{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:35:38Z","timestamp":1792251338349,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Tech Work"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The autonomous driving technology is rapidly developed for commercial use, aiming at the conditional driving automation or the third level of driving automation (LoDA 3). One of the most critical challenges for the achievement is the smooth authority transfer from the system to human drivers in an emergency. However, it is still on the way to find out fundamental solutions. The difficulty is closely related to the envisioned world problem, for which the concept of functional modeling could be a solution. This paper presents a safety analysis of the authority transfer problem based on the ideas of functional modeling. We discuss the safety of the authority transfer in a time-critical situation by using a simulator based on the functional resonance analysis method (FRAM). The result shows that the involvement of human drivers in driving activities is still essential even during autonomous driving. We show that the current LoDA 3 is a myth that the human drivers are supposed to be required just in non-normal situations, while they can be free from dynamic driving tasks (DDTs) in usual cases. Based on the result, this work makes some proposals for successful autonomous driving, effective human\u2013machine collaboration, and the right design of artifacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-020-00652-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T17:02:42Z","timestamp":1602349362000},"page":"639-657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Functional safety analysis of SAE conditional driving automation in time-critical situations and proposals for its feasibility"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5764-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Hirose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Sawaragi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Nomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasutaka","family":"Michiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848162914_0007","volume":"3","author":"W Brauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brauer W, Reisig W (2009) Carl adam petri and \u201cPetri Nets\u201d. Fundam Concepts Comput Sci 3(5):129\u2013139","journal-title":"Fundam Concepts Comput Sci"},{"key":"652_CR2","unstructured":"Bytheway CW (2007) FAST creativity and innovation: rapidly improving processes. J Ross Publishing, Product Development and Solving Complex Problems"},{"key":"652_CR3","unstructured":"Cropley S (2019) Speed limiters may create more dangers than they prevent: EU\u2019s decision to make speed limiters mandatory on all new cars from 2022 plays to the view that we\u2019re overly reliant on car tech. https:\/\/www.autocar.co.uk\/opinion\/industry\/speed-limiters-may-create-more-dangers-they-prevent. Accessed 4 Aug 2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"652_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2011.09.004","volume":"43","author":"F Dehais","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dehais F, Causse M, Vachon F, Tremblay S (2012) Cognitive conflict in human-automation interactions: a psychophysiological study. Appl Ergon 43(3):588\u2013595","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"19","key":"652_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.10.623","volume":"49","author":"T Edwards","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edwards T, Homola J, Mercer J, Claudatos L (2016) Multifactor interactions and the air traffic controller: the interaction of situation awareness and workload in association with automation. IFAC Pap Online 49(19):597\u2013602","journal-title":"IFAC Pap Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"652_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543","volume":"37","author":"MR Endsley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Endsley MR (1995) Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Hum Factors 37(1):32\u201364","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"4","key":"652_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816685832","volume":"59","author":"A Eriksson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eriksson A, Stanton NA (2017) Takeover time in highly automated vehicles: noncritical transitions to and from manual control. Hum Factors 59(4):689\u2013705","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"652_CR8","unstructured":"FAA (2016) Pilot\u2019s handbook of aeronautical knowledge. Handbooks & Manuals FAA-H-8083-25B, Federal Aviation Administration"},{"key":"652_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620766","volume-title":"A theory of cognitive dissonance","author":"L Festinger","year":"1957","unstructured":"Festinger L (1957) A theory of cognitive dissonance, vol 2. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto"},{"issue":"19","key":"652_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.12.075","volume":"52","author":"T Hirose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirose T, Sawaragi T (2019) Development of FRAM model based on structure of complex adaptive systems to visualize safety of socio-technical systems. IFAC Pap Online 52(19):13\u201318","journal-title":"IFAC Pap Online"},{"key":"652_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirose T, Sawaragi T (2020) Extended FRAM model based on cellular automaton to clarify complexity of socio-technical systems and improve their safety. Saf Sci 123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.104556"},{"issue":"1","key":"652_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.04.110173.000245","volume":"4","author":"CS Holling","year":"1973","unstructured":"Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4(1):1\u201323","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"652_CR13","unstructured":"Hollnagel E (2003) Context, cognition and control. Coop Process Manag 27\u201352"},{"key":"652_CR14","volume-title":"Cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM)","author":"E Hollnagel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hollnagel E (1998) Cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM). Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"key":"652_CR15","volume-title":"Barriers and accident prevention","author":"E Hollnagel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hollnagel E (2004) Barriers and accident prevention. Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Farnham"},{"key":"652_CR16","volume-title":"FRAM: the functional resonance analysis method: modelling complex socio-technical systems","author":"E Hollnagel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hollnagel E (2012) FRAM: the functional resonance analysis method: modelling complex socio-technical systems. Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Farnham"},{"key":"652_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315201023","volume-title":"Safety-II in practice: developing the resilience potentials","author":"E Hollnagel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hollnagel E (2017) Safety-II in practice: developing the resilience potentials. Taylor & Francis, New York"},{"key":"652_CR18","volume-title":"Resilience engineering: concepts and precepts","author":"E Hollnagel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hollnagel E, Woods DD, Leveson N (2006) Resilience engineering: concepts and precepts. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"652_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1201\/9781410607775.ch8","volume":"8","author":"T Inagaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Inagaki T (2003) Adaptive automation: sharing and trading of control. Handb Cogn Task Des 8:147\u2013169","journal-title":"Handb Cogn Task Des"},{"issue":"4","key":"652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0471-5","volume":"21","author":"T Inagaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Inagaki T, Sheridan TB (2019) A critique of the SAE conditional driving automation definition, and analyses of options for improvement. Cogn Technol Work 21(4):569\u2013578","journal-title":"Cogn Technol Work"},{"issue":"6","key":"652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2005.06.002","volume":"91","author":"M Konstandinidou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Konstandinidou M, Nivolianitou Z, Kiranoudis C, Markatos N (2006) A fuzzy modeling application of CREAM methodology for human reliability analysis. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 91(6):706\u2013716","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"652_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90073-1","volume":"29","author":"B Kuipers","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kuipers B (1986) Qualitative simulation. Artif Intell 29(3):289\u2013338","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"652_CR23","volume-title":"Qualitative reasoning: modeling and simulation with incomplete knowledge","author":"B Kuipers","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kuipers B (1994) Qualitative reasoning: modeling and simulation with incomplete knowledge. MIT press, Cambridge"},{"key":"652_CR24","first-page":"287","volume":"3","author":"B Kuipers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuipers B (2001) Qualitative simulation. Encycl Phys Sci Technol 3:287\u2013300","journal-title":"Encycl Phys Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"652_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.1985.5222114","volume":"34","author":"WS Lee","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lee WS, Grosh DL, Tillman FA, Lie CH (1985) Fault tree analysis, methods and application \u2013 a review. IEEE Trans Reliab 34(3):194\u2013203","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Reliab"},{"issue":"1","key":"652_CR26","first-page":"22","volume":"2","author":"M Lind","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lind M (2011) An introduction to multilevel flow modeling. Nucl Saf Simul 2(1):22\u201332","journal-title":"Nucl Saf Simul"},{"key":"652_CR27","volume-title":"Cognition and reality","author":"U Neisser","year":"1976","unstructured":"Neisser U (1976) Cognition and reality. W. H. Freeman, New York"},{"key":"652_CR28","unstructured":"Petri CA (1966) Communication with automata. Technical Report RADC-TR-65-377, Griffiss air force base, New York"},{"key":"652_CR29","unstructured":"Rasmussen J (1986) Information processing and human-machine interaction: an approach to cognitive engineering. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc."},{"key":"652_CR30","volume-title":"Cognitive Systems Engineering","author":"J Rasmussen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rasmussen J, Pejtersen AM, Goodstein LP (1994) Cognitive Systems Engineering. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"652_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1977.229900","volume":"1","author":"DT Ross","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ross DT (1977) Structured analysis (sa): a language for communicating ideas. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 1:16\u201334","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"issue":"9","key":"652_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129503900918","volume":"39","author":"EM Roth","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roth EM, Mumaw RJ (1995) Using cognitive task analysis to define human interface requirements for first-of-a-kind systems. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet 39(9):520\u2013524","journal-title":"Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet"},{"issue":"1","key":"652_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","volume":"48","author":"TL Saaty","year":"1990","unstructured":"Saaty TL (1990) How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process. Eur J Oper Res 48(1):9\u201326","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"652_CR34","unstructured":"SAE (2016) Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles. SAE Int (J3016)"},{"issue":"1","key":"652_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049444","volume":"37","author":"K Smith","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smith K, Hancock PA (1995) Situation awareness is adaptive, externally directed consciousness. Hum Factors 37(1):137\u2013148","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"652_CR36","unstructured":"Stamatelatos M, Vesely W, Dugan J, Fragola J, Minarick J, Railsback J (2002) Fault tree handbook with aerospace applications. Handbook, NASA"},{"key":"652_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swain AD, Guttmann HE (1983) Handbook of human-reliability analysis with emphasis on nuclear power plant applications. Final report. Tech. rep, Sandia National Labs","DOI":"10.2172\/5752058"},{"key":"652_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2014.08.012","volume":"72","author":"ST Ung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ung ST (2015) A weighted CREAM model for maritime human reliability analysis. Saf Sci 72:144\u2013152","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"652_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.08.071","volume":"65","author":"F Vanderhaegen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vanderhaegen F (2016) A rule-based support system for dissonance discovery and control applied to car driving. Expert Syst Appl 65:361\u2013371","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"652_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2017.09.008","volume":"44","author":"F Vanderhaegen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vanderhaegen F (2017) Towards increased systems resilience: new challenges based on dissonance control for human reliability in Cyber-Physical&Human Systems. Annu Rev Control 44:316\u2013322","journal-title":"Annu Rev Control"},{"key":"652_CR41","unstructured":"Vesely WE, Goldberg FF, Roberts NH, Haasl DF (1981) Fault tree handbook. Handbook NUREG-0492, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission"},{"key":"652_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12457","volume-title":"Cognitive work analysis: toward safe, productive, and healthy computer-based work","author":"KJ Vicente","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vicente KJ (1999) Cognitive work analysis: toward safe, productive, and healthy computer-based work. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"652_CR43","unstructured":"Woods DD, Christoffersen K (2002) Balancing practice-centered research and design. In: Cognitive Systems Engineering in Military Aviation Domains Wright-Patterson AFB: Human Systems Information Analysis Center, pp 121\u2013136"},{"issue":"3","key":"652_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220110037452","volume":"1","author":"DD Woods","year":"2000","unstructured":"Woods DD, Dekker S (2000) Anticipating the effects of technological change: a new era of dynamics for human factors. Theor Issues Ergon Sci 1(3):272\u2013282","journal-title":"Theor Issues Ergon Sci"},{"key":"652_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2012.11.003","volume":"58","author":"Z Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang Z, Bonsall S, Wall A, Wang J, Usman M (2013) A modified CREAM to human reliability quantification in marine engineering. Ocean Eng 58:293\u2013303","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"}],"container-title":["Cognition, Technology &amp; Work"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00652-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00652-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00652-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T22:10:52Z","timestamp":1669155052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00652-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00652-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-5558","1435-5566"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-5558","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5566","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}