{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:18:40Z","timestamp":1760710720827,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872163","61806084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872163","61806084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20190160KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20190160KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knowl Inf Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-021-01609-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T18:26:20Z","timestamp":1630693580000},"page":"2741-2761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Simple Question Answering over Knowledge Graph Enhanced by Question Pattern Classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Hai","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lizhou","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tie","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1609_CR1","unstructured":"Bahdanau D, Cho K, Bengio Y (2015) Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In: \u2018ICLR\u2019, OpenReview.net"},{"key":"1609_CR2","unstructured":"Bao J, Duan N, Yan Z, Zhou M, Zhao T (2016) Constraint-based question answering with knowledge graph. In: \u2018COLING\u2019, ACL 2503\u20132514"},{"key":"1609_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhutani N, Zheng X, Qian K, Li Y, Jagadish H (2020) Answering complex questions by combining information from curated and extracted knowledge bases. In: \u2018ACL\u2019. The association for computer linguistics 1\u201310","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.nli-1.1"},{"key":"1609_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollacker K, Evans C, Paritosh P, Sturge T, Taylor J (2008) Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. In: \u2018SIGMOD\u2019. ACM 1247\u20131250","DOI":"10.1145\/1376616.1376746"},{"key":"1609_CR5","unstructured":"Bordes A, Usunier N, Chopra S, Weston J (2015) \u2018Large-scale simple question answering with memory networks. arXiv:1506.02075"},{"key":"1609_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzaaba H, Amagasa T (2019) A modular approach for efficient simple question answering over knowledge base. In: \u2018DEXA\u2019. Springer 237\u2013246","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27618-8_18"},{"issue":"1","key":"1609_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-00421-7","volume":"2","author":"H Buzaaba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buzaaba H, Amagasa T (2021) Question answering over knowledge base: a scheme for integrating subject and the identified relation to answer simple questions. SN Comput Sci 2(1):25","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"1609_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson A, Betteridge J, Kisiel B, Settles B, Hruschka E, Mitchell T (2010) Toward an architecture for never-ending language learning. In: \u2018AAAI\u2019, vol 24. AAAI Press","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v24i1.7519"},{"key":"1609_CR9","unstructured":"Chen Z-Y, Chang C-H, Chen Y-P, Nayak J, Ku L-W (2019) Uhop: An unrestricted-hop relation extraction framework for knowledge-based question answering. In: \u2018NAACL\u2019. Association for computational linguistics 345\u2013356"},{"key":"1609_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai Z, Li L, Xu W (2016) CFO: conditional focused neural question answering with large-scale knowledge bases. In: \u2018ACL\u2019. The Association for Computer Linguistics","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1076"},{"key":"1609_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey M, Banerjee D, Abdelkawi A, Lehmann J (2019) Lc-quad 2.0: a large dataset for complex question answering over wikidata and dbpedia. In: \u2018ISWC\u2019, Vol. 11779, Springer, pp\u00a069\u201378","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30796-7_5"},{"key":"1609_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han J, Cheng B, Wang X (2020) Two-phase hypergraph based reasoning with dynamic relations for multi-hop KBQA. In: \u2018IJCAI\u2019. IJCAI\/AAAI Press 3615\u20133621","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/500"},{"key":"1609_CR13","unstructured":"Hao Y, Liu H, He S, Liu K, Zhao J (2018) Pattern-revising enhanced simple question answering over knowledge bases. In: \u2018COLING\u2019. ACL 3272\u20133282"},{"key":"1609_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao Y, Zhang Y, Liu K, He S, Liu Z, Wu H, Zhao J (2017) An end-to-end model for question answering over knowledge base with cross-attention combining global knowledge. In: \u2018ACL\u2019. The Association for computer linguistics 221\u2013231","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1021"},{"key":"1609_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He H, Singh AK (2008) Graphs-at-a-time: query language and access methods for graph databases. In: \u2018SIGMOD\u2019. ACM 405\u2013418","DOI":"10.1145\/1376616.1376660"},{"key":"1609_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He X, Golub D (2016) Character-level question answering with attention. In: \u2018EMNLP\u2019. The Association for computer linguistics 1598\u20131607","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1166"},{"key":"1609_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzig J, Berant J (2018) Decoupling structure and lexicon for zero-shot semantic parsing. In: \u2018EMNLP\u2019. Association for Computational Linguistics 1619\u20131629","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1190"},{"issue":"5","key":"1609_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2766634","volume":"30","author":"S Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu S, Zou L, Yu JX, Wang H, Zhao D (2018) Answering natural language questions by subgraph matching over knowledge graphs. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 30(5):824\u2013837","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"1609_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang X, Zhang J, Li D, Li P (2019) Knowledge graph embedding based question answering. In: \u2018WSDM\u2019. ACM 105\u2013113","DOI":"10.1145\/3289600.3290956"},{"key":"1609_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim Y (2014) Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. In: \u2018EMNLP\u2019. The Association for computer linguistics 1746\u20131751","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1181"},{"key":"1609_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai S, Xu L, Liu K, Zhao J (2015) Recurrent convolutional neural networks for text classification. In: \u2018AAAI\u2019. AAAI Press 2267\u20132273","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v29i1.9513"},{"key":"1609_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan Y, Jiang J (2020) Query graph generation for answering multi-hop complex questions from knowledge bases. In: \u2018ACL\u2019. The Association for Computer Linguistics 969\u2013974","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.91"},{"issue":"10","key":"1609_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2926125","volume":"27","author":"Y Lan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lan Y, Wang S, Jiang J (2019a) Knowledge base question answering with a matching-aggregation model and question-specific contextual relations. IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 27(10):1629\u20131638","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process"},{"key":"1609_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan Y, Wang S, Jiang J (2019b) Knowledge base question answering with topic units. In: \u2018IJCAI\u2019. IJCAI\/AAAI Press 5046\u20135052","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/701"},{"issue":"2","key":"1609_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-140134","volume":"6","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lehmann J, Isele R, Jakob M, Jentzsch A, Kontokostas D, Mendes PN, Hellmann S, Morsey M, Van Kleef P, Auer S et al (2015) Dbpedia-a large-scale, multilingual knowledge base extracted from wikipedia. Semantic web 6(2):167\u2013195","journal-title":"Semantic web"},{"key":"1609_CR26","unstructured":"Liu P, Qiu X, Huang X (2016) Recurrent neural network for text classification with multi-task learning. In: \u2018IJCAI\u2019. IJCAI\/AAAI Press 2873\u20132879"},{"key":"1609_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukovnikov D, Fischer A, Lehmann J (2019) Pretrained transformers for simple question answering over knowledge graphs. In: \u2018ISWC\u2019, Vol. 11778, Springer, pp\u00a0470\u2013486","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30793-6_27"},{"key":"1609_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukovnikov D, Fischer A, Lehmann J, Auer S (2017) Neural network-based question answering over knowledge graphs on word and character level In: \u2018WWW\u2019. ACM 1211\u20131220","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052675"},{"key":"1609_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed S, Shi P, Lin J (2018) Strong baselines for simple question answering over knowledge graphs with and without neural networks. In: \u2018NAACL\u2019. The Association for Computer Linguistics 291\u2013296","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-2047"},{"key":"1609_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrochuk M, Zettlemoyer L (2018) Simplequestions nearly solved: a new upperbound and baseline approach. In: \u2018EMNLP\u2019. The Association for Computer Linguistics 554\u2013558","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1051"},{"key":"1609_CR31","unstructured":"Qu Y, Liu J, Kang L, Shi Q, Ye D (2018) \u2018Question answering over freebase via attentive RNN with similarity matrix based CNN\u2019. arXiv:1804.03317"},{"key":"1609_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen T, Geng X, Qin T, Guo D, Tang D, Duan N, Long G, Jiang D (2019) Multi-task learning for conversational question answering over a large-scale knowledge base. In: \u2018EMNLP\u2019. Association for Computational Linguistics 2442\u20132451","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1248"},{"key":"1609_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su Y, Sun H, Sadler BM, Srivatsa M, Gur I, Yan Z, Yan X (2016) On generating characteristic-rich question sets for QA evaluation. In: \u2018EMNLP\u2019. The Association for Computer Linguistics 562\u2013572","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1054"},{"key":"1609_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchanek FM, Kasneci G, Weikum G (2007) Yago: a core of semantic knowledge. In: \u2018WWW\u2019. ACM 697\u2013706","DOI":"10.1145\/1242572.1242667"},{"key":"1609_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun Y, Zhang L, Cheng G, Qu Y (2020) SPARQA: skeleton-based semantic parsing for complex questions over knowledge bases. In: \u2018AAAI\u2019. AAAI Press 8952\u20138959","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6426"},{"key":"1609_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi, P., Maheshwari, G., Dubey, M. and Lehmann, J. ( 2017) , Lc-quad: A corpus for complex question answering over knowledge graphs, in \u2018ISWC\u2019, Vol. 10588, Springer, pp.\u00a0210\u2013218","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68204-4_22"},{"issue":"1","key":"1609_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-018-1155-4","volume":"58","author":"M Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang M, Liu J, Wei B, Yao S, Zeng H, Shi L (2019) Answering why-not questions on SPARQL queries. Knowl Inf Syst 58(1):169\u2013208","journal-title":"Knowl Inf Syst"},{"key":"1609_CR38","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhang R, Xu C, Mao Y (2018) The APVA-TURBO approach to question answering in knowledge base. In: \u2018COLING\u2019. ACL 1998\u20132009"},{"key":"1609_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yih SW-T, Chang M-W, He X, Gao J (2015) Semantic parsing via staged query graph generation: question answering with knowledge base. In: \u2018ACL\u2019. The Association for Computer Linguistics 1321\u20131331","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1128"},{"key":"1609_CR40","unstructured":"Yin W, Yu M, Xiang B, Zhou B, Sch\u00fctze H (2016) Simple question answering by attentive convolutional neural network. In: \u2018COLING\u2019. ACL 1746\u20131756"},{"key":"1609_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Dai H, Kozareva Z, Smola AJ, Song L (2018) Variational reasoning for question answering with knowledge graph. In: \u2018AAAI\u2019. AAAI Press 6069\u20136076","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.12057"},{"key":"1609_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao W, Chung T, Goyal AK, Metallinou A (2019) Simple question answering with subgraph ranking and joint-scoring. In: \u2018NAACL-HLT\u2019. The Association for Computer Linguistics 324\u2013334","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1029"},{"issue":"11","key":"1609_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.14778\/3236187.3236192","volume":"11","author":"W Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng W, Yu JX, Zou L, Cheng H (2018) Question answering over knowledge graphs: question understanding via template decomposition. Proc VLDB Endow 11(11):1373\u20131386","journal-title":"Proc VLDB Endow"},{"key":"1609_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.08.037","volume":"547","author":"G Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou G, Xie Z, Yu Z, Huang JX (2021) DFM: a parameter-shared deep fused model for knowledge base question answering. Inf Sci 547:103\u2013118","journal-title":"Inf Sci"}],"container-title":["Knowledge and Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10115-021-01609-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10115-021-01609-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10115-021-01609-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T15:32:25Z","timestamp":1673191945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10115-021-01609-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10115-021-01609-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0219-1377"},{"type":"electronic","value":"0219-3116"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}