{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:22:01Z","timestamp":1781716921495,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Flanders Make SBO project Yves"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Flanders Make SBO project Yves"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Tech Work"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0481-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T11:29:21Z","timestamp":1524655761000},"page":"351-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Understanding mental workload: from a clarifying concept analysis toward an implementable framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6565-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bram B.","family":"Van Acker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davy D.","family":"Parmentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vlerick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelle","family":"Saldien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"481_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088702900204","volume":"29","author":"J Aasman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Aasman J, Mulder G, Mulder LJM (1987) Operator effort and the measurement of heart-rate variability. Hum Factors 29:161\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872088702900204","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"481_CR2","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Stress, workload, and fatigue","author":"AD Andre","year":"2001","unstructured":"Andre AD (2001) The value of workload in the design and analysis of consumer products. In: Hancock PA, Desmond PA (eds) Stress, workload, and fatigue. L. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp\u00a0373\u2013382"},{"key":"481_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9130-y","volume":"22","author":"P Antonenko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Antonenko P, Paas F, Grabner R, van Gog T (2010) Using electroencephalography to measure cognitive load. Educ Psychol Rev 22:425\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-010-9130-y","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.023","volume":"59","author":"H Ayaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ayaz H, Shewokis PA, Bunce S et al (2012) Optical brain monitoring for operator training and mental workload assessment. NeuroImage 59:36\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"481_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.4.525.27089","volume":"45","author":"RW Backs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Backs RW, Lenneman JK, Wetzel JM, Green P (2003) Cardiac measures of driver workload during simulated driving with and without visual occlusion. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 45:525\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/hfes.45.4.525.27089","journal-title":"Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359","volume":"255","author":"A Baddeley","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baddeley A (1992) Working memory. Science 255:556\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1736359","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"481_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01538-2","volume":"4","author":"A Baddeley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baddeley A (2000) The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends Cogn Sci 4:417\u2013423","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"481_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","volume":"51","author":"RM Baron","year":"1986","unstructured":"Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 51:1173\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_25","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning","author":"MD Basil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basil MD (2012) Multiple resource theory. In: Seel NM (ed) Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning. Springer US, Boston, pp\u00a02384\u20132385"},{"key":"481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2016.01.002","volume":"165","author":"RA Block","year":"2016","unstructured":"Block RA, Hancock PA, Zakay D (2016) Physical load affects duration judgments: a meta-analytic review. Acta Psychol (Amst) 165:43\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2016.01.002","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"481_CR11","volume-title":"Structural equations with latent variables","author":"KA Bollen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bollen KA (2010) Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley, New York"},{"key":"481_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1126-0","volume-title":"Electrodermal activity","author":"W Boucsein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boucsein W (2012) Electrodermal activity, 2nd\u00a0edn. Springer, New York","edition":"2"},{"key":"481_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1201\/b12791-2.5","volume-title":"Stress, workload, and fatigue","author":"KA Brookhuis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brookhuis KA, de Waard D (2000) Assessment of drivers\u2019 workload: performance, subjective and physiological indices. In: Hancock PA, Desmond PA (eds) Stress, workload, and fatigue. L. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp\u00a0321\u2013333"},{"key":"481_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3801_7","volume":"38","author":"R Br\u00fcnken","year":"2003","unstructured":"Br\u00fcnken R, Plass JL, Leutner D (2003) Direct measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educ Psychol 38:53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15326985EP3801_7","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262013840.001.0001","volume-title":"Effortless attention: a new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action","author":"B Bruya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bruya B (2010) Effortless attention: a new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action. MIT Press, A Bradford Book, Cambridge"},{"key":"481_CR16","unstructured":"Cain B (2007) A review of the mental workload literature. In: Report No. RTO-TR-HFM-121-Part-II. Defence Research and Development Canada Toronto Human System Integration Section, Ontario, pp\u00a01\u201334"},{"key":"481_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31700-7","volume-title":"Robust multimodal cognitive load measurement","author":"F Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen F, Zhou J, Wang Y et al (2016) Robust multimodal cognitive load measurement. Springer, Switzerland"},{"key":"481_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-014-9262-6","volume":"26","author":"H-H Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi H-H, van Merri\u00ebnboer JJG, Paas F (2014) Effects of the physical environment on cognitive load and learning: towards a new model of cognitive load. Educ Psychol Rev 26:225\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-014-9262-6","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"481_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00479","volume":"13","author":"LE Crawford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Crawford LE, Cacioppo JT (2002) Learning where to look for danger: integrating affective and spatial information. Psychol Sci 13:449\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9280.00479","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"481_CR20","volume-title":"Beyond boredom and anxiety","author":"M Csikszentmihalyi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi M (1975) Beyond boredom and anxiety, 1st\u00a0edn. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco","edition":"1"},{"key":"481_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-014-0275-1","volume":"16","author":"JCF Winter de","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Winter JCF (2014) Controversy in human factors constructs and the explosive use of the NASA-TLX: a measurement perspective. Cogn Technol Work 16:289\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-014-0275-1","journal-title":"Cogn Technol Work"},{"key":"481_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-014-0277-z","volume":"16","author":"D Waard de","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Waard D, Lewis-Evans B (2014) Self-report scales alone cannot capture mental workload. Cogn Technol Work 16:303\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-014-0277-z","journal-title":"Cogn Technol Work"},{"key":"481_CR23","volume-title":"The research act","author":"K Denzin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Denzin K (1970) The research act. Aldine, Chicago"},{"key":"481_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2017.1306148","volume":"19","author":"J Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","unstructured":"Engstr\u00f6m J, B\u00e4rgman J, Nilsson D et al (2017) Great expectations: a predictive processing account of automobile driving. Theor Issues Ergon Sci 19:156\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1463922X.2017.1306148","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergon Sci"},{"key":"481_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720815592752","volume":"57","author":"S Estes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Estes S (2015) The workload curve: subjective mental workload. Hum Factors 57:1174\u20131187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720815592752","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"481_CR26","volume-title":"Stress, workload, and fatigue","author":"SH Fairclough","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fairclough SH (2001) Mental effort regulation and the functional impairment of the driver. In: Hancock PA, Desmond PA (eds) Stress, workload, and fatigue. L. Erlbaum, Mahwah"},{"key":"481_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967972","volume":"36","author":"AWK Gaillard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gaillard AWK (1993) Comparing the concepts of mental load and stress. Ergonomics 36:991\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139308967972","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"481_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galvin EC, Wills T, Coffey A (2017) Readiness for hospital discharge: a concept analysis. J Adv Nurs 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.13324","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13324"},{"key":"481_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-008-9096-1","volume":"21","author":"P Gerjets","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gerjets P, Scheiter K, Cierniak G (2009) The scientific value of cognitive load theory: a research agenda based on the structuralist view of theories. Educ Psychol Rev 21:43\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-008-9096-1","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"481_CR30","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of perception and human performance. Cognitive processes and performance","author":"D Gopher","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gopher D, Donchin E (1986) Workload: an examination of the concept. In: Boff KR, Kaufman L, Thomas JP (eds) Handbook of perception and human performance. Cognitive processes and performance, vol\u00a02. Wiley, Oxford, pp\u00a01\u201349"},{"key":"481_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.09.006","volume":"59","author":"M Grassmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grassmann M, Vlemincx E, von Leupoldt A, Van den Bergh O (2017) Individual differences in cardiorespiratory measures of mental workload: an investigation of negative affectivity and cognitive avoidant coping in pilot candidates. Appl Ergon 59:274\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.09.006","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"481_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2013.869371","volume":"16","author":"SJ Guastello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guastello SJ, Shircel A, Malon M, Timm P (2014) Individual differences in the experience of workload. Theor Issues Ergon Sci 16:20\u201352","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergon Sci"},{"key":"481_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964535","volume":"39","author":"PA Hancock","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hancock PA (1996) Effects of control order, augmented feedback, input device and practice on tracking performance and perceived workload. Ergonomics 39:1146\u20131162","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"481_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088903100503","volume":"31","author":"PA Hancock","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hancock PA, Warm JS (1989) A dynamic model of stress and sustained attention. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 31:519\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872088903100503","journal-title":"Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"481_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","volume-title":"Human mental workload","author":"SG Hart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research. In: Hancock PA, Meshkati N (eds) Human mental workload. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Hollland), Amsterdam, pp\u00a0139\u2013183"},{"key":"481_CR36","first-page":"190","volume-title":"NASA human integration design handbook (HIDH)","author":"SG Hart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hart SG, Wickens CD (2010) Cognitive workload. In: NASA human integration design handbook (HIDH). NASA, Washington, DC, pp\u00a0190\u2013222"},{"key":"481_CR37","volume-title":"Stress, workload, and fatigue","author":"B Hilburn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hilburn B, Jorna PGAM. (2001) Stress, workload, and fatigue. In: Hancock PA, Desmond PA (eds) Stress, workload, and fatigue. L. Erlbaum, Mahwah"},{"key":"481_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(96)05223-4","volume":"45","author":"GRJ Hockey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hockey GRJ (1997) Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: a cognitive energetical framework. Biol Psychol 45:73\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0301-0511(96)05223-4","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343416637517","volume":"10","author":"M Jipp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jipp M, Ackerman PL (2016) The impact of higher levels of automation on performance and situation awareness. J Cogn Eng Decis Mak 10:138\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555343416637517","journal-title":"J Cogn Eng Decis Mak"},{"key":"481_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0884-4_1","volume-title":"Mental Workload: its theory and measurement","author":"G Johannsen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Johannsen G (1979) Workload and workload measurement. In: Moray N (ed) Mental Workload: its theory and measurement. Plenum Press, New York, pp\u00a03\u201311"},{"key":"481_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2307\/1421603","volume":"88","author":"D Kahneman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kahneman D (1973) Attention and effort. Am J Psychol 88:339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1421603","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088702900203","volume":"29","author":"AF Kramer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kramer AF, Sirevaag EJ, Braune R (1987) A psychophysiological assessment of operator workload during simulated flight missions. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 29:145\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872088702900203","journal-title":"Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"481_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030694","volume":"139","author":"R Langner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Langner R, Eickhoff SB (2013) Sustaining attention to simple tasks: a meta-analytic review of the neural mechanisms of vigilant attention. Psychol Bull 139:870\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030694","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"481_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.10.015","volume":"39","author":"JK Layer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Layer JK, Karwowski W, Furr A (2009) The effect of cognitive demands and perceived quality of work life on human performance in manufacturing environments. Int J Ind Ergon 39:413\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ergon.2008.10.015","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"481_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2015.1015166","volume":"34","author":"L Longo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Longo L (2015) A defeasible reasoning framework for human mental workload representation and assessment. Behav Inf Technol 34:758\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2015.1015166","journal-title":"Behav Inf Technol"},{"key":"481_CR46","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Human stress and cognition: an information processing approach","author":"G Mandler","year":"1979","unstructured":"Mandler G (1979) Thought processes, consciousness, and stress. In: Hamilton V, Warburton DM (eds) Human stress and cognition: an information processing approach. Wiley, New York, pp\u00a0179\u2013201"},{"key":"481_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00250","volume":"10","author":"K Mandrick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mandrick K, Chua Z, Causse M et al (2016) Why a comprehensive understanding of mental workload through the measurement of neurovascular coupling is a key issue for neuroergonomics? Front Hum Neurosci 10:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00250","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"481_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816653688","volume":"58","author":"G Matthews","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matthews G (2016) Multidimensional profiling of task stress states for human factors: a brief review. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 58:801\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720816653688","journal-title":"Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"481_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903378719","volume":"24","author":"G Matthews","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matthews G, Campbell SE (2010) Dynamic relationships between stress states and working memory. Cogn Emot 24:357\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699930903378719","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"481_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.2.4.315","volume":"2","author":"G Matthews","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matthews G, Campbell SE, Falconer S et al (2002) Fundamental dimensions of subjective state in performance settings: task engagement, distress, and worry. Emotion 2:315\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.2.4.315","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"481_CR51","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Psychology of stress: new research","author":"G Matthews","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matthews G, Szalma J, Rose A et al (2013) Profiling task stress with the dundee stress state questionnaire. In: Cavalcanti L, Azevedo S (eds) Psychology of stress: new research. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, pp\u00a049\u201391"},{"key":"481_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews G, Reinerman-Jones L, Wohleber R et al (2015a) Workload is multidimensional, not unitary: what now? In: Schmorrow DD, Fidopiastis CM (eds) Foundations of augmented cognition: 9th international conference, AC 2015, held as part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2\u20137, 2015, proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp\u00a044\u201355","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20816-9_5"},{"key":"481_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814539505","volume":"57","author":"G Matthews","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matthews G, Reinerman-Jones LE, Barber DJ, Abich J (2015b) The psychometrics of mental workload: multiple measures are sensitive but divergent. Hum Factors 57:125\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720814539505","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"481_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.93.2.377","volume":"93","author":"PD Mautone","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mautone PD, Mayer RE (2001) Signaling as a cognitive guide in multimedia learning. J Educ Psychol 93:377\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.93.2.377","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3801_6","volume":"38","author":"R Mayer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mayer R, Moreno R (2003) Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educ Psychol 38:43\u201352","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.3.389","volume":"86","author":"RE Mayer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mayer RE, Sims VK (1994) For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning. J Educ Psychol 86:389\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.86.3.389","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR57","first-page":"1351","volume-title":"Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology","author":"JE McGrath","year":"1976","unstructured":"McGrath JE (1976) Stress and behavior in organizations. In: Dunnette MD (ed) Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Rand McNally, Chicago, pp\u00a01351\u20131395"},{"key":"481_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00889","author":"RK Mehta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta RK, Parasuraman R (2013) Neuroergonomics: a review of applications to physical and cognitive work. Front Hum Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00889","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"481_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0884-4","volume-title":"Mental workload: its theory and measurement","author":"N Moray","year":"1979","unstructured":"Moray N (1979) Mental workload: its theory and measurement. Plenum, New York"},{"key":"481_CR60","volume-title":"Cognitive task analysis","author":"MA Neerincx","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neerincx MA, van Doorne H, Ruijsendaal M (2000) Attuning computer-supported work to human knowledge and processing capacities in ship control centres. In: Schraagen JMC, Chipman SE, Shalin VL (eds) Cognitive task analysis. Erlbaum, Mahwah"},{"key":"481_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90004-3","volume":"7","author":"DA Norman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Norman DA, Bobrow DG (1975) On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cogn Psychol 7:44\u201364","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR62","first-page":"42\/1","volume-title":"Handbook of perception and human performance. Volume2. Cognitive processes and performance","author":"RD O\u2019Donnell","year":"1986","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell RD, Eggemeier FT (1986) Workload assessment methodology. In: Boff KR, Kaufman L, Thomas JP (eds) Handbook of perception and human performance. Volume\u00a02. Cognitive processes and performance. Wiley Interscience, New York, p\u00a042\/1\u201342\/9"},{"key":"481_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oviatt S (2006) Human-centered design meets cognitive load theory: designing interfaces that help people think. In: ACM international conference on multimedia. ACM, Santa Barbara, pp\u00a0871\u2013880","DOI":"10.1145\/1180639.1180831"},{"key":"481_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3801_8","volume":"38","author":"FGWC Paas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paas FGWC., Tuovinen J, Tabbers H, van Gerven PWM (2003) Cognitive load measurement as a means to advance cognitive load theory. Educ Psychol 38:63\u201371","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR65","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Stress, workload and fatigue","author":"R Parasuraman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parasuraman R, Hancock PA (2001) Adaptive control of mental workload. In: Hancock PA, Desmond PA (eds) Stress, workload and fatigue. L. Erlbaum, Mahwah, pp\u00a0305\u2013320"},{"key":"481_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288349","volume":"50","author":"R Parasuraman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Parasuraman R, Wilson GF (2008) Putting the brain to work: neuroergonomics past, present, and future. Hum Factors 50:468\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008X288349","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"481_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01344","volume":"5","author":"J Paxion","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paxion J, Galy E, Berthelon C (2014) Mental workload and driving. Front Psychol 5:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01344","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220500078021","volume":"6","author":"L Pickup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pickup L, Wilson JR, Sharpies S et al (2005) Fundamental examination of mental workload in the rail industry. Theor Issues Ergon Sci 6:463\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14639220500078021","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergon Sci"},{"key":"481_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341970170304","volume":"17","author":"HK Pillay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pillay HK (1997) Cognitive load and assembly tasks: effect of instructional formats on learning assembly procedures. Educ Psychol 17:285\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144341970170304","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118131350.ch4","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"RW Proctor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Proctor RW, Vu K-PL (2012) Selection and control of action. In: Salvendy G (ed) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics, 4th\u00a0edn. Wiley, Hoboken, pp\u00a095\u2013116","edition":"4"},{"key":"481_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62387-0","volume-title":"Human mental workload","author":"GB Reid","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reid GB, Nygren TE (1988) The subjective workload assessment technique: a scaling procedure for measuring mental workload. In: Hancock A, Meshkati N (eds) Human mental workload. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, pp\u00a0185\u2013218 North-Holland"},{"key":"481_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130410001686339","volume":"47","author":"M Richardson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Richardson M, Jones G, Torrance M (2004) Identifying the task variables that influence perceived object assembly complexity. Ergonomics 47:945\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140130410001686339","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"481_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006778606868","volume":"48","author":"M Richardson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Richardson M, Jones G, Torrance M, Baguley T (2006) Identifying the task variables that predict object assembly difficulty. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 48:511\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872006778606868","journal-title":"Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"481_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000084","volume":"41","author":"TJ Ricker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ricker TJ, Vergauwe E, Hinrichs GA et al (2014) No recovery of memory when cognitive load is decreased. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 41:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xlm0000084","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"481_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2004.00161.x","volume":"53","author":"S Rubio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rubio S, D\u00edaz E, Mart\u00edn J, Puente JM (2004) Evaluation of subjective mental workload: a comparison of SWAT, NASA-TLX, and Workload Profile methods. Appl Psychol 53:61\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2004.00161.x","journal-title":"Appl Psychol"},{"key":"481_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118131350","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"G Salvendy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salvendy G (2012) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"481_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195130072.001.0001","volume-title":"Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research","author":"KR Scherer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Scherer KR, Shorr A, Johnstone T (2001) Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press, Canary"},{"key":"481_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.1.1","volume":"84","author":"W Schneider","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schneider W, Shiffrin RM (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychol Rev 84:1\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.84.1.1","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"481_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2018.02.015","volume":"66","author":"M Shakouri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shakouri M, Ikuma LH, Aghazadeh F, Nahmens I (2018) Analysis of the sensitivity of heart rate variability and subjective workload measures in a driving simulator: the case of highway work zones. Int J Ind Ergon 66:136\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ergon.2018.02.015","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"481_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaw FA, Park SJ, Bae J et al (2018) Effects of roadside distractors on performance of drivers with and without attention deficit tendencies. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2018.02.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.02.013"},{"key":"481_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00221","author":"P S\u00f6rqvist","year":"2016","unstructured":"S\u00f6rqvist P, Dahlstr\u00f6m \u00d6, Karlsson T, R\u00f6nnberg J (2016) Concentration: the neural underpinnings of how cognitive load shields against distraction. Front Hum Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00221","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"481_CR82","first-page":"1","volume":"212824","author":"MA Staal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Staal MA (2004) Stress, cognition, and human performance: a literature review and conceptual framework. NASA Tech Memo 212824:1\u2013170","journal-title":"NASA Tech Memo"},{"key":"481_CR83","volume-title":"Oxford dictionary of English","author":"A Stevenson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stevenson A (2010) Oxford dictionary of English, 3rd\u00a0edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford","edition":"3"},{"key":"481_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2010.05.010","volume":"24","author":"S Stork","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stork S, Schub\u00f6 A (2010) Human cognition in manual assembly: theories and applications. Adv Eng Inform 24:320\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aei.2010.05.010","journal-title":"Adv Eng Inform"},{"key":"481_CR85","volume-title":"The dictionary for human factors\/ergonomics","author":"JH Stramler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stramler JH (1992) The dictionary for human factors\/ergonomics. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"481_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","volume":"12","author":"J Sweller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sweller J (1988) Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning. Cogn Sci 12:257\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0364-0213(88)90023-7","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"481_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4752(94)90003-5","volume":"4","author":"J Sweller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sweller J (1994) Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learn Instr 4:295\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0959-4752(94)90003-5","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"key":"481_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.3.4.257","volume":"3","author":"S Tindall-Ford","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tindall-Ford S, Chandler P, Sweller J (1997) When two sensory modes are better than one. J Exp Psychol Appl 3:257\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1076-898X.3.4.257","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"key":"481_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1192","volume":"24","author":"B Ven Van de","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van de Ven B, Vlerick P, de Jonge J (2008) The interplay of job demands, job resources and cognitive outcomes in informatics. Stress Heal 24:375\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.1192","journal-title":"Stress Heal"},{"key":"481_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","volume":"27","author":"V Venkatesh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Venkatesh V, Morris MG, Davis FD, Davis GB (2003) User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. MIS Q 27:425\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/30036540","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"481_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138608967253","volume":"29","author":"MA Vidulich","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vidulich MA, Tsang PS (1986) Techniques of subjective workload assessment: a comparison of SWAT and the NASA-Bipolar methods. Ergonomics 29:1385\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140138608967253","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"481_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2004.08.002","volume":"22","author":"JG Wacker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wacker JG (2004) A theory of formal conceptual definitions: developing theory-building measurement instruments. J Oper Manag 22:629\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jom.2004.08.002","journal-title":"J Oper Manag"},{"key":"481_CR93","volume-title":"Strategies for theory construction in nursing","author":"LO Walker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walker LO, Avant KC (2011) Strategies for theory construction in nursing, 5th\u00a0edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River","edition":"5"},{"key":"481_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X312152","volume":"50","author":"JS Warm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Warm JS, Parasuraman R, Matthews G (2008) Vigilance requires hard mental work and is stressful. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 50:433\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008X312152","journal-title":"Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"481_CR95","first-page":"159","volume":"3","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wickens CD (2002) Multiple resources and performance prediction. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 3:159\u2013177","journal-title":"Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"481_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394","volume":"50","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wickens CD (2008) Multiple resources and mental workload. Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 50:449\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008X288394","journal-title":"Hum Factors J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"#cr-split#-481_CR97.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickens CD (2017) Mental workload: assessment, prediction and consequences. In: Longo L, Leva MC","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61061-0_2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-481_CR97.2","unstructured":"(eds) Human mental workload: models and applications: first international symposium, H-WORKLOAD 2017, Dublin, Ireland, June 28-30, 2017, revised selected papers. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp\u00a018-29"},{"key":"481_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118131350.ch5","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wickens CD, Carswell CM (2012) Chap. 5. Information processing. In: Salvendy G (ed) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics, 4th\u00a0edn. Wiley, Hoboken, pp\u00a0117\u2013161","edition":"4"},{"key":"481_CR99","volume-title":"Engineering psychology and human performance","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wickens CD, Hollands JG (2000) Engineering psychology and human performance, 3rd\u00a0edn. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River","edition":"3"},{"key":"481_CR100","volume-title":"Handbook of human-systems integration","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wickens CD, Tsang P (2014) Handbook of human-systems integration. In: Durso F (ed) Handbook of human-systems integration. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC"},{"key":"481_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0403_3","volume":"4","author":"B Xie","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xie B, Salvendy G (2000) Prediction of mental workload in single and multiple tasks environments. Int J Cogn Ergon 4:213\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0403_3","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ergon"},{"key":"481_CR102","first-page":"507","volume-title":"International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors","author":"MS Young","year":"2001","unstructured":"Young MS, Stanton NA (2001) Mental workload: theory, measurement and application. In: Karwowski W (ed) International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors. Taylor & Francis, London, pp\u00a0507\u2013509"},{"key":"481_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130210166816","volume":"45","author":"MS Young","year":"2002","unstructured":"Young MS, Stanton NA (2002) It\u2019s all relative: defining mental workload in the light of Annett\u2019s paper. Ergonomics 45:1018\u20131020","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"481_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.956151","volume":"139","author":"MS Young","year":"2014","unstructured":"Young MS, Brookhuis KA, Wickens CD, Hancock PA (2014) State of science: mental workload in ergonomics. Ergonomics 139:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2014.956151","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"481_CR105","unstructured":"Zijlstra FRH (1993) Efficiency in work behaviour: a design approach for modern tools. Dissertation, Delft University Press, Delft"}],"container-title":["Cognition, Technology & Work"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10111-018-0481-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-018-0481-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-018-0481-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T08:45:15Z","timestamp":1720255515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10111-018-0481-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-018-0481-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-5558","1435-5566"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-5558","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5566","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}