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One emerging problem faced by machine learning is the discrimination from data, and such discrimination is reflected in the eventual decisions made by the algorithms. Recent study has proved that increasing the size of training (labeled) data will promote the fairness criteria with model performance being maintained. In this work, we aim to explore a more general case where quantities of unlabeled data are provided, indeed leading to a new form of learning paradigm, namely fair semi-supervised learning. Taking the popularity of graph-based approaches in semi-supervised learning, we study this problem both on conventional label propagation method and graph neural networks, where various fairness criteria can be flexibly integrated. Our developed algorithms are proved to be non-trivial extensions to the existing supervised models with fairness constraints. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets exhibit that our methods achieve a better trade-off between classification accuracy and fairness than the compared baselines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-022-01738-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T12:02:28Z","timestamp":1664625748000},"page":"543-570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fairness in graph-based semi-supervised learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3411-7947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianqing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengde","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanlei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip S","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1738_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abid A, Farooqi M, Zou J (2021) Persistent anti-muslim bias in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.05783","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462624"},{"key":"1738_CR2","volume-title":"Apple card investigated after gender discrimination complaints","author":"N Vigdor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vigdor N (2019) Apple card investigated after gender discrimination complaints. 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