{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:42:04Z","timestamp":1773805324770,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]],"date-time":"2011-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]],"date-time":"2011-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Poiesis Prax"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Among others, the term \u201cproblem\u201d plays a major role in the various attempts to characterize interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity, as used synonymously in this paper. Interdisciplinarity (ID) is regarded as \u201cproblem solving among science, technology and society\u201d and as \u201cproblem orientation beyond disciplinary constraints\u201d (cf. Frodeman et al.: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010). The point of departure of this paper is that the discourse and practice of ID have problems with the \u201cproblem\u201d. The objective here is to shed some light on the vague notion of \u201cproblem\u201d in order to advocate a specific type of interdisciplinarity: <jats:italic>problem<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>oriented interdisciplinarity<\/jats:italic>. The outline is as follows: Taking an <jats:italic>ex negativo<\/jats:italic> approach, I will show what problem-oriented ID does <jats:italic>not<\/jats:italic> mean. Using references to well-established distinctions in philosophy of science, I will show three other types of ID that should not be placed under the umbrella term \u201cproblem-oriented ID\u201d: object-oriented ID (\u201contology\u201d), theory-oriented ID (epistemology), and method-oriented ID (methodology). Different philosophical thought traditions can be related to these distinguishable meanings. I will then clarify the notion of \u201cproblem\u201d by looking at three systematic elements: an undesired (initial) state, a desired (goal) state, and the barriers in getting from the one to the other. These three elements include three related kinds of knowledge: systems, target, and transformation knowledge. This paper elaborates further methodological and epistemological elements of problem-oriented ID. It concludes by stressing that problem-oriented ID is the most needed as well as the most challenging type of ID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10202-011-0091-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]],"date-time":"2011-05-18T08:14:22Z","timestamp":1305706462000},"page":"249-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["What is a problem?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jan C.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"91_CR1001","volume-title":"Stichworte. Kritische Modelle","author":"TW Adorno","year":"1969","unstructured":"Adorno TW (1969) Zu Subjekt und Objekt; In: Stichworte. Kritische Modelle. 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