{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T07:04:00Z","timestamp":1784185440030,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Geogr Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-026-00494-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1776758479000},"page":"217-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["OpenStreetMap based POI knowledge graph enhanced by large language model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ci","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1521-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"494_CR1","first-page":"304","volume":"299","author":"L Adreani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adreani L, Colombo C, Fanfani M, Nesi P, Pantaleo G, Pisanu R (2022) A photorealistic 3D city modeling framework for smart city digital twin. 2022 IEEE Int Conf Smart Comput (SMARTCOMP) 299:304","journal-title":"2022 IEEE Int Conf Smart Comput (SMARTCOMP)"},{"key":"494_CR68","unstructured":"Arora S (2020) A survey on graph neural networks for knowledge graph completion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.12374."},{"key":"494_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bai J, Bai S, Chu Y, Cui Z, Dang K, Deng X, Fan Y, Ge W, Han Y, Huang F, Hui B, Ji L, Li M, Lin J, Lin R, Liu D, Liu G, Lu C, Lu K, Zhu T (2023) Qwen Technical Report (No. arXiv:2309.16609). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2309.16609","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2309.16609"},{"key":"494_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal M, Usmani RSA, Tayyab M, Mahmoud AA, Abdalla RM, Marjani M, Pillai TR, Hashem T, I. A (2020) Smart cities data: Framework, applications, and challenges. Handb Smart Cities, 1\u201329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15145-4_6-1"},{"key":"494_CR4","unstructured":"Biljecki F, Chew LZX, Milojevic-Dupont N, Creutzig F (2021), June 28 Open government geospatial data on buildings for planning sustainable and resilient cities. arXiv.Org. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.04023v1"},{"key":"494_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110295","volume":"237","author":"F Biljecki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biljecki F, Chow YS, Lee K (2023) Quality of crowdsourced geospatial building information: A global assessment of OpenStreetMap attributes. Build Environ 237:110295","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"494_CR70","unstructured":"Bordes A, Usunier N, Garcia-Duran A, Weston J, Yakhnenko O (2013) Translating embeddings for modeling multi-relational data. Advances in neural information processing systems, 26"},{"issue":"3","key":"494_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2008.01107.x","volume":"12","author":"G Borruso","year":"2008","unstructured":"Borruso G (2008) Network density estimation: a GIS approach for analysing point patterns in a network space. Trans GIS 12(3):377\u2013402","journal-title":"Trans GIS"},{"key":"494_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bubeck S, Chandrasekaran V, Eldan R, Gehrke J, Horvitz E, Kamar E, Lee P, Lee YT, Li Y, Lundberg S, Nori H, Palangi H, Ribeiro MT, Zhang Y (2023) Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4 (No. arXiv:2303.12712). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2303.12712","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2303.12712"},{"key":"494_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang Y, Wang X, Wang J, Wu Y, Yang L, Zhu K, Chen H, Yi X, Wang C, Wang Y, Ye W, Zhang Y, Chang Y, Yu PS, Yang Q, Xie X (2023) A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Models (No. arXiv:2307.03109). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2307.03109","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2307.03109"},{"issue":"3","key":"494_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3641289","volume":"15","author":"Y Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang Y, Wang X, Wang J, Wu Y, Yang L, Zhu K, Xie X (2024) A survey on evaluation of large language models. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 15(3):1\u201345","journal-title":"ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol"},{"key":"494_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2310.14735","author":"B Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen B, Zhang Z, Langren\u00e9 N, Zhu S (2024a) Unleashing the potential of prompt engineering in Large Language Models: A comprehensive review. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2310.14735. No. arXiv:2310.14735","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"494_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Ji J, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Zhao X (2025) Poi-enhancer: An llm-based semantic enhancement framework for poi representation learning. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (Vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 11509\u201311517)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i11.33252"},{"issue":"1","key":"494_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-018-0284-3","volume":"21","author":"M Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen M, Arribas-Bel D, Singleton A (2019) Understanding the dynamics of urban areas of interest through volunteered geographic information. J Geogr Syst 21(1):89\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10109-018-0284-3","journal-title":"J Geogr Syst"},{"key":"494_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.109951","volume":"258","author":"W Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen W, Wan H, Guo S, Huang H, Zheng S, Li J, Lin S, Lin Y (2022) Building and exploiting spatial\u2013temporal knowledge graph for next POI recommendation. Knowl Based Syst 258:109951","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"494_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.112948","volume":"141","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen X, Jia S, Xiang Y (2020) A review: Knowledge reasoning over knowledge graph. Expert Syst Appl 141:112948","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"494_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122327","volume":"239","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Yang G, Wang D, Li D (2024b) Eliciting knowledge from language models with automatically generated continuous prompts. Expert Syst Appl 239:122327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122327","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"494_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-023-00413-0","volume":"26","author":"K Credit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Credit K, Lehnert M (2024) A structured comparison of causal machine learning methods to assess heterogeneous treatment effects in spatial data. J Geogr Syst 26(4):483\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10109-023-00413-0","journal-title":"J Geogr Syst"},{"key":"494_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Da J, Bras RL, Lu X, Choi Y, Bosselut A (2021) Analyzing Commonsense Emergence in Few-shot Knowledge Models (No. arXiv:2101.00297). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2101.00297","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2101.00297"},{"key":"494_CR15","first-page":"261","volume":"XLIII\u2013B4\u20132020","author":"VO Fernandes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fernandes VO, Elias EN, Zipf A (2020) Integration of authoritative and volunteered geographic information for updating urban mapping: Challenges and potentials. Int Archives Photogrammetry Remote Sens Spat Inform Sci XLIII\u2013B4\u20132020:261\u2013268","journal-title":"Int Archives Photogrammetry Remote Sens Spat Inform Sci"},{"key":"494_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Funke S, Storandt S (2017) Automatic Tag Enrichment for Points-of-Interest in Open Street Map. Web Wirel Geographical Inform Syst 3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-55998-8_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55998-8_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"494_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.103169","volume":"60","author":"M Gan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gan M, Ma Y (2023) Mapping user interest into hyper-spherical space: A novel POI recommendation method. Inf Process Manag 60(2):103169","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"key":"494_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2022.11.018","volume":"92","author":"Q Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao Q, Wang W, Huang L, Yang X, Li T, Fujita H (2023) Dual-grained human mobility learning for location-aware trip recommendation with spatial\u2013temporal graph knowledge fusion. Inform Fusion 92:46\u201363","journal-title":"Inform Fusion"},{"key":"494_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, S, Janowicz, K, & Couclelis, H. (2017). Extracting urban functional regions from points of interest and human activities on location-based social networks.Transactions in GIS, 21(3), 446\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tgis.12289","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12289"},{"key":"494_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo Q, Sun Z, Zhang J, Theng Y-L (2019) Modeling Heterogeneous Influences for Point-of-Interest Recommendation in Location-Based Social Networks. Web Eng 72\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-19274-7_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19274-7_6"},{"key":"494_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110754","volume":"147","author":"Y He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Y, Zhou W, Luo F, Gao M, Wen J (2023) Feature-based POI grouping with transformer for next point of interest recommendation. Appl Soft Comput 147:110754","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"494_CR23","unstructured":"Huang W, Abbeel P, Pathak D, Mordatch I (2022) Language Models as Zero-Shot Planners: Extracting Actionable Knowledge for Embodied Agents. Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Machine Learning, 9118\u20139147. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v162\/huang22a.html"},{"key":"494_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.11.049","volume":"474","author":"B Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu B, Ye Y, Zhong Y, Pan J, Hu M (2022) TransMKR: Translation-based knowledge graph enhanced multi-task point-of-interest recommendation. Neurocomputing 474:107\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.11.049","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"494_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.05.114","volume":"472","author":"MA Islam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Islam MA, Mohammad MM, Das S, S. S., Ali ME (2022) A survey on deep learning based point-of-interest (POI) recommendations. Neurocomputing 472:306\u2013325","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"494_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaddour J, Harris J, Mozes M, Bradley H, Raileanu R, McHardy R (2023) Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models (No. arXiv:2307.10169). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2307.10169","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2307.10169"},{"key":"494_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaur J, Singh J, Sehra SS, Rai HS (2017) Systematic Literature Review of Data Quality Within OpenStreetMap. 2017 International Conference on Next Generation Computing and Information Systems (ICNGCIS), 177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICNGCIS.2017.35","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNGCIS.2017.35"},{"issue":"4","key":"494_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-023-00435-8","volume":"26","author":"B Kilic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kilic B, Bayrak OC, G\u00fclgen F, Gurturk M, Abay P (2024) Unveiling the impact of machine learning algorithms on the quality of online geocoding services: A case study using COVID-19 data. J Geogr Syst 26(4):601\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10109-023-00435-8","journal-title":"J Geogr Syst"},{"key":"494_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.04.002","volume":"53","author":"C Kunze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kunze C, Hecht R (2015) Semantic enrichment of building data with volunteered geographic information to improve mappings of dwelling units and population. Comput Environ Urban Syst 53:4\u201318","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"key":"494_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakshmi AV, Joseph KS (2022) Point of interest data (POI) based safe route navigation system. 2022 IEEE Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI), 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/IATMSI56455.2022.10119273"},{"key":"494_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin Y, Liu Z, Sun M, Liu Y, Zhu X (2015), February Learning entity and relation embeddings for knowledge graph completion. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (Vol. 29, No. 1)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v29i1.9491"},{"issue":"4","key":"494_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01847-2","volume":"8","author":"Z Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Z (2024) How to write effective prompts for large language models. Nat Hum Behav 8(4):611\u2013615","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"494_CR31","first-page":"102610","volume":"99","author":"K Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu K, Yin L, Lu F, Mou N (2020) Visualizing and exploring POI configurations of urban regions on POI-type semantic space. Cities (London England) 99:102610","journal-title":"Cities (London England)"},{"key":"494_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.109262","volume":"251","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z (2022) Multi-relational graph attention networks for knowledge graph completion. Knowl Based Syst 251:109262","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"494_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu Y, Bartolo M, Moore A, Riedel S, Stenetorp P (2022) Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivity (No. arXiv:2104.08786). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2104.08786","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2104.08786"},{"key":"494_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma D, Sandberg M, Jiang B (2015) Characterizing the Heterogeneity of the OpenStreetMap Data and Community. ISPRS Int J Geo-Information 4(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi4020535","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4020535"},{"key":"494_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maynez J, Narayan S, Bohnet B, McDonald R (2020) On Faithfulness and Factuality in Abstractive Summarization (No. arXiv:2005.00661). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2005.00661","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2005.00661"},{"key":"494_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ott S, Hebenstreit K, Li\u00e9vin V, Hother CE, Moradi M, Mayrhauser M, Praas R, Winther O, Samwald M (2023) ThoughtSource: A central hub for large language model reasoning data. Sci Data 10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-023-02433-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02433-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"494_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1681-4835.2015.tb00487.x","volume":"68","author":"J Panek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panek J, Sobotova L (2015) Community mapping in urban informal settlements: Examples from Nairobi, Kenya. Electron J Inform Syst Developing Ctries 68(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"Electron J Inform Syst Developing Ctries"},{"issue":"1","key":"494_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-018-0282-5","volume":"21","author":"N Papapesios","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papapesios N, Ellul C, Shakir A, Hart G (2019) Exploring the use of crowdsourced geographic information in defence: Challenges and opportunities. J Geogr Syst 21(1):133\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10109-018-0282-5","journal-title":"J Geogr Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"494_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331861","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2024.2331861","volume":"61","author":"S Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park S, Lee Y, Yu K (2024) Integrated knowledge graph construction framework for places-of-interest retrieval using a property graph database. GIScience Remote Sens 61(1):2331861","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens"},{"key":"494_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patil R, Heston TF, Bhuse V (2024) Prompt Engineering in Healthcare. Electronics 13(15) Article 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13152961","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13152961"},{"key":"494_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peters ME, Neumann M, Zettlemoyer L, Yih W (2018) Dissecting Contextual Word Embeddings: Architecture and Representation (No. arXiv:1808.08949). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1808.08949","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1808.08949"},{"key":"494_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petroni F, Rockt\u00e4schel T, Lewis P, Bakhtin A, Wu Y, Miller AH, Riedel S (2019) Language Models as Knowledge Bases? (No. arXiv:1909.01066). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1909.01066","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1909.01066"},{"key":"494_CR42","first-page":"103158","volume":"113","author":"R Ponce-Lopez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ponce-Lopez R, Ferreira J Jr (2021) Identifying and characterizing popular non-work destinations by clustering cellphone and point-of-interest data. Cities (London England) 113:103158","journal-title":"Cities (London England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"494_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s43762-022-00047-w","volume":"2","author":"A Psyllidis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Psyllidis A, Gao S, Hu Y, Kim E-K, McKenzie G, Purves R, Yuan M, Andris C (2022) Points of interest (POI): A commentary on the state of the art, challenges, and prospects for the future. Comput Urban Sci 2(1):20","journal-title":"Comput Urban Sci"},{"key":"494_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101552","volume":"85","author":"J Qian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qian J, Liu Z, Du Y, Liang F, Yi J, Ma T, Pei T (2021) Quantify city-level dynamic functions across China using social media and POIs data. Comput Environ Urban Syst 85:101552","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"key":"494_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rogers A, Kovaleva O, Rumshisky A (2020) A Primer in BERTology: What we know about how BERT works (No. arXiv:2002.12327). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2002.12327","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2002.12327"},{"key":"494_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Safavi T, Koutra D (2021) Relational World Knowledge Representation in Contextual Language Models: A Review (No. arXiv:2104.05837). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2104.05837","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2104.05837"},{"issue":"4","key":"494_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12910","volume":"26","author":"D Sarkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarkar D, Anderson JT (2022) Corporate editors in OpenStreetMap: Investigating co-editing patterns. Trans GIS 26(4):1879\u20131897","journal-title":"Trans GIS"},{"key":"494_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlichtkrull M, Kipf TN, Bloem P, Van Den Berg R, Titov I, Welling M (2018), June Modeling relational data with graph convolutional networks. In European semantic web conference (pp. 593\u2013607). Cham: Springer International Publishing","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_38"},{"issue":"7987","key":"494_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06647-8","volume":"623","author":"M Shanahan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shanahan M, McDonell K, Reynolds L (2023) Role play with large language models. Nature 623(7987):493\u2013498","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"494_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.109597","volume":"255","author":"T Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen T, Zhang F, Cheng J (2022a) A comprehensive overview of knowledge graph completion. Knowl Based Syst 255:109597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.109597","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"494_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.109597","volume":"255","author":"T Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen T, Zhang F, Cheng J (2022b) A comprehensive overview of knowledge graph completion. Knowl Based Syst 255:109597","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"494_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soman S, Beukes A, Nederhood C, Marchio N, Bettencourt LMA (2020) Worldwide Detection of Informal Settlements via Topological Analysis of Crowdsourced Digital Maps. ISPRS Int J Geo-Information 9(11) Article 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9110685","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9110685"},{"key":"494_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2023.101977","volume":"103","author":"K Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun K, Hu Y, Ma Y, Zhou RZ, Zhu Y (2023) Conflating point of interest (POI) data: A systematic review of matching methods. Comput Environ Urban Syst 103:101977","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"key":"494_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang X, Wang T, Yang H, Song H (2019) AKUPM: Attention-enhanced knowledge-aware user preference model for recommendation. Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, 1891\u20131899","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330705"},{"issue":"1","key":"494_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1966.3.1.10","volume":"3","author":"F Topfer","year":"1966","unstructured":"Topfer F, Pillewizer W (1966) The principles of selection. Cartographic J 3(1):10\u201316","journal-title":"Cartographic J"},{"key":"494_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang B, Chen W, Pei H, Xie C, Kang M, Zhang C, Xu C, Xiong Z, Dutta R, Schaeffer R, Truong ST, Arora S, Mazeika M, Hendrycks D, Lin Z, Cheng Y, Koyejo S, Song D, Li B (2023). DecodingTrust: A Comprehensive Assessment of Trustworthiness in GPT Models https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.11698v5","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1361"},{"key":"494_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhang F, Wang J, Zhao M, Li W, Xie X, Guo M (2018) RippleNet: Propagating user preferences on the knowledge graph for recommender systems. Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, 417\u2013426","DOI":"10.1145\/3269206.3271739"},{"key":"494_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, S, Qiu, P, Zhu, Y, Yang, J, Peng, P, Bai, Y, Qi, Y. (2025). Review, framework, and future perspectives of Geographic Knowledge Graph (GeoKG) quality assessment. Geo-Spatial Information Science, 28(4), 1701\u20131721 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10095020.2024.2403785","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2024.2403785"},{"key":"494_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Huang T, Wang D, Yuan Y, Liu Z, He X, Chua T-S (2021) Learning intents behind interactions with knowledge graph for recommendation. Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021, 878\u2013887","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450133"},{"key":"494_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zhang J, Feng J, Chen Z (2014), June Knowledge graph embedding by translating on hyperplanes. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (Vol. 28, No. 1)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v28i1.8870"},{"key":"494_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Webson A, Pavlick E (2022) Do Prompt-Based Models Really Understand the Meaning of their Prompts? (No. arXiv:2109.01247). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2109.01247","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2109.01247"},{"key":"494_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei C, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zeng Z, Wang Z, Lin J, Guan Q, Yu W (2025) GeoTool-GPT: A trainable method for facilitating Large Language Models to master GIS tools. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 39(4), 707\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13658816.2024.2438937","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2024.2438937"},{"issue":"10","key":"494_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2017.1341632","volume":"31","author":"Y Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu Y, Chen Z, Xie Z, Wu L (2017) Quality assessment of building footprint data using a deep autoencoder network. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 31(10):1929\u20131951","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"494_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2020.1730848","volume":"34","author":"Y Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan Y, Feng C-C, Huang W, Fan H, Wang Y-C, Zipf A (2020) Volunteered geographic information research in the first decade: A narrative review of selected journal articles in GIScience. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 34(9):1765\u20131791","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"key":"494_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang H, Du Q, Zhang S, Yang R (2024a) A Semantically Enhanced Label Prediction Method for Imbalanced POI Data Category Distribution. ISPRS Int J Geo-Information 13(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi13100364","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13100364"},{"key":"494_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2024.2404868","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, He Z, Li J, Lin J, Guan Q, Yu W (2024b) MapGPT: An autonomous framework for mapping by integrating large language model and cartographic tools. Cartography Geographic Inform Sci. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15230406.2024.2404868","journal-title":"Cartography Geographic Inform Sci"},{"key":"494_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li Y, Cui L, Cai D, Liu L, Fu T, Huang X, Zhao E, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Luu AT, Bi W, Shi F, Shi S (2023a) Siren\u2019s Song in the AI Ocean: A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models (No. arXiv:2309.01219). arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2309.01219","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2309.01219"},{"issue":"5","key":"494_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.103808","volume":"61","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang Z, He Z, Li J, Mai G, Lin J, Wei C, Yu W (2024c) BB-GeoGPT: A framework for learning a large language model for geographic information science. Inf Process Manag 61(5):103808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.103808","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"key":"494_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2024.103976","volume":"131","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wei C, He Z, Yu W (2024d) GeoGPT: An assistant for understanding and processing geospatial tasks. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 131:103976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jag.2024.103976","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf"},{"key":"494_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Gao J, Dhaliwal RS, Li TJ-J (2023b) VISAR: A Human-AI Argumentative Writing Assistant with Visual Programming and Rapid Draft Prototyping. Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3586183.3606800","DOI":"10.1145\/3586183.3606800"},{"key":"494_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Wang J, Ye J, Wu F (2022), April Rethinking graph convolutional networks in knowledge graph completion. In Proceedings of the ACM web conference 2022 (pp. 798\u2013807)","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3511923"},{"key":"494_CR67","unstructured":"Zhu S (2022) Multi-objective route planning problem for cycle-tourists. Transp Lett"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geographical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10109-026-00494-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10109-026-00494-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10109-026-00494-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:11:49Z","timestamp":1784182309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10109-026-00494-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10109-026-00494-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-5930","1435-5949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-5930","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5949","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}