{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T03:54:38Z","timestamp":1784865278470,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003513","name":"University of Surrey","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003513","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Inf. Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Developments in technologies, attitudes and investment are transforming the space environment, achieving greater accessibility for an increasing number of parties. New and proposed constellations will increase the in-orbit satellite population by the order of thousands, expanding the threat landscape of the space industry. This article analyses past satellite security threats and incidents to assess the motivations and characteristics of adversarial threats to satellites. The ground and radio frequency communications were the most favoured targets; however, the boom of satellites constellations in the upcoming years may shift this focus towards the space segment which must be addressed. Key technology advancements and open issues in the satellite industry related to security and operational requirements are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-020-00503-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T19:03:21Z","timestamp":1589310201000},"page":"287-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Cyber security in New Space"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Manulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. P.","family":"Bridges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Sekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"503_CR1","unstructured":"Bryce Space and Technology: State of the Satellite Industry Report 2018. Resreport (2018). https:\/\/brycetech.com\/downloads\/SIA_SSIR_2018.pdf. Accessed 17 April 2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"503_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2806218","volume":"106","author":"MN Sweeting","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeting, M.N.: Modern small satellites-changing the economics of space. Proc. IEEE 106(3), 343\u2013361 (2018)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"2","key":"503_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1089\/space.2016.0027","volume":"5","author":"D Paikowsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paikowsky, D.: What is new space? the changing ecosystem of global space activity. New Space 5(2), 84\u201388 (2017)","journal-title":"New Space"},{"key":"503_CR4","unstructured":"Bryce Space and Technology: Smallsats by the Numbers 2019. Technical report (2019). https:\/\/brycetech.com\/download.php?f=downloads\/Bryce_Smallsats_2019.pdf. Accessed 02 April 2019"},{"key":"503_CR5","unstructured":"Bryce Space and Technology: State of the Satellite Industry Report 2017. Resreport (2017). https:\/\/brycetech.com\/downloads\/SIA_SSIR_2017.pdf. Accessed 17 April 2019"},{"key":"503_CR6","unstructured":"Parliamentary Office for Science and Technology: Postnote: Military users of space. https:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/documents\/post\/postpn273.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR7","unstructured":"Forest, B.D.: An Analysis of Military Use of Commercial Satellite Communications. Master\u2019s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School (Sep 2008)"},{"key":"503_CR8","unstructured":"White House: U.S. National Space Policy (Aug 2006). https:\/\/fas.org\/irp\/offdocs\/nspd\/space.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR9","unstructured":"Santamarta, R.: A Wake-up Call for SATCOM Security. Technical White Paper (2014). https:\/\/ioactive.com\/pdfs\/IOActive_SATCOM_Security_WhitePaper.pdf. Accessed 23 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR10","unstructured":"Santamarta, R.: Last Call for SATCOM Security. Technical White Paper (Aug 2018). https:\/\/ioactive.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/us-18-Santamarta-Last-Call-For-Satcom-Security-wp.pdf. Accessed 23 May 2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"503_CR11","first-page":"61","volume":"16","author":"G Falco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Falco, G.: Cybersecurity principles for space systems. J. Aerosp. Inf. Syst. 16(2), 61\u201370 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"503_CR12","unstructured":"Space mission analysis and design. Space technology library; v.8, Microcosm ; Kluwer Academic, Torrance, Calif.: Dordrecht; London, 3rd ed.\/edited by james r. wertz and wiley j. larson. edn. (1999)"},{"key":"503_CR13","unstructured":"Swpb: Simplified diagram of segments of a satellite system. https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ground_segment.png (2016). https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ground_segment.png. Accessed 16 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR14","unstructured":"Zimmerman, R., Doan, D., Leung, L., Mason, J., Parsons, N., Shahid, K.: Commissioning the world\u2019s biggest satellite constellation. In: 31st Annual AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites. No. SSC17-X-03 in Year in Review (2017). https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/smallsat\/2017\/all2017\/. Accessed 17 Apr 2019"},{"key":"503_CR15","unstructured":"Kyle\u00a0Colton, B.K.: Supporting the Flock: Building a Ground Station Network for Autonomy and Reliability. In: 30th Annual AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites. No. SSC16\u2013IX\u201305 (2016)"},{"key":"503_CR16","unstructured":"CaJacob, D., McCarthy, N., O\u2019Shea, T., McGwier, R.: Geolocation of RF emitters with a formation-flying cluster of three microsatellites. In: 30th annual AIAA\/USU conference on small satellites. No. SSC16-VI-5 in Next on the Pad (2016). https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/smallsat\/2016\/all2016\/. Accessed 17 Apr 2019"},{"key":"503_CR17","unstructured":"Sarda, K., Roth, N., Zee, R., CaJacob, D., Orr, N.G.: Making the Invisible Visible: precision RF-Emitter Geolocation from Space by the HawkEye 360 Pathfinder Mission. In: 32nd Annual AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites (2018)"},{"key":"503_CR18","unstructured":"Graham, W.: SpaceX launches Falcon 9 with PAZ, Starlink demo and new fairing (Feb 2018). https:\/\/www.nasaspaceflight.com\/2018\/02\/spacex-falcon-9-paz-launch-starlink-demo-new-fairing\/. Accessed 14 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR19","unstructured":"SpaceX: Starlink Mission (May 2019), https:\/\/www.spacex.com\/news\/2019\/05\/24\/starlink-mission. Accessed 14 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR20","unstructured":"Space Exploration Holdings LLC: SpaceX Non-Geostationary Satellite System\u2014Attachment A. http:\/\/licensing.fcc.gov\/myibfs\/download.do?attachment_key=1158350 (Nov 2016). Accessed 30 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR21","unstructured":"Henry, C.: SpaceX to Launch \u2019Dozens\u2019 of Starlink Satellites Next Week, More to Follow (May 2019). https:\/\/www.space.com\/spacex-starlink-satellites-launching-may-2019.html. Accessed 14 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR22","unstructured":"OneWeb: OneWeb Satellites. https:\/\/onewebsatellites.com\/about-us\/. Accessed 26 Feb 2019"},{"key":"503_CR23","unstructured":"Hughes Network Systems: Hughes Ships First Gateways for the Ground Network to Support OneWeb\u2019s Low Earth Orbit Constellation (Mar 2018). https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/hughes-ships-first-gateways-for-the-ground-network-to-support-onewebs-low-earth-orbit-constellation-300612885.html. Accessed 14 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR24","unstructured":"GMV: OneWeb awards GMV the Contract to Develop OneWeb\u2019s Satellite Constellation Command and Control (Dec 2016). https:\/\/www.gmv.com\/en\/Company\/Communication\/News\/2016\/12\/satelites_oneweb.html. Accessed 14 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR25","unstructured":"Thales Alenia Space: Optical communications (2017). https:\/\/artes.esa.int\/sites\/default\/files\/PM02TASFRESAWS-July_12th_2017_final.pdf. Accessed 15 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR26","unstructured":"LeoSat: LeoSat Non-Geostationary Satellite System\u2014Attachment A. licensing.fcc.gov\/myibfs\/download.do?attachment\\_key=1158225. Accessed 15 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR27","unstructured":"Book, G.: Security threats against space missions"},{"key":"503_CR28","unstructured":"Martin, P.K.: NASA Cybersecurity: An Examination of the Agency\u2019s Information Security. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight (Feb 2012). https:\/\/oig.nasa.gov\/docs\/FINAL_written_statement_for_%20IT_%20hearing_February_26_edit_v2.pdf. Accessed 23 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR29","unstructured":"Google cloud networking incident #19020. https:\/\/status.cloud.google.com\/\/incident\/cloud-networking\/19020, Accessed 24 Feb 2020"},{"key":"503_CR30","unstructured":"Nichols, S.: Aws\u2019s s3 outage was so bad Amazon couldn\u2019t get into its own dashboard to warn the world (Mar 2017). https:\/\/www.theregister.co.uk\/2017\/03\/01\/aws_s3_outage\/. Accessed 24 Feb 2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"503_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"R Bielawski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bielawski, R.: Space as a new category of threats to national security. Saf. Def. 5(2), 1\u20137 (2019)","journal-title":"Saf. Def."},{"key":"503_CR32","unstructured":"Society, R.A.: Eavesdropping from space. https:\/\/www.aerosociety.com\/news\/eavesdropping-from-space\/. Accessed 24 Feb 2020"},{"key":"503_CR33","unstructured":"Franceschi-Bicchierai, L.: This 1000 USD device lets hackers hijack satellite communications. https:\/\/motherboard.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/xywjpa\/this-1000-device-lets-hackers-hijack-satellite-communications. Accessed 12 Feb 2019"},{"key":"503_CR34","unstructured":"Knittel, C.: The mystery of the creepiest television hack. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en_us\/article\/pgay3n\/headroom-hacker. Accessed 24 Feb 2020"},{"key":"503_CR35","unstructured":"Kand, W., Chen, S., Pan, A.: Is Your Timespace Safe?\u2014Time and Position Spoofing Opensourcely. In: BlackHat EU 2015 (2015). https:\/\/www.blackhat.com\/docs\/eu-15\/materials\/eu-15-Kang-Is-Your-Timespace-Safe-Time-And-Position-Spoofing-Opensourcely-wp.pdf. Accessed 14 July 2019"},{"key":"503_CR36","unstructured":"Lied, H.: Gps freaking out? maybe you\u2019re too close to putin. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170925202637\/https:\/\/nrkbeta.no\/2017\/09\/18\/gps-freaking-out-maybe-youre-too-close-to-putin\/. Accessed 12 Feb 2019"},{"key":"503_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tippenhauer, N.O., P\u00f6pper, C., Rasmussen, K.B., Capkun, S.: On the requirements for successful gps spoofing attacks. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp. 75\u201386. CCS \u201911, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2046707.2046719","DOI":"10.1145\/2046707.2046719"},{"issue":"5","key":"503_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051305","volume":"18","author":"A Broumandan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broumandan, A., Lachapelle, G.: Spoofing detection using GNSS\/INS\/Odometer coupling for vehicular navigation. Sensors 18(5), 1305 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051305","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"503_CR39","unstructured":"Hitefield, S.: Exploiting Vulnerabilities in Software Radios. In: GRCon 2016 (2016). https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bN4IN4EGhDg"},{"key":"503_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., Choi, G., Park, J., Cho, S.J.: Study of analyzing and mitigating vulnerabilities in UC\/OS real-time operating system, pp. 834\u2013836 (07 2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2018.8436965"},{"key":"503_CR41","unstructured":"U.S. Government: Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (2011). https:\/\/www.uscc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/annual_reports\/annual_report_full_11.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2019"},{"key":"503_CR42","unstructured":"Committee on National Security Systems: Cyber Security Policy for Space Systems Used to Support National Security Missions (Feb 2018). https:\/\/www.cnss.gov\/CNSS\/openDoc.cfm?FLUClyvgO4ap6BbupiliBw==. Accessed 14 July 2019"},{"key":"503_CR43","unstructured":"Sims, E.M., Braun, B.M.: Navigating the Policy Compliance Roadmap for Small Satellites (Nov 2017). https:\/\/aerospace.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-05\/SmallSatRegulations_0.pdf. Accessed 14 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR44","unstructured":"Russell, K.: Evolving Cybersecurity in the NewSpace Era (Apr 2018). http:\/\/interactive.satellitetoday.com\/via\/april-2018\/evolving-cybersecurity-in-the-newspace-era\/. Accessed 14 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR45","unstructured":"Musk, E.: Twitter.com: End-to-end encryption encoded at firmware level. https:\/\/twitter.com\/elonmusk\/status\/967728299282595840?lang=en. Accessed 08 Feb 2019"},{"key":"503_CR46","unstructured":"Kaspersky: Satellite Turla: still alive and hiding in the sky. https:\/\/media.kaspersky.com\/pdf\/SatTurla_Solution_Paper.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR47","unstructured":"JSR: Number of active satellites from 1957 to 2018. Statista Inc., https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/897719\/number-of-active-satellites-by-year\/. Accessed 09 July 2019"},{"key":"503_CR48","unstructured":"Michalevsky, Y., Winetraub, Y.: Spacetee: Secure and tamper-proof computing in space using cubesats. CoRR arXiv:1710.01430 (2017). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1710.01430"},{"key":"503_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.06.005","volume":"151","author":"JA Grieve","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grieve, J.A., Bedington, R., Tang, Z., Chandrasekara, R.C., Ling, A.: Spooqysats: cubesats to demonstrate quantum key distribution technologies. Acta Astronaut. 151, 103\u2013106 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.06.005","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"503_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanafi, A., Karim, M., Latachi, I., Rachidi, T., Dahbi, S., Zouggar, S.: FPGA-based secondary on-board computer system for low-earth-orbit nano-satellite. In: International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing, pp. 1\u20136 (May 2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ATSIP.2017.8075514"},{"key":"503_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartram, P., Bridges, C., Bowman, D., Shirville, G.: Software defined radio baseband processing for ESA ESEO Mission. In: 2017 IEEE aerospace conference. IEEE (2017). http:\/\/epubs.surrey.ac.uk\/813289\/. Accessed 15 May 2019","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2017.7943952"},{"key":"503_CR52","unstructured":"Cybersecurity, Agency, I.S.: Security considerations in managing cots software. https:\/\/www.us-cert.gov\/bsi\/articles\/best-practices\/legacy-systems\/security-considerations-in-managing-cots-software. Accessed 26 Feb 2020"},{"key":"503_CR53","unstructured":"Cybersecurity, Agency, I.S.: Black box security testing tools. https:\/\/www.us-cert.gov\/bsi\/articles\/tools\/black-box-testing\/black-box-security-testing-tools. Accessed 26 Feb 2020"},{"key":"503_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Security requirements for cryptographic modules: technical teport (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/nist.fips.140-3","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.fips.140-3"},{"key":"503_CR55","unstructured":"Center for Software Defined Radio: Software Defined Radio Terms, Trends and Perspectives. resreport (Jan 2007)"},{"issue":"1","key":"503_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2007.916273","volume":"3","author":"LY Paul","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paul, L.Y., Baras, J.S., Sadler, B.M.: Physical-layer authentication. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 3(1), 38\u201351 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"503_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2398734","volume":"3","author":"G Verma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verma, G., Yu, P., Sadler, B.M.: Physical layer authentication via fingerprint embedding using software-defined radios. IEEE Access 3, 81\u201388 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"503_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.032511.00097","volume":"14","author":"G Baldini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baldini, G., Sturman, T., Biswas, A.R., Leschhorn, R., Godor, G., Street, M.: Security aspects in software defined radio and cognitive radio networks: a survey and a way ahead. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 14(2), 355\u2013379 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"12","key":"503_CR59","first-page":"3417","volume":"86","author":"K Sakaguchi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sakaguchi, K., Lam, C.F., Doan, T., Takada, J.I., Araki, K.: ACU and RSM based radio spectrum management for realization of flexible software defined radio world. IEICE Trans. Commun. 86(12), 3417\u20133424 (2003)","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"503_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maheshwarappa, M.R., Bridges, C.: Software Defined Radios for Small Satellites. In: 2014 NASA\/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems (AHS). pp. 172\u2013179 (07 2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/AHS.2014.6880174"},{"key":"503_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, F., Afghah, F., Radhakrishnan, R., Edmonson, W.: Software Defined Radio implementation of DS-CDMA in inter-satellite communications for small satellites. In: 2015 IEEE WiSEE, pp. 1\u20136 (Dec 2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2015.7392985"},{"key":"503_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasco, C., Tipantu\u00f1a, C.: Meteorological picture reception system using software defined radio (SDR). In: 2017 IEEE Second Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM), pp. 1\u20136 (Oct 2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ETCM.2017.8247551"},{"key":"503_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, Y., Chen, H., Pei, B.: Implementation of GPS Software Receiver Based on GNU Radio. In: Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSQRWC). pp. 1\u20133 (July 2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/CSQRWC.2018.8455475"},{"key":"503_CR64","unstructured":"Janicik, J., Wolff, J., Friedman, A.: Cybersecurity in Modern Spacecraft Operations. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites,. No. SSC14-P4-5 in Poster Session (2014). https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?filename=0&article=3128&context=smallsat&type=additional"},{"key":"503_CR65","unstructured":"Dillon, H.: Receiving weather satellite images with Softrock. http:\/\/www.alternet.us.com\/?p=1398. Accessed 30 Jan 2019"},{"key":"503_CR66","unstructured":"Baguley, R.: Full Earth Disc Images From GOES-17 Harvested By SDR (2019). https:\/\/hackaday.com\/2019\/05\/03\/full-earth-disc-images-from-goes-17-harvested-by-sdr\/. Accessed 14 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR67","unstructured":"Maloney, D.: Eavesdropping On Cosmonauts With An SDR (Mar 2019). https:\/\/hackaday.com\/2019\/03\/28\/eavesdropping-on-cosmonauts-with-an-sdr\/#more-350387. Accessed 14 Apr 2019"},{"key":"503_CR68","unstructured":"rtl-sdr.com: RTL-SDR Tutorial: decoding Inmarsat STD-C EGC Messages (Aug 2015). https:\/\/www.rtl-sdr.com\/rtl-sdr-tutorial-decoding-inmarsat-std-c-egc-messages\/. Accessed 15 May 2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"503_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.722380","volume":"13","author":"C Chweh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chweh, C.: Autonomy in space. IEEE Intell. Syst. Their Appl. 13(5), 78\u201380 (1998)","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst. Their Appl."},{"key":"503_CR70","unstructured":"NASA.gov: Mars exploration rovers\u2014mobility. https:\/\/mars.nasa.gov\/mer\/mission\/technology\/autonomous-planetary-mobility\/. Accessed 08 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR71","unstructured":"Webster, G., Brown, D., Cantillo, L.: Nasa mars rover can choose laser targets on its own. https:\/\/mars.nasa.gov\/news\/nasa-mars-rover-can-choose-laser-targets-on-its-own\/. Accessed 08 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR72","unstructured":"Obata, T., Nakasuka, S., Aoyanagi, Y., Matsumoto, T., Shirasaka, S.: On-Orbit Demonstrations of Robust Autonomous Operations on CubeSat. In: 32nd Annual AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites. No. SSC18-WKX-02 in A Look Back: Lessons Learned (2018)"},{"key":"503_CR73","unstructured":"Kennedy, A.K., Cahoy, K.L.: Initial Results from ACCESS: An Autonomous CubeSat Constellation Scheduling System for Earth Observation. In: 31st Annual AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites. No. SSC18-X-03 in Ground Systems (2017)"},{"key":"503_CR74","unstructured":"Ogilvie, A., Allport, J., Hannah, M., Lymer, J.: Autonomous Satellite Servicing Using the Orbital Express Demonstration Manipulator System. In: 9th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space (01 2008)"},{"key":"503_CR75","unstructured":"NASA: Cubesat Proximity Operations Demonstration (Mar 2016). https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/cpod_fact_sheet-7march2016.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR76","unstructured":"SpaceX: Starlink mission overview (May 2019). https:\/\/www.spacex.com\/sites\/spacex\/files\/starlink_press_kit.pdf. Accessed 08 Feb 2019"},{"key":"503_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tepe, A., Yilmaz, G.: A survey on cloud computing technology and its application to satellite ground systems. In: 2013 6th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST), pp. 477\u2013481 (June 2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/RAST.2013.6581256"},{"key":"503_CR78","unstructured":"Kongsberg: KSAT. https:\/\/www.kongsberg.com\/ksat\/. Accessed 01 April 2019"},{"key":"503_CR79","unstructured":"Earth-i: Earth-i to use KSAT\u2019s Ground Stations to Receive First Commercial Full-Colour Video From Space (Dec 2017). https:\/\/earthi.space\/press\/earth-i-use-ksats-ground-stations-receive-first-commercial-full-colour-video-space\/. Accessed 01 April 2019"},{"key":"503_CR80","unstructured":"HawkEye 360: HawkEye 360 Selects Norway\u2019s Kongsberg Satellite Service (KSAT) to Provide Ground Station Services for Pathfinder Mission (Apr 2018). https:\/\/www.he360.com\/hawkeye-360-selects-norways-kongsberg-satellite-service-ksat-to-provide-ground-station-services-for-pathfinder-mission\/. Accessed 01 April 2019"},{"key":"503_CR81","unstructured":"Thrana, S.A.: Innovative NewSpace Ground Segment\u2014Global Coverage Available through the Cloud. In: 30th Annual AIAA\/USU Conference on Small Satellites. No. SSC16\u2013VII\u201307 (2016)"},{"key":"503_CR82","unstructured":"Signals, R.: RBC Signals Announces New Integration Agreement with Kubos. http:\/\/rbcsignals.com\/rbc-signals-announces-new-integration-agreement-with-kubos\/. Accessed 29 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR83","unstructured":"Shah, S.: AWS Ground Station first customers include DigitalGlobe, BlackSky and Spire (Nov 2018). https:\/\/www.computing.co.uk\/ctg\/news\/3067137\/aws-ground-station-first-customers-include-digitalglobe-blacksky-and-spire. Accessed 01 April 2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"503_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1093\/scipol\/scw079","volume":"44","author":"N Witjes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Witjes, N., Olbrich, P.: A fragile transparency: satellite imagery analysis, non-state actors, and visual representations of security. Sci. Pub. Policy 44(4), 524\u2013534 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scipol\/scw079","journal-title":"Sci. Pub. Policy"},{"key":"503_CR85","unstructured":"Council, C.S.C.: Cloud security standards: what to expect and what to negotiate version 2.0. https:\/\/www.omg.org\/cloud\/deliverables\/CSCC-Cloud-Security-Standards-What-to-Expect-and-What-to-Negotiate.pdf. Accessed 26 Feb 2020"},{"key":"503_CR86","unstructured":"Wikipedia.com: Edge computing. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edge_computing. Accessed 25 Jun 2019"},{"key":"503_CR87","unstructured":"Musa, S.: Smart City Roadmap. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/21181336\/Smart_City_Roadmap. Accessed 25 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR88","unstructured":"Fleet Space Technologies: Fleet Portal. https:\/\/www.fleet.space\/portal. Accessed 15 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR89","unstructured":"The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems: Overview of Space Communications Protocols. techreport 130.0-G-3, The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (Jul 2014). https:\/\/public.ccsds.org\/Pubs\/130x0g3.pdf"},{"key":"503_CR90","unstructured":"The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems: CCSDS Missions. https:\/\/public.ccsds.org\/implementations\/missions.aspx. Accessed 30 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davoli, F., Kourogiorgas, C., Marchese, M., Panagopoulos, A., Patrone, F.: Small satellites and CubeSats: survey of structures, architectures, and protocols. Int. J. Sate. Commun. Netw. (09 2018)","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1277"},{"key":"503_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6243505","volume":"20192019","author":"SC Burleigh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burleigh, S.C., Cola, T.D., Morosi, S., Jayousi, S., Cianca, E., Fuchs, C.: from connectivity to advanced internet services: a comprehensive review of small satellites communications and networks. Wirele. Commun. Mob. Comput. 20192019, 1\u201317 (2019)","journal-title":"Wirele. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"503_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-24486-7_15","volume-title":"Communications and Multimedia Security","author":"RP Weinmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weinmann, R.P., Wirt, K.: Analysis of the DVB common scrambling algorithm. In: Chadwick, D., Preneel, B. (eds.) Communications and Multimedia Security, pp. 195\u2013207. Springer, Boston (2005)"},{"key":"503_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simpson, L., Henricksen, M., Yap, W.S.: Improved cryptanalysis of the common scrambling algorithm stream cipher. In: Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy, pp. 108\u2013121. ACISP \u201909, Springer, Berlin (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-02620-1_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02620-1_8"},{"key":"503_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34159-5_4","volume-title":"Research in Cryptology","author":"E Tews","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tews, E., W\u00e4lde, J., Weiner, M.: Breaking DVB-CSA. In: Armknecht, F., Lucks, S. (eds.) Research in Cryptology, pp. 45\u201361. Springer, Berlin (2012)"},{"key":"503_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muri, P., McNair, J.: A survey of communication sub-systems for intersatellite linked systems and cubesat missions. J. Commun 7 (04 2012)","DOI":"10.4304\/jcm.7.4.290-308"},{"key":"503_CR97","unstructured":"NASA: Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) Overview. https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/tdm\/lcrd\/overview.html. Accessed 30 May 2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"503_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2002.802045","volume":"38","author":"Jm Liu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liu, Jm, Chen, Hf, Tang, S.: Synchronized chaotic optical communications at high bit rates. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38(9), 1184\u20131196 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"issue":"9","key":"503_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2002.801950","volume":"38","author":"T Heil","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heil, T., Mulet, J., Fischer, I., Mirasso, C.R., Peil, M., Colet, P., Elsasser, W.: On\/off phase shift keying for chaos-encrypted communication using external-cavity semiconductor lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38(9), 1162\u20131170 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"issue":"7","key":"503_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.001536","volume":"44","author":"N Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, N., Zhao, A., Xue, C., Tang, J., Qiu, K.: Physical secure optical communication based on private chaotic spectral phase encryption\/decryption. Opt. Lett. 44(7), 1536\u20131539 (2019)","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"503_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04117-4_25","volume-title":"Chaos Applications in Optical Communications","author":"A Argyris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Argyris, A., Syvridis, D.: Chaos Applications in Optical Communications, pp. 479\u2013510. Springer, Berlin (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-04117-4_25"},{"key":"503_CR102","unstructured":"Arroyo, D., Alvarez, G., Fernandez, V.: On the inadequacy of the logistic map for cryptographic applications. arXiv:0805.4355 (2008)"},{"key":"503_CR103","unstructured":"EO Portal Directory: Flock 1. https:\/\/directory.eoportal.org\/web\/eoportal\/satellite-missions\/f\/flock-1. Accessed 17 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR104","unstructured":"The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems: Space Data Link Security Protocol. Technical Report. CCSDS 355.0-B-1 (Sep 2015)"},{"key":"503_CR105","unstructured":"Iso 7498-2:1989 (2000). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/14256.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"503_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090203","volume":"11","author":"R Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, R., Taleb, T., Jamalipour, A., Sun, B.: Protocols for reliable data transport in space internet. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 11(2), 21\u201332 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"503_CR107","unstructured":"Kopparty, S., Krishnamurthy, S., Faloutsos, M., Tripathi, S.: Split TCP for mobile ad hoc networks. pp. 138\u2013142 vol. 1 (12 2002)"},{"key":"503_CR108","unstructured":"Gregory Totsline: Issues when using ipsec over geosynchronous satellite links (2002). https:\/\/www.sans.org\/reading-room\/whitepapers\/vpns\/issues-ipsec-geosynchronous-satellite-links-770. Accessed 26 Feb 2020"},{"key":"503_CR109","unstructured":"Demirel, D., Alagoz, F., \u00c7a\u011flayan, M.: Ipsec over satellite links: A new flow identification method. vol. 2006, pp. 140\u2013145 (01 2006)"},{"key":"503_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djeddai, L., Liu, R.K.: Ipsecopep: Ipsec over peps architecture, for secure and optimized communications over satellite links. In: 2016 7th IEEE international conference on software engineering and service science (ICSESS). pp. 264\u2013268. IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSESS.2016.7883063"},{"key":"503_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36787-8_15","volume-title":"Personal Satellite Services","author":"MNM Bhutta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhutta, M.N.M., Cruickshank, H.: A new dynamic multilayer IPSec protocol. In: Pillai, P., Shorey, R., Ferro, E. (eds.) Personal Satellite Services, pp. 119\u2013129. Springer, Berlin (2013)"},{"key":"503_CR112","volume-title":"Tea Extensions","author":"RM Needham","year":"1997","unstructured":"Needham, R.M., Wheeler, D.J.: Tea Extensions. Report Cambridge University, Cambridge (1997)"},{"key":"503_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., Canetti, R.: RFC2104: HMAC: Keyed-hashing for message authentication (1997)","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc2104"},{"key":"503_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, Y., Hong, S., Lee, W., Lee, S., Kang, J.S.: Related Key Differential Attacks on 27 Rounds of XTEA and Full-Round GOST. In: FSE, pp. 299\u2013316. Springer (2004)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25937-4_19"},{"key":"503_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yin, Y.L., Yu, H.: Finding collisions in the full sha-1. In: Shoup, V. (ed.) CRYPTO, pp. 17\u201336. Springer, Berlin (2005)","DOI":"10.1007\/11535218_2"},{"issue":"1","key":"503_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-008-0059-9","volume":"8","author":"J Lu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lu, J.: Related-key rectangle attack on 36 rounds of the XTEA block cipher. IJIS 8(1), 1\u201311 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-008-0059-9","journal-title":"IJIS"},{"key":"503_CR117","unstructured":"The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems: The Application of Security to CCSDS Protocols. Technical Report CCSDS 350.0-G-3 (2019)"},{"key":"503_CR118","unstructured":"The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems: CCSDS File Delivery Protocol. techreport 727.0-B-4, The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (Jan 2007)"},{"key":"503_CR119","unstructured":"Wood, L.: Saratoga: scalable, speedy data delivery for sensor networks. CoRR arXiv:1204.3263 (2012)"},{"key":"503_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chokhani, S., Ford, W., Sabett, R., Merrill, C., Wu, S.: Rfc3647: Internet x.509 public key infrastructure certificate policy and certification practices framework (2003)","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3647"},{"issue":"8","key":"503_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7180512","volume":"53","author":"C Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, C., Wang, X., Wang, J., Chen, H., Ren, Y.: Security in space information networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 53(8), 82\u201388 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"503_CR122","unstructured":"International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project: ISCCP Data Access. https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/isccp\/isccp-data-access. Accessed 03 April 2019"},{"key":"503_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson, J.M., Carroll, K.L., DeVilbiss, N.P., Gillis, J.T., Hinks, J.C., O\u2019Hanlon, B.W., Rushanan, J.J., Scott, L., Yazdi, R.A.: Chips-message robust authentication (chimera) for GPS civilian signals. In: Proceedings of the 30th international technical meeting of the satellite division of the institute of navigation (ION GNSS + 2017). Institute of Navigation (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33012\/2017.15206","DOI":"10.33012\/2017.15206"},{"key":"503_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrig, A., Canetti, R., D.\u00a0Tygar, J., Song, D.: The TESLA broadcast authentication protocol. RSA CryptoBytes 5 (11 2002)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0229-6_3"},{"key":"503_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Hernandez, I., Rijmen, V., Seco-Granados, G., Sim\u00f3n, J., Rodr\u00edguez, I., Calle, J.D.: A navigation message authentication proposal for the Galileo open service. Navigation. J. Instit. Navig. 63 (03 2016)","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.125"},{"key":"503_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caparra, G., Sturaro, S., Laurenti, N., Wullems, C.: Evaluating the security of one-way key chains in TESLA-based GNSS navigation message authentication schemes. In: 2016 international conference on localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS). IEEE (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icl-gnss.2016.7533685","DOI":"10.1109\/icl-gnss.2016.7533685"},{"issue":"5","key":"503_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016598314198","volume":"8","author":"A Perrig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perrig, A., Szewczyk, R., Tygar, J.D., Wen, V., Culler, D.E.: Spins: security protocols for sensor networks. Wirel. Netw. 8(5), 521\u2013534 (2002)","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"503_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C\u00e2mara, S., Anand, D., Pillitteri, V., Carmo, L.: Multicast delayed authentication for streaming synchrophasor data in the smart grid. In: ICT systems security and privacy protection, pp. 32\u201346. Springer (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-33630-5_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33630-5_3"},{"issue":"4","key":"503_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1145\/1027794.1027800","volume":"3","author":"D Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, D., Ning, P.: Multilevel $$\\mu $$TESLA: broadcast authentication for distributed sensor networks. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 3(4), 800\u2013836 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1027794.1027800","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"503_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scheidl, T., Handsteiner, J., Rauch, D., Ursin, R.: Space-to-ground quantum key distribution. In: Karafolas, N., Sodnik, Z., Cugny, B. (eds.) International Conference on Space Optics\u2014ICSO 2018. SPIE (Jul 2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2535987","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2535987"},{"issue":"3","key":"503_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.82.030301","volume":"82","author":"L Sheridan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sheridan, L., Scarani, V.: Security proof for quantum key distribution using qudit systems. Phys. Rev. A 82(3), 030301 (2010)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"503_CR132","unstructured":"Lee, O., Vergoossen, T., Ling, A.: An updated analysis of satellite quantum-key distribution missions. arXiv:1909.13061 (2019)"},{"issue":"1","key":"503_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-018-0070-7","volume":"5","author":"E Kerstel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kerstel, E., Gardelein, A., Barthelemy, M., Fink, M., Joshi, S.K., Ursin, R., Team, C., et al.: Nanobob: a cubesat mission concept for quantum communication experiments in an uplink configuration. EPJ Quantum Technol. 5(1), 6 (2018)","journal-title":"EPJ Quantum Technol."},{"key":"503_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podmore, H., Souza, I., Hudson, D., Jennewin, T., Cain, J., Higgins, B., Midwinter, C., Scott, A., Mccolgan, A., Caldwell, D., Zheng, S.H.: Optical terminal for Canada\u2019s quantum encryption and science satellite (QEYSSat) (10 2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS45490.2019.8978993"},{"key":"503_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jennewein, T., Grant, C., Choi, E., Pugh, C., Holloway, C., Bourgoin, J., Hakima, H., Higgins, B., Zee, R.: The NanoQEY mission: ground to space quantum key and entanglement distribution using a nanosatellite. In: Gruneisen, M.T., Dusek, M., Rarity, J.G., Lewis, K.L., Hollins, R.C., Merlet, T.J., Toet, A. (eds.) Emerging Technologies in Security and Defence II: and Quantum-Physics-based Information Security III. SPIE (Oct 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2067548","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2067548"},{"issue":"6","key":"503_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1109\/tit.2008.921908","volume":"54","author":"M Bloch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bloch, M., Barros, J., Rodrigues, M.R.D., McLaughlin, S.W.: Wireless information-theoretic security. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 54(6), 2515\u20132534 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tit.2008.921908","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"issue":"6","key":"503_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.060848","volume":"7","author":"S Goel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goel, S., Negi, R.: Guaranteeing secrecy using artificial noise. IEEE Trans Wirel. Commun. 7(6), 2180\u20132189 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"503_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma, S., Hempel, M., Yang, Y.L., Sharif, H.: An approach to secure wireless communications using randomized eigenvector-based jamming signals. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference. pp. 1172\u20131176. IWCMC \u201910, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1815396.1815665","DOI":"10.1145\/1815396.1815665"},{"issue":"1","key":"503_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2078810","volume":"59","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A., Swindlehurst, A.L.: Robust beamforming for security in mimo wiretap channels with imperfect CSI. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 59(1), 351\u2013361 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2010.2078810","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"4","key":"503_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2018.2868538","volume":"14","author":"A Vazquez-Castro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vazquez-Castro, A., Hayashi, M.: Physical layer security for RF satellite channels in the finite-length regime. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 14(4), 981\u2013993 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tifs.2018.2868538","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"503_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Portillo, I., Cameron, B.G., Crawley, E.F.: A Technical Comparison of Three Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellation Systems to Provide Global Broadband. In: 2018 International Aeronautical Conference. IAF (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.03.040"},{"key":"503_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Plaga, R., Koob, F.: A formal definition and a new security mechanism of physical unclonable functions. Measurement, Modelling, and Evaluation of Computing Systems and Dependability and Fault Tolerance p. 288\u2013301 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-28540-0_24","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28540-0_24"},{"key":"503_CR143","unstructured":"Group, T.C.: Trusted platform module (tpm) 2.0 (2015). https:\/\/www.trustedcomputinggroup.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/TPM-2.0-A-Brief-Introduction.pdf. Accessed 16 June 2019"},{"key":"503_CR144","unstructured":"England, P., Aigner, R., Kane, K., Marochko, A., Mattoon, D., Spiger, R., Thom, S., Zaverucha, G.: Device identity with dice and riot: keys and certificates. Technical report. MSR-TR-2017-41 (September 2017). https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/publication\/device-identity-dice-riot-keys-certificates\/. Accessed 21 June 2019"},{"key":"503_CR145","unstructured":"Dr. Edwin V.\u00a0Bell, I.: Phobos project information. https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/phobos.html. Accessed 04 Mar 2019"},{"key":"503_CR146","unstructured":"Montenegro, S., Dannemann, F.: Rodos\u2014real time kernel design for dependability pp. 66\u2013 (05 2009)"},{"issue":"2","key":"503_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.861380","volume":"24","author":"S Capkun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Capkun, S., Hubaux, J.: Secure positioning in wireless networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 24(2), 221\u2013232 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"503_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2002.1039407","volume":"38","author":"L Franck","year":"2002","unstructured":"Franck, L., Maral, G.: Routing in networks of intersatellite links. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 38(3), 902\u2013917 (2002)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"503_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391581","volume":"1","author":"X Qi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qi, X., Ma, J., Wu, D., Liu, L., Hu, S.: A survey of routing techniques for satellite networks. J. Commun. Inf. Netw. 1(4), 66\u201385 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Commun. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"503_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banu, R., Vladimirova, T.: On-board encryption in earth observation small satellites. In: 40th international carnahan conference on security technology, pp. 203\u2013208. IEEE (2006)","DOI":"10.1109\/CCST.2006.313451"},{"key":"503_CR151","unstructured":"Epstein, K., Elgin, B.: Network Security Breaches Plague NASA (Nov 2008). https:\/\/www.kepstein.com\/2008\/11\/20\/network-security-breaches-plague-nasa\/. Accessed 29 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR152","unstructured":"Paganini, P.: Fancy Bear Hackers use a new Mac Trojan against aerospace industry (Sep 2016). https:\/\/www.cyberdefensemagazine.com\/fancy-bear-hackers-use-a-new-mac-trojan-against-aerospace-industry\/. Accessed 29 May 2019"},{"key":"503_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/08929880902864376","volume":"17","author":"Y Butt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Butt, Y.: Effects of chinese laser ranging on imaging satellites. Sci. Glob. Secur. 17, 20\u201335 (2009). 06","journal-title":"Sci. Glob. Secur."},{"key":"503_CR154","unstructured":"Wong, T.F.: Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications. http:\/\/wireless.ece.ufl.edu\/twong\/Notes\/CDMA\/ch2.pdf. Accessed 30 May 2019"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Information Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10207-020-00503-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10207-020-00503-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10207-020-00503-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T15:37:30Z","timestamp":1666539450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10207-020-00503-w"}},"subtitle":["Analysis of threats, key enabling technologies and challenges"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-020-00503-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1615-5262","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 May 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}