{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:09:54Z","timestamp":1757617794303,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020194","name":"Wellcome \/ EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z","203145\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cogn Tech Work"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>User testing is crucial for ensuring that systems meet user expectations, involving both low- and high-fidelity prototypes. Recently, mixed-fidelity prototypes, which blend various levels of detail, have gained popularity but are mainly used for evaluating single digital prototypes. Typically, medical devices are tested only after engineering is complete, using high-fidelity prototypes in realistic environments. This paper explores when different fidelity levels can be applied and which levels are suitable for creating realistic use environments in medical technology evaluations. We used the PRETAR framework to determine the appropriate fidelity for each artefact based on study constraints, resources, ethical considerations, and data analysis methods. Using a case study of a sensorised glove for vaginal examinations, we developed artefacts with varying levels of fidelity to replicate the fetal head and birth canal to test whether mixed-fidelity prototypes can replicate clinical environments effectively while being cost- and time-efficient and critically examine each design suggestion, discussing the benefits and limitations of our decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-025-00797-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T13:57:42Z","timestamp":1744725462000},"page":"277-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Using mixed-fidelity to create effective environments"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Opie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shireen","family":"Jaufuraully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Salvadores Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lakchana","family":"Mahendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Siassakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manish K.","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Blandford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"797_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Cyna AM, Cuthbert A (2018). Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (5), 153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000331.pub4","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000331.pub4"},{"key":"797_CR3","volume-title":"ANSI\/AAMI HE75-2009: human factors Engineering-design of medical devices","author":"Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation","year":"2009","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (2009) ANSI\/AAMI HE75-2009: human factors Engineering-design of medical devices. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Arlington, VA"},{"issue":"3","key":"797_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2012.11.010","volume":"64","author":"L Barbieri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbieri L, Angilica A, Bruno F, Muzzupappa M (2013) Mixed prototyping with configurable physical archetype for usability evaluation of product interfaces. Comput Indust 64(3):310\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compind.2012.11.010","journal-title":"Comput Indust"},{"key":"797_CR5","unstructured":"Blackler A (2008) Applications of high and low fidelity prototypes in researching intuitive interaction. Proc DRS2008, Design Res Soc Biennial Conf (pp. 1\u201317)"},{"issue":"1","key":"797_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2007.01.021","volume":"44","author":"A Blandford","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blandford A, Adams A, Attfield S, Buchanan G, Gow J, Makri S, Warwick C (2008) The PRET A Rapporter framework: Evaluating digital libraries from the perspective of information work. Inf Process Manag 44(1):4\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2007.01.021","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"797_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1356262214556550","volume":"20","author":"A Blandford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blandford A, Furniss D, Vincent C (2014) Patient safety and interactive medical devices: Realigning work as imagined and work as done. Clin Risk 20(5):107\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1356262214556550","journal-title":"Clin Risk"},{"key":"797_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2174\/1874431101004010181","volume":"4","author":"EM Borycki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borycki EM, Kushniruk AW (2010) Towards an integrative cognitive-socio-technical approach in health informatics: analyzing technology-induced error involving health information systems to improve patient safety. Open Med Inf J 4:181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874431101004010181","journal-title":"Open Med Inf J"},{"key":"797_CR9","first-page":"6","volume-title":"SUS: A \u2018Quick and Dirty\u2019 Usability Scale, Usability Evaluation In Industry","author":"J Brooke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brooke J (1996) SUS: A \u2018Quick and Dirty\u2019 Usability Scale, Usability Evaluation In Industry. CRC Press, USA, p 6"},{"key":"797_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks J, Lopes P (2023). Smell & Paste: Low-Fidelity Prototyping for Olfactory Experiences. In: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (event-place: Hamburg, Germany)","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580680"},{"key":"797_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104223","volume":"117","author":"S Candidori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Candidori S, Dozio N, Osouli K, Graziosi S, Zanini AA, Costantino ML, De Gaetano F (2024) Improving maternal safety: Usability and performance assessment of a new medical device for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Appl Ergon 117:104223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2023.104223","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"797_CR12","unstructured":"Cassano-Pich\u00e9 A, Trbovich P, Griffin M, Lin YL, Easty T (2015) Human factors for health technology safety: evaluating and improving the use of health technology in the real world"},{"issue":"6","key":"797_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31818d6c3c","volume":"109","author":"D Chandra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chandra D, Savoldelli G, Joo H, Weiss I, Naik V (2008) Fiberoptic Oral Intubation: The Effect of Model Fidelity on Training for Transfer to Patient Care. Anesthesiology 109(6):1007\u20131013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31818d6c3c","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"797_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen J, Yoon D (2024) Exploring the Diminishing Allure of Paper and Low-Fidelity Prototyping Among Designers in the Software Industry: Impacts of Hybrid Work, Digital Tools, and Corporate Culture. In: Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (event-place: Honolulu, HI, USA)","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642774"},{"issue":"4","key":"797_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-019-00317-5","volume":"30","author":"M Deininger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deininger M, Daly SR, Lee JC, Seifert CM, Sienko KH (2019) Prototyping for context: exploring stakeholder feedback based on prototype type, stakeholder group and question type. Res Eng Design 30(4):453\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00163-019-00317-5","journal-title":"Res Eng Design"},{"key":"797_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derboven J, De\u00a0Roeck D, Verstraete M, Geerts D, Schneider-Barnes J, Luyten K (2010). Comparing user interaction with low and high fidelity prototypes of tabletop surfaces. In: Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries (pp. 148\u2013157). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (event-place: Reykjavik, Iceland)","DOI":"10.1145\/1868914.1868935"},{"key":"797_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8304-5","volume-title":"The phantoms of medical and health physics","author":"LA DeWerd","year":"2014","unstructured":"DeWerd LA, Kissick M (2014) The phantoms of medical and health physics. Springer"},{"key":"797_CR18","volume-title":"Engineering Design","author":"G Dieter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dieter G, Schmidt L (2021) Engineering Design, 6th edn. McGraw Hill Education, New york","edition":"6"},{"issue":"5","key":"797_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-02942-z","volume":"50","author":"E Dimitrakakis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dimitrakakis E, Aylmore H, Lindenroth L, Dwyer G, Carmichael J, Khan DZ, Stoyanov D (2022) Robotic Handle Prototypes for Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery: Pre-clinical Randomised Controlled Trial of Performance and Ergonomics. Annal Biomed Eng 50(5):549\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-022-02942-z","journal-title":"Annal Biomed Eng"},{"key":"797_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumas JS, Fox JE (2012) Usability testing. The human-computer interaction handbook: fundamentals, evolving technologies, and emerging applications, p. 1221\u20131241. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, Publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b11963-ch-53"},{"key":"797_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards HM, McDonald S, Zhao T, Humphries L (2013) Reflecting on the PRET A Rapporter Framework Via a Field Study of Adolescents\u2019 Perceptions of Technology and Exercise. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments. University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Agora Center, Publisher","DOI":"10.17011\/ht\/urn.201312042737"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"797_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"A Ericsson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ericsson A (2003) Valid and non-reactive verbalization of thoughts during performance of tasks towards a solution to the central problems of introspection as a source of scientific data. J Conscious Stud 10(9\u201310):1\u201318","journal-title":"J Conscious Stud"},{"key":"797_CR23","volume-title":"Applying human factors and usability engineering to medical devices: guidance for industry and Food and Drug Administration staff","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"2016","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2016) Applying human factors and usability engineering to medical devices: guidance for industry and Food and Drug Administration staff. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"797_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19072","volume":"52","author":"T Ghi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghi T, Eggeb\u00f8 T, Lees C, Kalache K, Rozenberg P, Youssef A, Tutschek B (2018) ISUOG Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstetr & Gynecol 52(1):128\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.19072","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstetr & Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"797_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2226031","volume":"60","author":"RE Goldman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goldman RE, Bajo A, MacLachlan LS, Pickens R, Herrell SD, Simaan N (2013) Design and Performance Evaluation of a Minimally Invasive Telerobotic Platform for Transurethral Surveillance and Intervention. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60(4):918\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2012.2226031","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"18","key":"797_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/18\/5287","volume":"59","author":"M-C Gosselin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gosselin M-C, Neufeld E, Moser H, Huber E, Farcito S, Gerber L, Kuster N (2014) Development of a new generation of high-resolution anatomical models for medical device evaluation: the Virtual Population 3.0. Phys Med Biol 59(18):5287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/18\/5287","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"797_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess M (2015) Online survey about current use of 3D imaging and its user requirements in cultural heritage institutions. 2015 Digital Heritage (Vol.\u00a02, pp. 333\u2013338)","DOI":"10.1109\/DigitalHeritage.2015.7419517"},{"key":"797_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.10.001","volume":"56","author":"E Hotton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hotton E, O\u2019Brien S, Draycott TJ (2019) Skills training for operative vaginal birth. Best Pract & Res Clin Obstetr & Gynaecol 56:11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.10.001","journal-title":"Best Pract & Res Clin Obstetr & Gynaecol"},{"key":"797_CR1","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2024) Medical devices-Part 1: application of usability engineering to medical devices (ISO Standard No.: 62366-1: 2015"},{"key":"797_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaufuraully S, Salvadores Fernandez C, Bagchi B, Gupta P, Desjardins A, Siassakos D, Tiwari MK (2023) Preventing stillbirth from obstructed labor: A sensorized, low-cost device to train in safer operative birth. Front Global Women\u2019s Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2022.1039477","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.1039477"},{"key":"797_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen LS, Nissen L, Bilde N, \u00d6zkil AG (2018) Prototyping in Mechatronic Product Development: How Prototype Fidelity Levels Affect User Design Input. DS 92: Proceedings of the DESIGN 2018 15th International Design Conference (pp. 1173\u20131184)","DOI":"10.21278\/idc.2018.0415"},{"key":"797_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2016.12.002","volume":"49","author":"MB Jensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jensen MB, Elverum CW, Steinert M (2017) Eliciting unknown unknowns with prototypes: Introducing prototrials and prototrial-driven cultures. Design Stud 49:1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.destud.2016.12.002","journal-title":"Design Stud"},{"key":"797_CR32","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Human-Centered Software Engineering - Integrating Usability in the Software Development Lifecycle","author":"B Jerome","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jerome B, Kazman R (2005) Surveying the Solitudes: An Investigation into the Relationships between Human Computer Interaction and Software Engineering in Practice. In: Seffah A, Gulliksen J, Desmarais MC (eds) Human-Centered Software Engineering - Integrating Usability in the Software Development Lifecycle. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 59\u201370"},{"key":"797_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12146937","author":"JS Joyner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joyner JS, Kong A, Angelo J, He W, Vaughn-Cooke M (2022) Development of Low-Fidelity Virtual Replicas of Products for Usability Testing. Appl Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12146937","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"797_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-024-01181-8","author":"KE Keenan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keenan KE, Jordanova KV, Ogier SE, Tamada D, Bruhwiler N, Starekova J, Hernando D (2024) Phantoms for Quantitative Body MRI: a review and discussion of the phantom value. Magn Reson Mater Phys Biol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10334-024-01181-8","journal-title":"Magn Reson Mater Phys Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"797_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7169.2001.tb00551.x","volume":"12","author":"T Kelley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kelley T (2001) Prototyping is the shorthand of innovation. Design Manag J 12(3):35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1948-7169.2001.tb00551.x","journal-title":"Design Manag J"},{"issue":"4","key":"797_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02355-7","volume":"25","author":"B Kotecha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kotecha B, Wong PY, Zhang H, Hassaan A (2021) A novel intraoral neuromuscular stimulation device for treating sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep & Breath Schlaf & Atmung 25(4):2083\u20132090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-021-02355-7","journal-title":"Sleep & Breath Schlaf & Atmung"},{"issue":"4","key":"797_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mnl.2010.05.009","volume":"8","author":"C Lalley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lalley C, Malloch K (2010) Workarounds: The Hidden Pathway to Excellence. Nurse Leader 8(4):29\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mnl.2010.05.009","journal-title":"Nurse Leader"},{"issue":"11","key":"797_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2012.02.009","volume":"81","author":"AC Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li AC, Kannry JL, Kushniruk A, Chrimes D, McGinn TG, Edonyabo D, Mann DM (2012) Integrating usability testing and think-aloud protocol analysis with \u201cnear-live\u2019\u2019 clinical simulations in evaluating clinical decision support. Int J Med Inf 81(11):761\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2012.02.009","journal-title":"Int J Med Inf"},{"key":"797_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim Y-K, Pangam A, Periyasami S, Aneja S (2006) Comparative analysis of high- and low-fidelity prototypes for more valid usability evaluations of mobile devices. Proceedings of the 4th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Changing Roles (pp. 291\u2013300). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (event-place: Oslo, Norway)","DOI":"10.1145\/1182475.1182506"},{"key":"797_CR40","unstructured":"Lipsett BJ, Reddy V, Steanson K (2023). Anatomy, Head and Neck: Fontanelles. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL). Retrieved from http:\/\/europepmc.org\/books\/NBK542197"},{"issue":"3","key":"797_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2010.08.001","volume":"47","author":"S Makri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Makri S, Blandford A, Cox AL (2011) This is what I\u2019m doing and why: Methodological reflections on a naturalistic think-aloud study of interactive information behaviour. Inf Process & Manag 47(3):336\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2010.08.001","journal-title":"Inf Process & Manag"},{"key":"797_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12141417","author":"R Marcilly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marcilly R, Monkman H, Pelayo S, Lesselroth BJ (2024) Usability Evaluation Ecological Validity: Is More Always Better? Healthcare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12141417","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"1","key":"797_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1464-7","volume":"19","author":"C Massoth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Massoth C, R\u00f6der H, Ohlenburg H, Hessler M, Zarbock A, P\u00f6pping DM, Wenk M (2019) High-fidelity is not superior to low-fidelity simulation but leads to overconfidence in medical students. BMC Med Educ 19(1):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-019-1464-7","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"797_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCurdy M, Connors C, Pyrzak G, Kanefsky B, Vera A (2006) Breaking the fidelity barrier: an examination of our current characterization of prototypes and an example of a mixed-fidelity success. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1233\u20131242). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (event-place: Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada)","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124959"},{"key":"797_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meck A-M, Draxler C, Vogt T (2022) A Question of Fidelity: Comparing Different User Testing Methods for Evaluating In-Car Prompts. Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Conversational User Interfaces. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (event-place: Glasgow, United Kingdom)","DOI":"10.1145\/3543829.3544519"},{"issue":"1","key":"797_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006283","volume":"137","author":"MT Melvin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Melvin MT, Siddiqui NT, Wild E, Parotto M, Perelman VS, You-Ten KE (2023) Achieving Competency in Fiber-Optic Intubation Among Resident Physicians After Higher- Versus Lower-Fidelity Task Training: A Randomized Controlled Study. Anesth Analg 137(1):200\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006283","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"797_CR47","unstructured":"MHRA (2021) Guidance on applying human factors and usability engineering to medical devices including drug-device combination products in Great Britain"},{"key":"797_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nagy TD, Haidegger T (2022) Performance and Capability Assessment in Surgical Subtask Automation. Sensors 22(7):2501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22072501 (Retrieved 2025-03-10, from https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/7\/2501 (Number: 7 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute))","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072501"},{"key":"797_CR49","unstructured":"NENC Preterm Birth Group (2021) Management of preterm birth (Tech. Rep.). NHS North East and North Cumbria. Retrieved from https:\/\/nornet.org.uk\/files\/pdf\/nenc-preterm-birth-guideline-v2-15-feb-2022.pdf"},{"key":"797_CR50","unstructured":"NHS (2022). NHS Maternity Statistics, England - 2021\u201322 (Tech. Rep.). NHS maternity Statistics"},{"key":"797_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfh.2024.100070","author":"J Opie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Opie J, McCann E, Qureshi H, Brookshaw T, Erro E, Selden C, Blandford A (2024) An academician\u2019s approach to the application of human factors standards: a case study on a liver support system. Hum Factors Healthcare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hfh.2024.100070","journal-title":"Hum Factors Healthcare"},{"key":"797_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102943","volume":"90","author":"J Ramalhinho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramalhinho J, Yoo S, Dowrick T, Koo B, Somasundaram M, Gurusamy K, Clarkson MJ (2023) The value of Augmented Reality in surgery - A usability study on laparoscopic liver surgery. Med Image Anal 90:102943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2023.102943","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"797_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13186","volume":"122","author":"M Ramphul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramphul M, Kennelly M, Burke G, Murphy D (2015) Risk factors and morbidity associated with suboptimal instrument placement at instrumental delivery: observational study nested within the Instrumental Delivery & Ultrasound randomised controlled trial ISRCTN. BJOG: Int J Obstetr & Gynaecol 122(4):558\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13186","journal-title":"BJOG: Int J Obstetr & Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"797_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023004","volume":"9","author":"LL Richter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richter LL, Ting J, Muraca GM, Synnes A, Lim KI, Lisonkova S (2019) Temporal trends in neonatal mortality and morbidity following spontaneous and clinician-initiated preterm birth in Washington State, USA: a population-based study. BMJ Open 9(1):e023004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023004","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"797_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1145\/223500.223514","volume":"3","author":"J Rudd","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rudd J, Stern K, Isensee S (1996) Low vs. high-fidelity prototyping debate. Interactions 3(1):76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/223500.223514","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"797_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rueda D, Hoto R, Conejero A (2013). Study of the Influence of Prototype Aesthetic Fidelity (A Realism Factor) in Usability Tests. Holzinger A, Ziefle M, Hitz M, Debevc M (Eds.), Human Factors in Computing and Informatics (pp. 122\u2013136). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39062-3_8"},{"key":"797_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schembri P, Anthony R, Pelc M (2017) Detection of Electroencephalography Artefacts using Low Fidelity Equipment","DOI":"10.5220\/0006398500650075"},{"key":"797_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.01.004","volume":"55","author":"R Schnittker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schnittker R, Schmettow M, Verhoeven F, Schraagen J (2016) Combining situated Cognitive Engineering with a novel testing method in a case study comparing two infusion pump interfaces. Appl Ergon 55:16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.01.004","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"797_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim G, Horton M, McKnight L (2016). iPad vs Paper Prototypes: Does Form Factor Affect Children\u2019s Ratings of a Game Concept? In: Proceedings of the The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (pp. 190\u2013195). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (event-place: Manchester, United Kingdom)","DOI":"10.1145\/2930674.2930720"},{"issue":"3","key":"797_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.09.002","volume":"41","author":"A Sonderegger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sonderegger A, Sauer J (2010) The influence of design aesthetics in usability testing: Effects on user performance and perceived usability. Appl Ergon 41(3):403\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.09.002","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"797_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Speicher M, Lewis K, Nebeling M (2021). Designers, the Stage Is Yours! Medium-Fidelity Prototyping of Augmented & Virtual Reality Interfaces with 360theater. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., 5(EICS). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3461727","DOI":"10.1145\/3461727"},{"key":"797_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103553","volume":"110","author":"N van Berkel","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Berkel N, Clarkson MJ, Xiao G, Dursun E, Allam M, Davidson BR, Blandford A (2020) Dimensions of ecological validity for usability evaluations in clinical settings. J Biomed Inf 110:103553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103553","journal-title":"J Biomed Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"797_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3480247","volume":"12","author":"N Van Berkel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Berkel N, Opie J, Ahmad OF, Lovat L, Stoyanov D, Blandford A (2022) Initial Responses to False Positives in AI-Supported Continuous Interactions: A Colonoscopy Case Study. ACM Trans Interact Intell Syst 12(1):2:1-2:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3480247","journal-title":"ACM Trans Interact Intell Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"797_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128903300405","volume":"33","author":"RA Virzi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Virzi RA (1989) What can you Learn from a Low-Fidelity Prototype? Proc Hum Fact Soc Annual Meet 33(4):224\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154193128903300405","journal-title":"Proc Hum Fact Soc Annual Meet"},{"key":"797_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viswanathan V, Linsey J (2011) Design Fixation in Physical Modeling: An Investigation on the Role of Sunk Cost. In: IDETC-CIE2011 (pp. 119\u2013130). Volume 9: 23rd International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology; 16th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2011-47862"},{"key":"797_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yew J, Convertino G, Hamilton A, Churchill E (2020) Design Systems: A Community Case Study. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1\u20138). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. (event-place: Honolulu, HI, USA)","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3375204"},{"key":"797_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2024.01.008","volume":"119","author":"S Yoo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoo S, Ramalhinho J, Dowrick T, Somasundaram M, Gurusamy K, Davidson B, Blandford A (2024) Can engineers represent surgeons in usability studies? Comparison of results from evaluating augmented reality guidance for laparoscopic surgery. Comput & Graph 119:103881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cag.2024.01.008","journal-title":"Comput & Graph"},{"key":"797_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.05.007","volume":"80","author":"X Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou X, Rau P-LP (2019) Determining fidelity of mixed prototypes: Effect of media and physical interaction. Appl Ergon 80:111\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2019.05.007","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"}],"container-title":["Cognition, Technology &amp; Work"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-025-00797-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10111-025-00797-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10111-025-00797-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T10:55:26Z","timestamp":1757156126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10111-025-00797-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-025-00797-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-5558","1435-5566"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1435-5558"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1435-5566"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no Conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest\/Conflict of interest"}}]}}