{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:13:12Z","timestamp":1772831592003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002946","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002946","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Tech Work"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work focuses on the analysis of pilots\u2019 performance during manual flight operations in different stages of training and their influence on gaze strategy. The secure and safe operation of air traffic is highly dependent on the individual performances of the pilots. Before becoming a pilot, he\/she has to acquire a broad set of skills by training to pass all the necessary qualification and licensing standards. A basic skill for every pilot is manual control operations, which is a closed-loop control process with several cross-coupled variables. Even with increased automation in the cockpit, the manual control operations are essential for every pilot as a last resort in the event of automation failure. A key element in the analysis of manual flight operations is the development over time in relation to performance and visual perception. An experiment with 28 participants (including 11 certified pilots) was conducted in a Boeing 737 simulator. For defined flight phases, the dynamic time warping method was applied to evaluate the performance for selected criteria, and eye-tracking methodology was utilized to analyze the gaze-pattern development. The manipulation of workload and individual experience influences the performance and the gaze pattern at the same time. Findings suggest that the increase of workload has an increased influence on pilots depending on the flight phase. Gaze patterns from experienced pilots provide insights into the training requirements of both novices and experts. The connection between workload, performance and gaze pattern is complex and needs to be analyzed under as many differing conditions. The results imply the necessity to evaluate manual flight operations with respect to more flight phases and a detailed selection of performance indications.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-020-00663-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T08:38:14Z","timestamp":1615279094000},"page":"715-730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The influence of training level on manual flight in connection to performance, scan pattern, and task load"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3742-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maik","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seung Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anja K.","family":"Faulhaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"663_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1975.5408433","volume":"5","author":"S Baron","year":"1975","unstructured":"Baron S, Levison WH (1975) An optimal control methodology for analyzing the effects of display parameters on performance and workload in manual flight control. IEEE Transactions Syst Man Cyber SMC 5(4):423\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSMC.1975.5408433","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions Syst Man Cyber SMC"},{"key":"663_CR2","volume-title":"Aviation automation: the search for a human-centered approach","author":"CE Billings","year":"1997","unstructured":"Billings CE (1997) Aviation automation: the search for a human-centered approach. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"663_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/10508414.2011.537561","volume":"21","author":"O Blomberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blomberg O (2011) Conceptions of cognition for cognitive engineering. Int J Aviat Psychol 21(1):85\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508414.2011.537561","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"663_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814535628","volume":"56","author":"SM Casner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Casner SM, Geven RW, Recker MP, Schooler JW (2014) The retention of manual flying skills in the automated cockpit. Hum Factors 56(8):1506\u20131516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720814535628","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"663_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1986.62.1.235","volume":"62","author":"JM Childs","year":"1986","unstructured":"Childs JM, Spears WD (1986) Flight-skill decay and recurrent training. Percept Mot Skills 62(1):235\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.1986.62.1.235","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"663_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X312496","volume":"49","author":"L-E Cox-Fuenzalida","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cox-Fuenzalida L-E (2007) Effect of workload history on task performance. Hum Factors 49:277\u2013291","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"663_CR7","volume-title":"The measurement of drivers' mental workload","author":"D De Waard","year":"1996","unstructured":"De Waard D (1996) The measurement of drivers\u2019 mental workload. Groningen University, Traffic Research Center Netherlands"},{"issue":"10","key":"663_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1167\/10.10.28","volume":"10","author":"M Dorr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dorr M, Martinetz T, Gegenfurtner KR, Barth E (2010) Variability of eye movements when viewing dynamic natural scenes. J Vis 10(10):28\u201328","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"2","key":"663_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088502700207","volume":"27","author":"A Drory","year":"1985","unstructured":"Drory A (1985) Effects of rest and secondary task on simulated truck-driving task performance. Hum Factors 27(2):201\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872088502700207","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"663_CR10","unstructured":"Ebbatson, M. (2009). The loss of manual flying skills in pilots of highly automated airliners. (PhD Thesis), Cranfield University, Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1826\/3484"},{"issue":"11","key":"663_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2304.2008","volume":"79","author":"M Ebbatson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ebbatson M, Harris D, Huddlestone J, Sears R (2008) Combining control input with flight path data to evaluate pilot performance in transport aircraft. Aviat Space Environ Med 79(11):1061\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3357\/ASEM.2304.2008","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"663_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130903342349","volume":"53","author":"M Ebbatson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ebbatson M, Harris D, Huddlestone J, Sears R (2010) The relationship between manual handling performance and recent flying experience in air transport pilots. Ergonomics 53(2):268\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140130903342349","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"663_CR13","unstructured":"Edwards, T. (2013). Human performance in air traffic control. (PhD), Dissertation, University of Nottingham"},{"key":"663_CR14","unstructured":"EUROCONTROL. (2012). NASA task load index (NASA-TLX). HP repository. Retrieved from https:\/\/ext.eurocontrol.int\/ehp\/?q=node\/1583. Accessed 4 July 2019"},{"key":"663_CR15","unstructured":"Faulhaber A (2019) From crewed to single-pilot operations: Pilot performance and workload management. Paper presented at the 20th international symposium on aviation psychology (ISAP 2019 Dayton Ohio United States"},{"key":"663_CR16","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. (2012). Instrument flying handbook (FAA-H-8083\u201315B). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/regulations_policies\/handbooks_manuals\/aviation\/media\/FAA-H-8083-15B.pdf. Accessed 12 Aug 2018"},{"key":"663_CR17","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. (2013). Operational use of flight path management systems. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.skybrary.aero\/bookshelf\/books\/2501.pdf. Accessed 1 May 2019"},{"key":"663_CR18","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration. (2017). Manual flight operations proficiency. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.faa.gov\/other_visit\/aviation_industry\/airline_operators\/airline_safety\/safo. Accessed 12 June 2018"},{"key":"663_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feusner M, and Lukoff B (2008) Testing for statistically significant differences between groups of scan patterns. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research and applications","DOI":"10.1145\/1344471.1344481"},{"issue":"10","key":"663_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186216","volume":"41","author":"E Field","year":"1998","unstructured":"Field E, Harris DON (1998) A comparative survey of the utility of cross-cockpit linkages and autoflight systems\u2019 backfeed to the control inceptors of commercial aircraft. Ergonomics 41(10):1462\u20131477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/001401398186216","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"663_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"T Foulsham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Foulsham T, Dewhurst R, Nystr\u00f6m M, Jarodzka H, Johansson R, Underwood G, Holmqvist K (2012) Comparing scanpaths during scene encoding and recognition: a multi-dimensional approach. J Eye Move Res 5(3):1\u201314","journal-title":"J Eye Move Res"},{"key":"663_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0745-x","volume":"49","author":"M Friedrich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Friedrich M, Ru\u00dfwinkel N, M\u00f6hlenbrink C (2016) A guideline for integrating dynamic areas of interests in existing set-up for capturing eye movement: looking at moving aircraft. Behav Res Methods 49:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-016-0745-x","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"663_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(98)00068-7","volume":"24","author":"JH Goldberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldberg JH, Kotval XP (1999) Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs. Int J Ind Ergon 24:631\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-8141(98)00068-7","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"issue":"1","key":"663_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/107118138002400106","volume":"24","author":"RL Harris","year":"1980","unstructured":"Harris RL, Christhilf DM (1980) What do pilots see in displays? Proceed Human Fact Soc Ann Meet 24(1):22\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107118138002400106","journal-title":"Proceed Human Fact Soc Ann Meet"},{"key":"663_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","volume":"1","author":"SG Hart","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hart SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (task load index): results of empirical and theoretical research. Human mental workload 1:139\u2013183","journal-title":"Human mental workload"},{"issue":"4","key":"663_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816640394","volume":"58","author":"A Haslbeck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haslbeck A, Hoermann H-J (2016) Flying the needles: flight deck automation erodes fine-motor flying skills among airline pilots. Hum Factors 58(4):533\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720816640394","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"663_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.03.015","volume":"63","author":"A Haslbeck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haslbeck A, Zhang B (2017) I spy with my little eye: analysis of airline pilots\u2019 gaze patterns in a manual instrument flight scenario. Appl Ergonom 63:62\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.03.015","journal-title":"Appl Ergonom"},{"key":"663_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haslbeck A, Kirchner P, Schubert E, and Bengler K (2014) A flight simulator study to evaluate manual flying skills of airline pilots. Paper presented at the Human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting.","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931214581003"},{"key":"663_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1117309.1117325","volume-title":"Averaging scan patterns and what they can tell us","author":"H Hembrooke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hembrooke H, Feusner M, Gay G (2006) Averaging scan patterns and what they can tell us. Paper presented at the Symposium on Eye tracking research and applications, San Diego, California"},{"key":"663_CR30","volume-title":"Human reliability analysis: context and control","author":"E Hollnagel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hollnagel E (1993) Human reliability analysis: context and control. Academic Press Inc, London"},{"key":"663_CR31","unstructured":"Holmqvist, K., Nystr\u00f6m, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., & Van de Weijer, J. (2011). Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures: OUP Oxford."},{"key":"663_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/hcp.23","volume-title":"Discourse, vision, and cognition","author":"J Hol\u0161\u00e1nov\u00e1","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hol\u0161\u00e1nov\u00e1 J (2008) Discourse, vision, and cognition. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam"},{"key":"663_CR33","unstructured":"Hubbard D (1987). Inadequacy of root mean square error as a performance measure. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, 4 th, Columbus, OH."},{"issue":"1","key":"663_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2014.2363121","volume":"45","author":"Z Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang Z, Landry SJ (2015) An eye movement analysis algorithm for a multielement target tracking task: maximum transition-based agglomerative hierarchical clustering. IEEE Transactions Hum-Mach Syst 45(1):13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/THMS.2014.2363121","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions Hum-Mach Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"663_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086300500206","volume":"5","author":"WB Knowles","year":"1963","unstructured":"Knowles WB (1963) Operator loading tasks. Hum Factors 5(2):155\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001872086300500206","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"663_CR36","first-page":"6","volume":"83","author":"D Landry","year":"2014","unstructured":"Landry D (2014) Keeping manual flying skills sharp. Air Line Pilot 83:6","journal-title":"Air Line Pilot"},{"issue":"10","key":"663_CR37","first-page":"1078","volume":"74","author":"Y-H Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee Y-H, Liu B-S (2003) Inflight workload assessment: comparison of subjective and physiological measurements. Aviat Space Environ Med 74(10):1078\u20131084","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"663_CR38","volume-title":"Pitfalls and progress in advanced flight control systems (AGARD CP-321)","author":"D McRuer","year":"1982","unstructured":"McRuer D (1982) Pitfalls and progress in advanced flight control systems (AGARD CP-321). AGARD\/NATO, Neulliy-sur-Seine"},{"issue":"3","key":"663_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.31.3.520","volume":"31","author":"M Naveh-Benjamin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Naveh-Benjamin M, Craik FIM, Guez J, Kreuger S (2005) Divided attention in younger and older adults: effects of strategy and relatedness on memory performance and secondary task costs. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 31(3):520\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.31.3.520","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"663_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papenfuss, and Friedrich M (2016) Head up only: a design concept to enable multiple remote tower operations. Paper presented at the 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Sacramento","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2016.7777948"},{"issue":"3","key":"663_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720810376055","volume":"52","author":"R Parasuraman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parasuraman R, Manzey DH (2010) Complacency and bias in human use of automation. Attent Integrat 52(3):381\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720810376055","journal-title":"Attent Integrat"},{"key":"663_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886","volume":"39","author":"R Parasuraman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Parasuraman R, Riley V (1997) Humans and automation: use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Hum Factors 39:230\u2013253","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"4","key":"663_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1004_1","volume":"10","author":"J Rigner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rigner J, Dekker S (2000) Sharing the burden of flight deck automation training. Int J Aviat Psychol 10(4):317\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1004_1","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"663_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-2007-11508","volume":"11","author":"S Salvador","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salvador S, Chan P (2007) Toward accurate dynamic time warping in linear time and space. Intell Data Anal 11(5):561\u2013580","journal-title":"Intell Data Anal"},{"key":"663_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvucci DD (1999). Inferring intent in eye-based interfaces: tracing eye movements with process models. Paper presented at the Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, New York, NY","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303055"},{"issue":"5","key":"663_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.9","volume":"11","author":"AC Sch\u00fctz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz AC, Braun DI, Gegenfurtner KR (2011) Eye movements and perception: A selective review. Journal of vision 11(5):9\u20139","journal-title":"Journal of vision"},{"key":"663_CR47","unstructured":"Simon P, Rousseau F, and Angue J (1993, 17\u201320 Oct. 1993). Quantitative analysis of mental workload influence on eye scanning movements. Paper presented at the Proceedings of IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference: SMC"},{"key":"663_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000255943.10045.c0","volume":"68","author":"JL Taylor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Taylor JL, Kennedy Q, Noda A, Yesavage JA (2007) Pilot age and expertise predict flight simulator performance. Neurology 68:648\u2013654","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"663_CR49","first-page":"507","volume-title":"Principles and practice of aviation psychology","author":"PS Tsang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tsang PS (2003) Assessing cognitive aging in piloting. In: Tsang PS, Vidulich MA (eds) Principles and practice of aviation psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, N.J, pp 507\u2013546"},{"issue":"6","key":"663_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013031000090116","volume":"46","author":"G Underwood","year":"2003","unstructured":"Underwood G, Chapman P, Brocklehurst N, Underwood J, Crundall D (2003) Visual attention while driving: sequences of eye fixations made by experienced and novice drivers. Ergonomics 46(6):629\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0014013031000090116","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"663_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.23.5.1299","volume":"23","author":"AWA Van Gemmert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van Gemmert AWA, Van Galen GP (1997) Stress, neuromotor noise, and human performance: a theoretical perspective. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 23(5):1299\u20131313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.23.5.1299","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"663_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104814","volume":"129","author":"F Vanderhaegen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vanderhaegen F, Wolff M, Mollard R (2020) Non-conscious errors in the control of dynamic events synchronized with heartbeats: a new challenge for human reliability study. Saf Sci 129:104814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104814","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"663_CR53","unstructured":"Veillette PR (1995) Differences in aircrew manual skills in automated and conventional flight decks. Transp Res Rec (1480)"},{"issue":"1","key":"663_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778940741","volume":"38","author":"CE Volpe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Volpe CE, Cannon-Bowers JA, Salas E, Spector PE (1996) The impact of cross-training on team functioning: an empirical investigation. Hum Factors 38(1):87\u2013100","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"663_CR55","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Automation in air traffic control: The human performance issues","author":"CD Wickens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wickens CD (1999) Automation in air traffic control: The human performance issues. Current Research and Trends, Automation Technology and Human Performance, pp 2\u201310"},{"key":"663_CR56","unstructured":"Wiener EL, Chute RD, and Moses JH (1999). Transition to glass: Pilot training for high-technology transport aircraft (20000032979). Retrieved from https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/search.jsp?R=20000032979. Accessed 1 July 2019"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-021-00680-1","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000}}],"container-title":["Cognition, Technology &amp; Work"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00663-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00663-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00663-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T09:17:42Z","timestamp":1634462262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00663-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-020-00663-8","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10111-021-00680-1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1435-5558","1435-5566"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-5558","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-5566","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-021-00680-1","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-021-00680-1","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This research complied with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) and was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Southern Queensland.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from each participant.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have seen and approved the manuscript being submitted. We warrant that the article is the authors' original work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}