{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:36:27Z","timestamp":1767141387985,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Inf. Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-025-00994-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T04:07:01Z","timestamp":1740197221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cryptocurrency recovery framework using pre-signed transaction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hyeonhak","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"994_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108857","volume":"135","author":"S Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park, S., Yang, J.-S.: Machine learning models based on bubble analysis for Bitcoin market crash prediction. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 135, 108857 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108857","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"994_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panda, S.K., Sathya, A., Das, S.: Bitcoin: beginning of the cryptocurrency era. In: Recent Advances in Blockchain Technology: Real-World Applications, pp. 25\u201358. Springer (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-22835-3_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22835-3_2"},{"key":"994_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110568","volume":"145","author":"S Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park, S., Yang, JS.: Intelligent cryptocurrency trading system using integrated AdaBoost-LSTM with market turbulence knowledge. Applied Soft Computing 145, 110568 (2023).\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110568","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"994_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2020.125604","volume":"566","author":"S Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park, S., Jang, K., Yang, JS., Information flow between bitcoin and other financial assets. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 566, 125604 (2021).\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physa.2020.125604","journal-title":"Dash Monero Zcash Pervasive Mobile Comput."},{"key":"994_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2021.101845","volume":"77","author":"A Aspris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aspris, A., Foley, S., Svec, J., Wang, L.: Decentralized exchanges: the wild west of cryptocurrency trading. Int. Rev. Financ. Anal. 77, 101845 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.irfa.2021.101845","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"994_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moniruzzaman, M., Chowdhury, F., Ferdous, M.S.: Examining usability issues in blockchain-based cryptocurrency wallets. In: Cyber Security and Computer Science: Second EAI International Conference, ICONCS 2020, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 15\u201316, 2020, Proceedings 2, pp. 631\u2013643. Springer (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52856-0_50","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52856-0_50"},{"key":"994_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rezaeighaleh, H., Zou, C.C.: New secure approach to backup cryptocurrency wallets. In: 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1\u20136. IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9014007","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9014007"},{"key":"994_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fu, S., Wang, Q., Yu, J., Chen, S.: FTX collapse: a Ponzi story. In: International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Springer, pp. 208\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-48806-1_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48806-1_14"},{"key":"994_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2023.103704","volume":"54","author":"I Yousaf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yousaf, I., Goodell, J.W.: Reputational contagion and the fall of FTX: examining the response of tokens to the delegitimization of FTT. Financ. Res. Lett. 54, 103704 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.frl.2023.103704","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"994_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.3390\/math8101773","volume":"8","author":"V Di Nicola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Nicola, V., Longo, R., Mazzone, F., Russo, G.: Resilient custody of crypto-assets, and threshold multisignatures. Mathematics 8(10), 1773 (2020)","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"994_CR11","first-page":"2323","volume":"118","author":"D Chu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chu, D.: Broker-dealers for virtual currency: regulating cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges. Columbia Law Rev. 118, 2323 (2018)","journal-title":"Columbia Law Rev."},{"key":"994_CR12","unstructured":"Luu, L.: Solving the liquidity challenge of decentralized exchanges. https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/markets\/2017\/08\/13\/solving-the-liquidity-challenge-of-decentralized-exchanges\/"},{"key":"994_CR13","unstructured":"Hakki, T.: Crypto Cold Wallets in Ledger, Trezor Sales Moon After FTX Collapse in Yahoo Finance (2022)"},{"key":"994_CR14","volume-title":"Modern Banking","author":"S Heffernan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heffernan, S.: Modern Banking. Wiley, New York (2005)"},{"key":"994_CR15","unstructured":"S. Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system 2008."},{"key":"994_CR16","volume-title":"Learning Bitcoin","author":"R Caetano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caetano, R.: Learning Bitcoin. Packt Publishing Ltd, New York (2015)"},{"key":"994_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matsuzaki, N., Fukumitsu, M., Kita, Y.: Emergency button: evacuation of crypto asset when key loss. In: 2023 Eleventh International Symposium on Computing and Networking Workshops (CANDARW), pp. 246\u2013252. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CANDARW60564.2023.00048","DOI":"10.1109\/CANDARW60564.2023.00048"},{"key":"994_CR18","unstructured":"Team, C.: 60% of Bitcoin is Held Long Term as Digital Gold. What About the Rest? (2020). https:\/\/blog.chainalysis.com\/reports\/bitcoin-market-data-exchanges-trading\/"},{"issue":"11","key":"994_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1145\/359168.359176","volume":"22","author":"A Shamir","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shamir, A.: How to share a secret. Commun. ACM 22(11), 612\u2013613 (1979). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/359168.359176","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"8","key":"994_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.3837\/tiis.2021.08.009","volume":"15","author":"G Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, G., You, L., Hu, G., Hu, L.: Recoverable private key scheme for consortium blockchain based on verifiable secret sharing. KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst. (TIIS) 15(8), 2865\u20132878 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3837\/tiis.2021.08.009","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst. (TIIS)"},{"key":"994_CR21","unstructured":"Key escrow, Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Key_escrow"},{"key":"994_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taher, K.A., Nahar, T., Hossain, S.A.: Enhanced cryptocurrency security by time-based token multi-factor authentication algorithm. In: 2019 International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), pp. 308\u2013312. IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICREST.2019.8644084","DOI":"10.1109\/ICREST.2019.8644084"},{"key":"994_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nair, V., Song, D.: Decentralizing custodial wallets with MFKDF. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), pp. 1\u20139. IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICBC56567.2023.10174998","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC56567.2023.10174998"},{"key":"994_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh, H.P., Stefanidis, K., Kirstein, F.: A private key recovery scheme using partial knowledge. In: 2021 11th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), pp. 1\u20135. IEEE (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NTMS49979.2021.9432642","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS49979.2021.9432642"},{"issue":"12","key":"994_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.3390\/math10122047","volume":"10","author":"J Seo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seo, J., Ko, D., Kim, S., Sugumaran, V., Park, S.: Reminisce: blockchain private key generation and recovery using distinctive pictures-based personal memory. Mathematics 10(12), 2047 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math10122047","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"key":"994_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pan, S., Chan, K.Y., Cui, H., Yuen, T.H.: Multi-signatures for ECDSA and its applications in blockchain. In: Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy, pp. 265\u2013285. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-22301-3_14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22301-3_14"},{"key":"994_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rakdej, P., Janpitak, N., Warasart, M., Lilakiatsakun, W.: Coin recovery from inaccessible cryptocurrency wallet using unspent transaction output. In: 2019 4th International Conference on Information Technology (InCIT), pp. 99\u2013103. IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INCIT.2019.8911915","DOI":"10.1109\/INCIT.2019.8911915"},{"key":"994_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blackshear, S., et al.: Reactive key-loss protection in blockchains, presented at the financial cryptography and data security. In: FC 2021 International Workshops: CoDecFin, DeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Virtual Event, March 5, 2021, Revised Selected Papers (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-63958-0_34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63958-0_34"},{"key":"994_CR29","unstructured":"Abelson, H., et al.: The risks of key recovery, key escrow, and trusted third-party encryption (1997). http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1721.1\/117329"},{"key":"994_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erinle, Y., Kethepalli, Y., Feng, Y., Xu, J.: SoK: design, vulnerabilities and defense of cryptocurrency wallets. arXiv:2307.12874 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2307.12874","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2307.12874"},{"key":"994_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karantias, K., Kiayias, A., Zindros, D.: Proof-of-burn. In: Financial Cryptography and Data Security: 24th International Conference, FC 2020, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 10\u201314, 2020 Revised Selected Papers 24, pp. 523\u2013540. Springer (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51280-4_28"},{"issue":"3","key":"994_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3837\/tiis.2022.03.006","volume":"16","author":"B Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, B., Kim, H.J., Lee, J.: First smart contract allowing cryptoasset recovery. KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst. (TIIS) 16(3), 861\u2013876 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3837\/tiis.2022.03.006","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst. (TIIS)"},{"key":"994_CR33","volume-title":"Mastering Bitcoin","author":"AM Antonopoulos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antonopoulos, A.M.: Mastering Bitcoin. O\u2019Reilly Media Inc, New York (2023)"},{"key":"994_CR34","unstructured":"Palatinus, M., P.R., Voisine, Sean Bowe, A.: Mnemonic code for generating deterministic keys. https:\/\/github.com\/bitcoin\/bips\/blob\/master\/bip-0039.mediawiki"},{"key":"994_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soltani, R., Nguyen, U.T., An, A.: Practical key recovery model for self-sovereign identity based digital wallets. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, International Conference on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, International Conference on Cloud and Big Data Computing, International Conference on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC\/PiCom\/CBDCom\/CyberSciTech), pp. 320\u2013325. IEEE (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DASC\/PiCom\/CBDCom\/CyberSciTech.2019.00066","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC\/PiCom\/CBDCom\/CyberSciTech.2019.00066"},{"key":"994_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aydar, M., Cetin, S.C., Ayvaz, S., Aygun B.: Private key encryption and recovery in blockchain (2019). arXiv:1907.04156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1907.04156","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1907.04156"},{"key":"994_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vasek, M., Bonneau, J., Castellucci, R., Keith, C., Moore, T.: The bitcoin brain drain: examining the use and abuse of bitcoin brain wallets. In: Financial Cryptography and Data Security: 20th International Conference, FC 2016, Christ Church, Barbados, February 22\u201326, 2016, Revised Selected Papers 20, pp. 609\u2013618. Springer (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-54970-4_36","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54970-4_36"},{"key":"994_CR38","unstructured":"Chatzigiannis, P., Chalkias, K., Kate, A., Mangipudi, E.V., Minaei, M., Mondal, M.: SoK: Web3 Recovery Mechanisms, Cryptology ePrint Archive (2023). https:\/\/ia.cr\/2023\/1575"},{"key":"994_CR39","unstructured":"McElrath, B.: Re-Imagining Cold Storage with Timelocks. https:\/\/medium.com\/@BobMcElrath\/re-imagining-cold-storage-with-timelocks-1f293bfe421f"},{"key":"994_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swambo, J., Hommel, S., McElrath, B., Bishop, B.: Custody protocols using bitcoin vaults. arXiv:2005.11776 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2005.11776","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2005.11776"},{"key":"994_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swambo, J., Hommel, S., McElrath, B., Bishop, B.: Bitcoin covenants: three ways to control the future (2020). arXiv:2006.16714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2006.16714","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2006.16714"},{"key":"994_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swambo, J., Poinsot, A.: Risk framework for bitcoin custody operation with the revault protocol. In: Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC 2021 International Workshops: CoDecFin, DeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Virtual Event, March 5, 2021, Revised Selected Papers 25, pp. 3\u201320. Springer (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-63958-0_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63958-0_1"},{"key":"994_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eizinger, T., Hoenisch, P., del Pino, L.S.: Open problems in cross-chain protocols. arXiv:2101.12412 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2101.12412","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2101.12412"},{"issue":"1","key":"994_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3596906","volume":"56","author":"S Houy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Houy, S., Schmid, P., Bartel, A.: Security aspects of cryptocurrency wallets\u2014a systematic literature review. ACM Comput. Surv. 56(1), 1\u201331 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3596906","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"994_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shah, J.C., Bhagwat, M., Patel, D., Conti, M.: Crypto-wills: transferring digital assets by maintaining wills on the blockchain. In: Communication and Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of ICCIS 2019 (2020), pp. 407\u2013416. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-3325-9_31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3325-9_31"},{"key":"994_CR46","unstructured":"Zahnentferner, J., Chimeric ledgers: translating and unifying utxo-based and account-based cryptocurrencies. Cryptology ePrint Archive (2018). https:\/\/ia.cr\/2018\/262"},{"key":"994_CR47","unstructured":"Lovejoy, J., Virza, M., Fields, C., Karwaski, K., Brownworth, A., Narula, N., Hamilton: a high-performance transaction processor for central bank digital currencies. In: 20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 23), pp. 901\u2013915 (2023)"},{"key":"994_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chakravarty, M.M., Chapman, J., MacKenzie, K., Melkonian, O., Peyton Jones, M., Wadler, P.: The extended UTXO model. In: Financial Cryptography and Data Security: FC 2020 International Workshops, AsiaUSEC, CoDeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 14, 2020, Revised Selected Papers 24, pp. 525\u2013539. Springer (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-54455-3_37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54455-3_37"},{"key":"994_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2019.101030","volume":"59","author":"A Biryukov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biryukov, A., Tikhomirov, S.: Security and privacy of mobile wallet users in Bitcoin. Dash Monero Zcash Pervasive Mobile Comput. 59, 101030 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmcj.2019.101030","journal-title":"Dash Monero Zcash Pervasive Mobile Comput."},{"key":"994_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suratkar, S., Shirole, M., Bhirud, S.: Cryptocurrency wallet: a review. In: 2020 4th International Conference on Computer, Communication and Signal Processing (ICCCSP), pp. 1\u20137. IEEE (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCCSP49186.2020.9315193","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCSP49186.2020.9315193"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-025-01019-x","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000}}],"container-title":["International Journal of Information Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10207-025-00994-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10207-025-00994-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10207-025-00994-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T03:59:58Z","timestamp":1743307198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10207-025-00994-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-025-00994-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1615-5262","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2025","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-025-01019-x","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-025-01019-x","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"84"}}