforms and location-based services to pinpoint a geographically referenced location. Geocoding provided by online platforms is useful in the spatial tracking of reported cases and controls in the spatial analysis of infectious illnesses such as COVID-19. The first and most critical phase in the geocoding process is address matching. However, due to typographical errors, variations in abbreviations used, and incomplete or malformed addresses, the matching can seldom be performed with 100% accuracy. The purpose of this research is to examine the capabilities of machine learning classifiers that can be used to measure the consistency of address matching results produced by online geocoding services and to identify the best performing classifier. The performance of the seven machine learning classifiers was compared using several text similarity measures, which assess the match scores between the input address data and the services' output. The data utilized in the testing came from four distinct online geocoding services applied to 925 addresses in T\u00fcrkiye. The findings from this study revealed that the Random Forest machine learning classifier was the most accurate in the address matching procedure. While\u00a0the results of this study\u00a0hold true for similar datasets in T\u00fcrkiye, additional research is required to determine whether they apply to data in other countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-023-00435-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T07:02:23Z","timestamp":1706166143000},"page":"601-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Unveiling the impact of machine learning algorithms on the quality of online geocoding services: a case study using COVID-19 data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0529-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Batuhan","family":"Kilic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onur Can","family":"Bayrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"G\u00fclgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mert","family":"Gurturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perihan","family":"Abay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AkakbaA, Lahmar B (2020) The use of geocoding for home healthcare application and management an epidemic situation. Case of COVID-19 virus outbreak. Geogr Pannon 24(4)","DOI":"10.5937\/gp24-28062"},{"issue":"7","key":"435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2020.1725015","volume":"34","author":"MA Andresen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andresen MA, Malleson N, Steenbeek W, Townsley M, Vandeviver C (2020) Minimum geocoding match rates: an international study of the impact of data and areal unit sizes. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 34(7):1306\u20131322","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"key":"435_CR3","unstructured":"ARS (2007) Adres Kay\u0131t Sistemi Uygulama Y\u00f6nergesi [Address registration system application directive]. https:\/\/adres.nvi.gov.tr\/Home"},{"key":"435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartolini I, Ciaccia P, Patella M (2002) String matching with metric trees using an approximate distance. In: International symposium on string processing and information retrieval (pp 271\u2013283). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45735-6_24"},{"issue":"3","key":"435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09896-5","volume":"54","author":"C Bent\u00e9jac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bent\u00e9jac C, Cs\u00f6rg\u0151 A, Mart\u00ednez-Mu\u00f1oz G (2021) A comparative analysis of gradient boosting algorithms. Artif Intell Rev 54(3):1937\u20131967","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bichler G, Balchak S (2007) Address matching bias: ignorance is not bliss. Policing Int J Police Strateg Manage 30(1):32\u201360","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510710725613"},{"issue":"1","key":"435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45(1):5\u201332","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"7","key":"435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1703994","volume":"34","author":"\u00c1 Briz-Red\u00f3n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Briz-Red\u00f3n \u00c1, Martinez-Ruiz F, Montes F (2020) Reestimating a minimum acceptable geocoding hit rate for conducting a spatial analysis. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 34(7):1283\u20131305","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"key":"435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Guestrin C (2016). Xgboost: a scalable tree boosting system. In: Proceedings of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (pp 785\u2013794)","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen SE, Stookey J, Anderson N, Morris D, Singzon T, Dann M, Chen CC (2022) Using geocoding to identify COVID-19 outbreaks in congregate residential settings: San Francisco\u2019s outbreak response in single-room occupancy hotels. Public Health Reports, 00333549221128301","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549221128301"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12522","volume":"23","author":"S Comber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Comber S, Arribas-Bel D (2019) Machine learning innovations in address matching: a practical comparison of word2vec and CRFs. Trans GIS 23(2):334\u2013348","journal-title":"Trans GIS"},{"issue":"3","key":"435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes C, Vapnik V (1995) Support-vector networks. Mach Learn 20(3):273\u2013297","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1958.tb00292.x","volume":"20","author":"DR Cox","year":"1958","unstructured":"Cox DR (1958) The regression analysis of binary sequences. J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (methodol) 20(2):215\u2013232","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (methodol)"},{"key":"435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.03.016","volume":"41","author":"Y Cui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cui Y (2013) A systematic approach to evaluate and validate the spatial accuracy of farmers market locations using multi-geocoding services. Appl Geogr 41:87\u201395","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"435_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-006-0015-7","volume":"11","author":"CA Davis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis CA, Fonseca FT (2007) Assessing the certainty of locations produced by an address geocoding system. GeoInformatica 11(1):103\u2013129","journal-title":"GeoInformatica"},{"issue":"3","key":"435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1932409","volume":"26","author":"LR Dice","year":"1945","unstructured":"Dice LR (1945) Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species. Ecology 26(3):297\u2013302","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"435_CR17","volume-title":"Principles of data integration","author":"A Doan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doan A, Halevy A, Ives Z (2012) Principles of data integration. Morgan Kaufmann"},{"issue":"1","key":"435_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1997.1504","volume":"55","author":"Y Freund","year":"1997","unstructured":"Freund Y, Schapire RE (1997) A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J Comput Syst Sci 55(1):119\u2013139","journal-title":"J Comput Syst Sci"},{"key":"435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman JH (2001) Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine. Ann Stat, pp 1189\u20131232","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451"},{"issue":"1","key":"435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2012.02.005","volume":"3","author":"DW Goldberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldberg DW, Cockburn MG (2012) The effect of administrative boundaries and geocoding error on cancer rates in California. Spatial Spatio Temp Epidemiol 3(1):39\u201354","journal-title":"Spatial Spatio Temp Epidemiol"},{"key":"435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg DW, Jacquez GM, Mullan N (2013) Geocoding and health.\u00a0Geographic health data: fundamental techniques for analysis, London, CAB International, pp 51\u201371Gomaa, W. H., & Fahmy, A. A. (2013). A survey of text similarity approaches. International Journal of Computer Applications, 68(13), 13\u201318.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780640891.0051"},{"issue":"13","key":"435_CR22","first-page":"13","volume":"68","author":"WH Gomaa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gomaa WH, Fahmy AA (2013) A survey of text similarity approaches. Int J Comput Appl 68(13):13\u201318","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(82)90398-9","volume":"162","author":"O Gotoh","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gotoh O (1982) An improved algorithm for matching biological sequences. J Mol Biol 162(3):705\u2013708","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"435_CR24","unstructured":"Huang A (2008) Similarity measures for text document clustering. In: Proceedings of the sixth New Zealand computer science research student conference (NZCSRSC2008) (vol 4, pp 49\u201356)"},{"issue":"142","key":"435_CR25","first-page":"547","volume":"37","author":"P Jaccard","year":"1901","unstructured":"Jaccard P (1901) \u00c9tude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des Alpes et des Jura. Bulletin De La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Vaudoise Des Sciences Naturelles 37(142):547\u2013579","journal-title":"Bulletin De La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Vaudoise Des Sciences Naturelles"},{"issue":"406","key":"435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478785","volume":"84","author":"MA Jaro","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jaro MA (1989) Advances in record-linkage methodology as applied to matching the 1985 census of Tampa, Florida. J Am Stat Assoc 84(406):414\u2013420","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"435_CR27","unstructured":"JHU CSSE (2022) Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering. COVID-19 Dashboard. https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html. Accessed on 01 Sept 2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/asi4040079","volume":"4","author":"A Karabegovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karabegovic A, Ponjavic M, Hukic M (2021) Epidemic location intelligence system as response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Appl Syst Innov 4(4):79","journal-title":"Appl Syst Innov"},{"key":"435_CR29","unstructured":"Ke G, Meng Q, Finley T, Wang T, Chen W, Ma W, Liu TY (2017) Lightgbm: a highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 30"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844-016-0411-x","volume":"48","author":"MB Khalifa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khalifa MB, Diaz Redondo RP, Vilas AF, Rodr\u00edguez SS (2017) Identifying urban crowds using geo-located Social media data: a Twitter experiment in New York City. J Intell Inf Syst 48(2):287\u2013308","journal-title":"J Intell Inf Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.26833\/ijeg.629381","volume":"5","author":"B Kilic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kilic B, G\u00fclgen F (2020a) Accuracy and similarity aspects in online geocoding services: a comparative evaluation for Google and Bing maps. Int J Eng Geosci 5(2):109\u2013119","journal-title":"Int J Eng Geosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"435_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2020.1746198","volume":"47","author":"B Kilic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kilic B, G\u00fclgen F (2020b) Investigating the quality of reverse geocoding services using text similarity techniques and logistic regression analysis. Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci 47(4):336\u2013349","journal-title":"Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR33","first-page":"95","volume":"9","author":"B Kilic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kilic B, G\u00fclgen F, Kocata\u015f A, G\u00fcrt\u00fcrk M, Abay P, Y\u0131lmaz Y, Anataca G (2022) COVID-19 hastalar\u0131n\u0131n izlenmesinde \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i co\u011frafi kodlama servislerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 analizi. Jeodezi Ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi 9(2):95\u2013107","journal-title":"Jeodezi Ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3232852","volume":"10","author":"I Koumarelas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koumarelas I, Kroschk A, Mosley C, Naumann F (2018) Experience: enhancing address matching with geocoding and similarity measure selection. J Data Inf Qual (JDIQ) 10(2):1\u201316","journal-title":"J Data Inf Qual (JDIQ)"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2013.777138","volume":"40","author":"O Kounadi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kounadi O, Lampoltshammer TJ, Leitner M, Heistracher T (2013) Accuracy and privacy aspects in free online reverse geocoding services. Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci 40(2):140\u2013153","journal-title":"Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci"},{"issue":"7553","key":"435_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","volume":"521","author":"Y LeCun","year":"2015","unstructured":"LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G (2015) Deep learning. Nature 521(7553):436\u2013444","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"16","key":"435_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.3390\/app10165628","volume":"10","author":"K Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee K, Claridades ARC, Lee J (2020) Improving a street-based geocoding algorithm using machine learning techniques. Appl Sci 10(16):5628","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"435_CR38","first-page":"707","volume":"10","author":"VI Levenshtein","year":"1966","unstructured":"Levenshtein VI (1966) Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Soviet Phys Doklady 10(8):707\u2013710","journal-title":"Soviet Phys Doklady"},{"issue":"6","key":"435_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(98)00034-9","volume":"22","author":"N Levine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Levine N, Kim KE (1998) The location of motor vehicle crashes in Honolulu: a methodology for geocoding intersections. Comput Environ Urban Syst 22(6):557\u2013576","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"435_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1681431","volume":"34","author":"Y Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin Y, Kang M, Wu Y, Du Q, Liu T (2020) A deep learning architecture for semantic address matching. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 34(3):559\u2013576","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"key":"435_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.01.009","volume":"70","author":"DK Matci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matci DK, Avdan U (2018) Address standardization using the natural language process for improving geocoding results. Comput Environ Urban Syst 70:1\u20138","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"key":"435_CR42","unstructured":"Monge AE, Elkan CP (1997) An efficient domain-independent algorithm for detecting approximately duplicate database records. In: Proceedings of the SIGMOD 1997 workshop on research issues on data mining and knowledge discovery"},{"key":"435_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2013.00021","volume":"7","author":"A Natekin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Natekin A, Knoll A (2013) Gradient boosting machines, a tutorial. Front Neurorobot 7:21","journal-title":"Front Neurorobot"},{"issue":"3","key":"435_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(70)90057-4","volume":"48","author":"SB Needleman","year":"1970","unstructured":"Needleman SB, Wunsch CD (1970) A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins. J Mol Biol 48(3):443\u2013453","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"435_CR45","unstructured":"PTT (2013) Adres Yaz\u0131m Standartlar\u0131 [Address writing standards]. http:\/\/postakodu.ptt.gov.tr\/Dosyalar\/adres.pdf"},{"key":"435_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.08.007","volume":"50","author":"X Qin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qin X, Parker S, Liu Y, Graettinger AJ, Forde S (2013) Intelligent geocoding system to locate traffic crashes. Accid Anal Prev 50:1034\u20131041","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"435_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashidian S, Dong X, Jain SK, Wang F (2018) EaserGeocoder: integrative geocoding with machine learning (demo paper). In: Proceedings of the 26th acm sigspatial international conference on advances in geographic information systems (pp 572\u2013575)","DOI":"10.1145\/3274895.3274929"},{"issue":"1","key":"435_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810310001596076","volume":"18","author":"JH Ratcliffe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ratcliffe JH (2004) Geocoding crime and a first estimate of a minimum acceptable hit rate. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 18(1):61\u201372","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"435_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810903289478","volume":"24","author":"D Roongpiboonsopit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roongpiboonsopit D, Karimi HA (2010) Comparative evaluation and analysis of online geocoding services. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 24(7):1081\u20131100","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.09.011","volume":"30","author":"G Rushton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rushton G, Armstrong MP, Gittler J, Greene BR, Pavlik CE, West MM, Zimmerman DL (2006) Geocoding in cancer research: a review. Am J Prev Med 30(2):S16\u2013S24","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"435_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sah, S. (2020). Machine learning: a review of learning types. 2020070230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202007.0230.v1","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0230.v1"},{"issue":"9","key":"435_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1371253","volume":"11","author":"R Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos R, Murrieta-Flores P, Martins B (2018) Learning to combine multiple string similarity metrics for effective toponym matching. Int J Digital Earth 11(9):913\u2013938","journal-title":"Int J Digital Earth"},{"key":"435_CR53","unstructured":"Simon A, Singh M (2015) An overview of M learning and its Ap. Int J Electrical Sci Electrical Sci Eng IJESE 22"},{"issue":"1","key":"435_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(81)90087-5","volume":"147","author":"TF Smith","year":"1981","unstructured":"Smith TF, Waterman MS (1981) Identification of common molecular subsequences. J Mol Biol 147(1):195\u2013197","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"435_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"T S\u00f8rensen","year":"1948","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen T (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biologiske Skirfte 5:1\u201334","journal-title":"Biologiske Skirfte"},{"key":"435_CR56","unstructured":"TSI (2021) Turkish Statistical Institute website. https:\/\/www.tuik.gov.tr\/. Accessed on 18 Aug 2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"435_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.4.327","volume":"84","author":"A Tversky","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tversky A (1977) Features of similarity. Psychol Rev 84(4):327\u2013352","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"435_CR64","unstructured":"URL-1 (2022) T.C. Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu [Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health COVID-19 Information Platform], https:\/\/covid19.saglik.gov.tr\/. Accessed on 24 Aug 2022"},{"key":"435_CR65","unstructured":"URL-2 (2022) \u0130stanbul \u015eehir Haritas\u0131 [Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality City Map]. https:\/\/sehirharitasi.ibb.gov.tr\/. Accessed on 16 July 2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR58","first-page":"19","volume":"3","author":"MK Vijaymeena","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vijaymeena MK, Kavitha K (2016) A survey on similarity measures in text mining. Mach Learn Appl Int J 3(2):19\u201328","journal-title":"Mach Learn Appl Int J"},{"key":"435_CR59","unstructured":"Winkler WE (1990) String comparator metrics and enhanced decision rules in the Fellegi-Sunter model of record linkage. In: Proceedings of the section on survey research methods of the American statistical association, ASA"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR60","first-page":"99","volume":"167","author":"V Yildirim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yildirim V, Yomralioglu T, Nisanci R, Inan H (2014) Turkish street addressing system and geocoding challenges. Proc Inst Civil Eng Municipal Eng 167(2):99\u2013107","journal-title":"Proc Inst Civil Eng Municipal Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"435_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12536","volume":"23","author":"Z Yin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yin Z, Ma A, Goldberg DW (2019) A deep learning approach for rooftop geocoding. Trans GIS 23(3):495\u2013514","journal-title":"Trans GIS"},{"issue":"3","key":"435_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2007.11.006","volume":"32","author":"PA Zandbergen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zandbergen PA (2008) A comparison of address point, parcel and street geocoding techniques. Comput Environ Urban Syst 32(3):214\u2013232","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2008.00205.x","volume":"3","author":"PA Zandbergen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zandbergen PA (2009) Geocoding quality and implications for spatial analysis. Geogr Compass 3(2):647\u2013680","journal-title":"Geogr Compass"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geographical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10109-023-00435-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10109-023-00435-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10109-023-00435-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T02:08:08Z","timestamp":1733882888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10109-023-00435-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10109-023-00435-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-5930","1435-5949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-5930","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5949","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}