{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T02:36:26Z","timestamp":1773801386631,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,24]],"date-time":"2005-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1116892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Tech Work"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-005-0183-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,23]],"date-time":"2005-05-23T08:47:04Z","timestamp":1116838024000},"page":"156-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Decision making by on-scene incident commanders in nuclear emergencies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"M. T.","family":"Crichton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Flin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"McGeorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"183_CR1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Incident command: Tales from the hot seat","author":"A Arbuthnot","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arbuthnot A (2002) Key issues in incident command. In: Flin R, Arbuthnot A (eds) Incident command: tales from the hot seat. Ashgate, Aldershot, pp 10\u201331"},{"issue":"3","key":"183_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/01939450222045923","volume":"4","author":"JW Beckstead","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beckstead JW (2002) Using hierarchical cluster analysis in nursing research. Western J Nursing Res 4(3):307\u2013319","journal-title":"Western J Nursing Res"},{"key":"183_CR3","volume-title":"Dealing with disaster, 3rd edn","author":"Office Cabinet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cabinet Office (2003) Dealing with disaster, 3rd edn. HMSO, London"},{"key":"183_CR5","volume-title":"Inquiry into the fire on heavy goods vehicle shuttle 7539 on 18 November 1996","author":"Channel Tunnel Safety Authority","year":"1997","unstructured":"Channel Tunnel Safety Authority (1997) Inquiry into the fire on heavy goods vehicle shuttle 7539 on 18 November 1996. CTSA, London"},{"key":"183_CR6","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Naturalistic decision making","author":"MS Cohen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Freeman JT, Thompson BB (1997) Training the naturalistic decision maker. In: Zsambok C, Klein G (eds) Naturalistic decision making. LEA, Mahwah, pp 257\u2013268"},{"key":"183_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089606380203","volume":"38","author":"MS Cohen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Freeman JT, Wolf S (1996) Metarecognition in time-stressed decision making: Recognising, critiquing and correcting. Hum Factors 38:206\u2013219","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"183_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1083","volume":"41","author":"NJ Cooke","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cooke NJ (1994) Varieties of knowledge elicitation techniques. Intl J Hum Comput Stud 41:801\u2013849","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"key":"183_CR9","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Incident command. Tales from the hot seat","author":"M Crichton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Crichton M, Flin R (2002) Command decision making. In: Flin R, Arbuthnot K (eds) Incident command. Tales from the hot seat. Ashgate, Aldershot, pp 201\u2013238"},{"issue":"12","key":"183_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anucene.2004.03.011","volume":"31","author":"M Crichton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crichton M, Flin R (2004) Identifying and training non-technical skills of nuclear emergency response teams. Ann Nucl Energy 31(12):1317\u20131330","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"183_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.00141","volume":"8","author":"M Crichton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Crichton M, Flin R, Rattray WA (2000) Training decision makers\u2014tactical decision games. J Contingencies Crisis Manage 8(4):208\u2013217","journal-title":"J Contingencies Crisis Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2003.10.016","volume":"20","author":"HM Cuevas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cuevas HM, Fiore SM, Bowers C, Salas E (2004) Fostering constructive cognitive and metacognitive activity in computer-based complex task training environments. Comput Hum Behav 20(2):225\u2013241","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"183_CR13","volume-title":"Expert knowledge and explanation: the knowledge-language interface","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ellis C (ed) (1989) Expert knowledge and explanation: the knowledge-language interface. Ellis Horwood, Chichester"},{"key":"183_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4229-2_13","volume-title":"The human in command: Exploring the modern military experience","author":"J Fallesen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fallesen J (2000) Developing practical thinking for battle command. In: McCann C, Pigeau R (eds) The human in command: Exploring the modern military experience. Kluwer\/Plenum, New York, pp 185\u2013200"},{"key":"183_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00054-7","volume":"19","author":"SM Fiore","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fiore SM, Cuevas HM, Oser R (2003) A picture is worth a thousand connections: the facilitative effects of diagrams on mental model development and task performance. Comput Hum Behav 19:185\u2013199","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"183_CR16","unstructured":"Fischer U, Orasanu J, Wich M (1995) Expert pilots\u2019 perception of problem situations. In: Paper presented at the 8th international symposium on aviation psychology, Columbus, Ohio, 24\u201328 April 1995"},{"key":"183_CR17","volume-title":"Sitting in the hot seat: leaders and teams for critical incident management","author":"R Flin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Flin R (1996) Sitting in the hot seat: Leaders and teams for critical incident management. Wiley, Chichester"},{"key":"183_CR18","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Managing crises","author":"R Flin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Flin R (2001) Decision making and leadership in crises: the piper alpha disaster. In: Rosenthal W, Comfort L, Boin A (eds) Managing crises. CC Thomas, Springfield, pp 103\u2013118"},{"key":"183_CR19","volume-title":"Incident command: Tales from the hot seat","author":"R Flin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Flin R, Arbuthnot A (2002) Lessons from the hot seat. In: Flin R, Arbuthnot A (eds) Incident command: Tales from the hot seat. Ashgate, Aldershot"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5973.1995.tb00063.x","volume":"3","author":"R Flin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Flin R, Slaven G (1995) Identifying the right stuff: selection and training of on-scene emergency commanders. J Contingencies Crisis Manage 3(2):113\u2013123","journal-title":"J Contingencies Crisis Manage"},{"key":"183_CR22","volume-title":"Decision making under stress: Emerging themes and applications","author":"L Fredholm","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fredholm L (1997) Decision making patterns in major fire-fighting and rescue operations. In: Flin R, Salas E, Strub M, Martin L (eds) Decision making under stress: emerging themes and applications. Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Aldershot"},{"key":"183_CR23","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Complex information processing: the impact of Herbert A Simon","author":"R Glaser","year":"1989","unstructured":"Glaser R (1989) Expertise in learning: how do we think about instructional processes now that we have discovered knowledge structure?. In: Klahr D, Kotofsky D (eds) Complex information processing: the impact of Herbert A Simon. LEA, Hillsdale, pp 269\u2013282"},{"key":"183_CR24","unstructured":"HSE (1991) Windscale vitrification shield door incident. HMSO, London, 15 September 1991"},{"key":"183_CR25","volume-title":"A guide to the offshore installation (safety case) regulation","author":"HSE","year":"1992","unstructured":"HSE (1992) A guide to the offshore installation (safety case) regulation. HSE, London"},{"key":"183_CR26","unstructured":"HSE (1994) The management of health and safety at atomic weapons establishments premises, vols. 1 and 2. HSE, Sudbury"},{"key":"183_CR27","volume-title":"Mental models","author":"P Johnson-Laird","year":"1983","unstructured":"Johnson-Laird P (1983) Mental models. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"183_CR28","unstructured":"Klein G (1997) Training incident command. Paper presented at the incident command conference, University of Portsmouth, Centre for Public Sector Management"},{"key":"183_CR29","volume-title":"Sources of power. How people make decisions","author":"G Klein","year":"1998","unstructured":"Klein G (1998) Sources of power. How people make decisions. MIT, Cambridge"},{"key":"183_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein G, Calderwood R, Clinton-Cirocco A (1986) Rapid decision making on the fire ground. In: Paper presented at the human factors society 30th annual meeting, 1, San Diego, CA","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128603000616"},{"key":"183_CR31","volume-title":"Advances in man\u2013machine systems research","author":"GA Klein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Klein GA (1989) Recognition-primed decisions. In: Rouse W (ed) Advances in man\u2013machine systems research. JAI, Greenwich"},{"key":"183_CR32","volume-title":"Decision making in action: models and methods","author":"GA Klein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Klein GA, Orasanu J, Calderwood R, Zsambok CE (1993) Decision making in action: Models and methods. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood"},{"key":"183_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985130","volume-title":"Multidimensional scaling","author":"JB Kruskal","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kruskal JB, Wish M (1978) Multidimensional scaling. Sage, Beverly Hills"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1997.2679","volume":"69","author":"R Lipshitz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lipshitz R, Strauss O (1997) Coping with uncertainty: a naturalistic decision making analysis. Organ Behav Hum Dec Processes 69(2):149\u2013163","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Dec Processes"},{"key":"183_CR35","volume-title":"Taking risks","author":"KR MacCrimmon","year":"1986","unstructured":"MacCrimmon KR, Wehrung DA (1986) Taking risks. Free, New York"},{"key":"183_CR36","volume-title":"The human in command: Exploring the modern military experience","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCann C, Pigeau R (eds) (2000) The human in command: Exploring the modern military experience. Kluwer\/Plenum, New York"},{"key":"183_CR37","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Incident command: tales from the hot seat","author":"T Moore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moore T (2002) Police commander\u2014the Notting Hill riot. In: Flin R, Arbuthnot A (eds) Incident command: tales from the hot seat. Ashgate, Aldershot, pp 69\u201387"},{"key":"183_CR38","volume-title":"Cognitively diagnostic assessment","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nichols PD, Chipman SF, Brennan RL (eds) (1995) Cognitively diagnostic assessment. LEA, Hillsdale"},{"issue":"11","key":"183_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399184857","volume":"42","author":"C Niessen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Niessen C, Eyferth K, Bierwagens T (1999) Modelling cognitive processes of experienced air traffic controllers. Ergonomics 42(11):1507\u20131520","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"183_CR40","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Decision making in action: models and methods","author":"J Orasanu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Orasanu J, Connolly T (1993) The reinvention of decision making. In: Klein GA, Orasanu J, Calderwood R, Zsambok CE (eds) Decision making in action: models and methods. Ablex, Norwood, pp 3\u201320"},{"key":"183_CR41","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Naturalistic decision making","author":"J Orasanu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Orasanu J, Fischer U (1997) Finding decisions in natural environments: The view from the cockpit. In: Zsambok C, Klein G (eds) Naturalistic decision making. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp 343\u2013358"},{"key":"183_CR42","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Cockpit resource management","author":"JM Orasanu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Orasanu JM (1993) Decision making in the cockpit. In: Wiener EL, Kanki BG, Helmreich RL (eds) Cockpit resource management. Academic, New York, pp 137\u2013172"},{"key":"183_CR43","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Naturalistic decision making","author":"R Pascual","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pascual R, Henderson S (1997) Evidence of naturalistic decision making in command and control. In: Zsambok CE, Klein GA (eds) Naturalistic decision making. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, pp 217\u2013226"},{"key":"183_CR44","first-page":"163","volume-title":"The human in command. Exploring the modern military experience","author":"R Pigeau","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pigeau R, McCann C (2000) Redefining command and control. In: McCann C, Pigeau R (eds) The human in command. Exploring the modern military experience. Kluwer\/Plenum, New York, pp 163\u2013184"},{"key":"183_CR45","volume-title":"Cognition and categorisation","author":"E Rosch","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rosch E, Lloyd BB (1978) Cognition and categorisation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillside"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0394.00045","volume":"14","author":"G Rugg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rugg G, McGeorge P (1997) The sorting techniques: A tutorial paper on card sorts, picture sorts and item sorts. Expert Syst 14(2):80\u201394","journal-title":"Expert Syst"},{"key":"183_CR47","volume-title":"Applied cognitive task analysis in aviation","author":"TL Seamster","year":"1997","unstructured":"Seamster TL, Redding RE, Kaempf GL (1997) Applied cognitive task analysis in aviation. Ashgate, Aldershot"},{"key":"183_CR48","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Evaluation of human work. A practical ergonomics methodology","author":"N Shadbolt","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shadbolt N, Burton M (1990) Knowledge elicitation. In: Wilson JR, Corlett EN (eds) Evaluation of human work. A practical ergonomics methodology. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 321\u2013345"},{"key":"183_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skriver J, Flin R (1996) Decision making in offshore emergencies: are standard operating procedures the solution? In: Paper presented at the SPE international conference on health, safety and environment in oil and gas industry, New Orleans, Louisiana","DOI":"10.2118\/35940-MS"},{"key":"183_CR50","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Naturalistic decision making","author":"AF Stokes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stokes AF, Kemper K, Kite K (1997) Aeronautical decision making, cue recognition, and expertise under time pressure. In: Zsambok CE, Klein G (eds) Naturalistic decision making. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp 183\u2013196"},{"key":"183_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02293745","volume":"42","author":"Y Takane","year":"1977","unstructured":"Takane Y, Young FW, Leeuw D (1977) Nonmetric individual differences multidimensional scaling: an alternating squares method with optimal scaling features. Psychometrika 42:7\u201367","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"183_CR52","unstructured":"Three Mile Island Special Inquiry Group, NRC (1980) Human factors evaluation of control room design and operator performance at three mile island-2, vol 1 (final report). US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Washington, DC"},{"key":"183_CR53","unstructured":"USNRC, UNRC (1987) Report on the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station (NUREG-1250). US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC"},{"key":"183_CR54","volume-title":"Naturalistic decision making","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zsambok CE, Klein G (eds) (1997) Naturalistic decision making. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah"}],"container-title":["Cognition, Technology &amp; Work"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-005-0183-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10111-005-0183-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-005-0183-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T16:25:57Z","timestamp":1559147157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10111-005-0183-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,24]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-005-0183-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-5558","1435-5566"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-5558","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5566","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,24]]}}}