{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T11:51:44Z","timestamp":1770292304208,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European University of Atlantic","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"the European University of Atlantic","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Knowl Inf Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-025-02588-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T15:19:18Z","timestamp":1758813558000},"page":"12137-12177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advancing fake news combating using machine learning: a hybrid model approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Zahid","family":"Aslam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malik Muhammad Saad","family":"Missen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arslan Abdul","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arif","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica Gracia","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Silva","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2588_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98724","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3206963","volume":"10","author":"M Narra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Narra M, Umer M, Sadiq S, Karamti H, Mohamed A, Ashraf I et al (2022) Selective feature sets based fake news detection for covid-19 to manage infodemic. IEEE Access 10:98724\u201398736","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2588_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1353","volume":"9","author":"MS Farooq","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farooq MS, Naseem A, Rustam F, Ashraf I (2023) Fake news detection in Urdu language using machine learning. PeerJ Comput Sci 9:1353","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"2588_CR3","unstructured":"Nyilasy G (2020) Fake news in the age of covid-19. Faculty of Business and Economics Newsroom, University of Melbourne"},{"key":"2588_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1004","volume":"8","author":"A Rafique","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rafique A, Rustam F, Narra M, Mehmood A, Lee E, Ashraf I (2022) Comparative analysis of machine learning methods to detect fake news in an Urdu language corpus. PeerJ Comput Sci 8:1004","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"2588_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhania S, Fernandez N, Rao S (2017) 3han: a deep neural network for fake news detection. In: Neural information processing: 24th international conference, ICONIP 2017, Guangzhou, China, November 14\u201318, 2017, proceedings, part II 24, Springer, pp 572\u2013581","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70096-0_59"},{"key":"2588_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Huang F, Li C (2024) Reinforced adaptive knowledge learning for multimodal fake news detection. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, vol 38, pp 16777\u201316785","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i15.29618"},{"issue":"12s","key":"2588_CR7","first-page":"60","volume":"12","author":"RR Ganpat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ganpat RR, Ramnath SV (2024) Oe-mdl: optimized ensemble machine and deep learning for fake news detection. Int J Intell Syst Appl Eng 12(12s):60\u201385","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst Appl Eng"},{"key":"2588_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashmi E, Yayilgan SY, Yamin MM, Ali S, Abomhara M (2024) Advancing fake news detection: hybrid deep learning with fasttext and explainable ai. IEEE Access","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3381038"},{"key":"2588_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bugue\u00f1o M, Sepulveda G, Mendoza M (2019) An empirical analysis of rumor detection on microblogs with recurrent neural networks. In: Social computing and social media. design, human behavior and analytics: 11th international conference, SCSM 2019, held as part of the 21st HCI international conference, HCII 2019, Orlando, FL, USA, July 26\u201331, 2019, proceedings, part I 21, Springer, pp 293\u2013310","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21902-4_21"},{"key":"2588_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian T, Xiao X, Xu T, Zhao P, Huang W, Rong Y, Huang J (2020) Rumor detection on social media with bi-directional graph convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, vol 34, pp 549\u2013556","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5393"},{"key":"2588_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin Z, Cao J, Zhang Y, Luo J (2016) News verification by exploiting conflicting social viewpoints in microblogs. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, vol 30","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10382"},{"key":"2588_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren Y, Wang B, Zhang J, Chang Y (2020) Adversarial active learning based heterogeneous graph neural network for fake news detection. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on data mining (ICDM), IEEE, pp 452\u2013461","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM50108.2020.00054"},{"key":"2588_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devarajan GG, Nagarajan SM, Amanullah SI, Mary SSA, Bashir AK (2023) Ai-assisted deep NLP-based approach for prediction of fake news from social media users. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2023.3259480"},{"issue":"11","key":"2588_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2021.3054993","volume":"34","author":"Q Liao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liao Q, Chai H, Han H, Zhang X, Wang X, Xia W, Ding Y (2021) An integrated multi-task model for fake news detection. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 34(11):5154\u20135165","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"2588_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qawasmeh E, Tawalbeh M, Abdullah M (2019) Automatic identification of fake news using deep learning. In: 2019 Sixth international conference on social networks analysis, management and security (SNAMS), IEEE, pp 383\u2013388","DOI":"10.1109\/SNAMS.2019.8931873"},{"key":"2588_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang T, Wang D, Chen H, Zeng Z, Guo W, Miao C, Cui L (2020) Bdann: Bert-based domain adaptation neural network for multi-modal fake news detection. In: 2020 International joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), IEEE, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9206973"},{"key":"2588_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29447","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3260763","volume":"11","author":"A Altheneyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Altheneyan A, Alhadlaq A (2023) Big data ml-based fake news detection using distributed learning. IEEE Access 11:29447\u201329463","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2588_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padnekar SM, Kumar GS, Deepak P (2020) Bilstm-autoencoder architecture for stance prediction. In: 2020 International conference on data science and engineering (ICDSE), IEEE, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSE50459.2020.9310133"},{"key":"2588_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Reyes FC, Shinde S (2018) Evaluating deep neural networks for automatic fake news detection in political domain. In: Proceedings of Advances in artificial intelligence-IBERAMIA 2018: 16th Ibero-American conference on AI, Trujillo, Peru, November 13\u201316, 2018, vol 16, Springer, pp 206\u2013216","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03928-8_17"},{"key":"2588_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111715","volume":"294","author":"C-O Truic\u0103","year":"2024","unstructured":"Truic\u0103 C-O, Apostol E-S, Karras P (2024) Danes: deep neural network ensemble architecture for social and textual context-aware fake news detection. Knowl Based Syst 294:111715","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"2588_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.03.276","volume":"167","author":"S Deepak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deepak S, Chitturi B (2020) Deep neural approach to fake-news identification. Procedia Comput Sci 167:2236\u20132243","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2588_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10813","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04839-2","volume":"45","author":"A Alsaeedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alsaeedi A, Al-Sarem M (2020) Detecting rumors on social media based on a CNN deep learning technique. Arab J Sci Eng 45(12):10813\u201310844","journal-title":"Arab J Sci Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2588_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15364-3","volume":"83","author":"A Mallik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mallik A, Kumar S (2024) Word2vec and LSTM based deep learning technique for context-free fake news detection. Multimedia Tools Appl 83(1):919\u2013940","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"key":"2588_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.70470\/SHIFRA\/2024\/001","volume":"2024","author":"SY Mohammed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammed SY, Aljanabi M (2024) From text to threat detection: the power of NLP in cybersecurity. SHIFRA 2024:1\u20137","journal-title":"SHIFRA"},{"key":"2588_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.70470\/MEDAAD\/2024\/007","volume":"2024","author":"HR Qasim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qasim HR (2024) Impact of fake news on trust in journalism. MEDAAD 2024:41\u201345","journal-title":"MEDAAD"},{"issue":"6","key":"2588_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12788-1","volume":"82","author":"D Choudhury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choudhury D, Acharjee T (2023) A novel approach to fake news detection in social networks using genetic algorithm applying machine learning classifiers. Multimedia Tools Appl 82(6):9029\u20139045","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl"},{"key":"2588_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118558","volume":"211","author":"A Kishwar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kishwar A, Zafar A (2023) Fake news detection on Pakistani news using machine learning and deep learning. Expert Syst Appl 211:118558","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"2588_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29447","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3260763","volume":"11","author":"A Altheneyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Altheneyan A, Alhadlaq A (2023) Big data ml-based fake news detection using distributed learning. IEEE Access 11:29447\u201329463","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2588_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Ma F, Jin Z, Yuan Y, Xun G, Jha K, Su L, Gao J (2018) Eann: event adversarial neural networks for multi-modal fake news detection. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM Sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, pp 849\u2013857","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3219903"},{"key":"2588_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-00165-4","volume":"1","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Mittal M, Pathak A, Goyal LM (2020) Fake news detection using a blend of neural networks: an application of deep learning. SN Comput Sci 1:1\u20139","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"key":"2588_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.01.072","volume":"165","author":"P Bahad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bahad P, Saxena P, Kamal R (2019) Fake news detection using bi-directional LSTM-recurrent neural network. Procedia Comput Sci 165:74\u201382","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"2588_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"2020","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad I, Yousaf M, Yousaf S, Ahmad MO (2020) Fake news detection using machine learning ensemble methods. Complexity 2020:1\u201311","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"issue":"3","key":"2588_CR33","first-page":"10","volume":"1","author":"A Thota","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thota A, Tilak P, Ahluwalia S, Lohia N (2018) Fake news detection: a deep learning approach. SMU Data Sci Rev 1(3):10","journal-title":"SMU Data Sci Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2588_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2019.1661579","volume":"33","author":"SS Jadhav","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jadhav SS, Thepade SD (2019) Fake news identification and classification using DSSM and improved recurrent neural network classifier. Appl Artif Intell 33(12):1058\u20131068","journal-title":"Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"2588_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajao O, Bhowmik D, Zargari S (2018) Fake news identification on twitter with hybrid CNN and RNN models. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on social media and society, pp 226\u2013230","DOI":"10.1145\/3217804.3217917"},{"key":"2588_CR36","unstructured":"Emine Yetim (2022) Fake news detection datasets. https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/emineyetm\/fake-news-detection-datasets"},{"key":"2588_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang WY (2017) \"liar, liar pants on fire\": a new benchmark dataset for fake news detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.00648","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2067"}],"container-title":["Knowledge and Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10115-025-02588-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10115-025-02588-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10115-025-02588-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:06:40Z","timestamp":1763701600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10115-025-02588-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10115-025-02588-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0219-1377","type":"print"},{"value":"0219-3116","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}