{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T16:39:48Z","timestamp":1783787988745,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arab open University, Bahrain"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Inf. Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-025-01044-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:08:43Z","timestamp":1748351323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A survey on malware attacks in industrial air-gap systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Md Asdaque","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khouloud","family":"Samrouth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Bakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1044_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhamare, D., Zolanvari, M., Erbad, A., Jain, R., Khan, K., Meskin, N.: Cybersecurity for industrial control systems: a survey, Comput Secur, 1\u201318 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101677"},{"key":"1044_CR2","unstructured":"Stouffer, K., Falco, J., Scarfone, K.: Guide to industrial control systems (ics) security, Special publication 800-82, final public draft, NIST (2008)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2870641","volume":"8","author":"M Guri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guri, M., Monitz, M., Elovici, Y.: Bridging the air gap between isolated networks and mobile phones in a practical cyber-attack. ACM Transact. Intell. Syst. Technol. 8(4), 1\u201325 (2017)","journal-title":"ACM Transact. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"1044_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayala, L.: Cybersecurity Lexicon. Apress, Springer (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-2068-9"},{"key":"1044_CR5","unstructured":"Nohe,P.: What is an air gapped computer?, accessed: 2024-11-16 (December 2023)"},{"key":"1044_CR6","unstructured":"Filkins, B., Wylie, D.: Sans 2019 state of ot ics cybersecurity survey. Tech. rep, SANS Analyst Program (2019)"},{"key":"1044_CR7","unstructured":"Why do attackers target industrial control systems, accessed: 2024-11-16 (December 2023)"},{"key":"1044_CR8","unstructured":"Cybersecurity for industrial control systems: a new approach, accessed: 2024-11-16 (January 2023)"},{"key":"1044_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13183607","author":"B Al-Masri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Masri, B., Bakir, N., El-Zaart, A., Samrouth, K.: Dual convolutional malware network (dcmn): an image-based malware classification using dual convolutional neural networks. Electronics (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13183607","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"1044_CR10","unstructured":"The cost of ot cyber security incidents, accessed: 2024-11-16 (2023)"},{"key":"1044_CR11","unstructured":"Seligman,J.: The Virus, ., 2020"},{"key":"1044_CR12","unstructured":"What is stuxnet?, accessed: 2024-11-16 (2019)"},{"key":"1044_CR13","unstructured":"Kushner, D.: The real story of stuxnet, visited November 2022 (2022)"},{"key":"1044_CR14","unstructured":"Group, T.C.: Sensors expo workshop, Tech. rep., Trusted Computing Group, securing the IoT and Embedded Systems with TCG and Embedded Computing Design (2018)"},{"key":"1044_CR15","unstructured":"Cannan, J., Hu, H.: Human-machine interaction (hmi): a survey, Tech. Rep. CES-508, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex (2016)"},{"key":"1044_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heda, Y., Shah, R.: Covert channel design and detection techniques: a survey, In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONNECT), IEEE, Bangalore, 2015, pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/CONECCT.2015.7383926"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1145\/3177230","volume":"61","author":"M Guri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guri, M., Elovici, Y.: Bridgeware: the air-gap malware. ACM 61(4), 74\u201382 (2018)","journal-title":"ACM"},{"key":"1044_CR18","unstructured":"Choukimath, B.: Ask modulation simulation in multisim (2015)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR19","first-page":"2581","volume":"4","author":"S Sushmaja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sushmaja, S., Noorbasha, F.: Implementation of binary shift keying techniques. Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. (IJETT) 4(6), 2581\u20132583 (2013)","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. (IJETT)"},{"key":"1044_CR20","unstructured":"The physical layer of communication systems, http:\/\/www.sis.pitt.edu\/prashk\/inf1072\/Fall16\/modulation.pdf, chapter 14, pp. 675\u2013714 (2016)"},{"key":"1044_CR21","unstructured":"Digital modulation: One bit at a time (2019)"},{"key":"1044_CR22","unstructured":"Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling, last edited April 2020 (2020)"},{"key":"1044_CR23","unstructured":"What is ofdm: orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, https:\/\/www.electronics-notes.com\/articles\/radio\/multicarrier-modulation\/ofdm-orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing-what-is-tutorial-basics.php, accessed: 2024-11-16 (2020)"},{"key":"1044_CR24","unstructured":"What is the purpose of 8b\/10b encoding?, https:\/\/electronics.stackexchange.com\/questions\/84979\/what-is-the-purpose-of-8b-10b-encoding, accessed: October 2013 (2013)"},{"key":"1044_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naz, M.T., Zeki, A.M.: A review of various attack methods on air-gapped systems, in: 2020 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing and Technologies (3ICT), IEEE, 2020, pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/3ICT51146.2020.9311995"},{"issue":"20","key":"1044_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2020.0253","volume":"14","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Peng, S., Liu, L., Su, S., Cao, Y.: Review on GPS spoofing-based time synchronisation attack on power system. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib 14(20), 4301\u20134309 (2020)","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib"},{"key":"1044_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.08.002","volume":"70","author":"N Nissim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nissim, N., Yahalom, R., Elovici, Y.: Usb-based attacks. Comput. Secur. 70, 675\u2013688 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"1044_CR28","volume":"51","author":"M Guri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guri, M., Solewicz, Y., Elovici, Y.: Speaker-to-speaker covert ultrasonic communication. J. Inform. Secur. Appl. 51, 102458 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Inform. Secur. Appl."},{"issue":"6","key":"1044_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063215","volume":"23","author":"J Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park, J., et al.: A survey on air-gap attacks: fundamentals, transport means, attack scenarios and challenges. Sensors 23(6), 3215 (2023)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1044_CR30","unstructured":"Lampson,B.: A note on the confinement problem, Communications of the ACM (1973) 1\u20135"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v10.i2.pp490-497","volume":"10","author":"F Jabar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jabar, F., Mohammad, J., Zain, A., Hasan, A.: Data exfiltration of ultrasonic signal in computer security system: a review. IJEECS 10(2), 490\u2013497 (2018)","journal-title":"IJEECS"},{"key":"1044_CR32","unstructured":"Chang, P., Bagci, I., Roedig, U., Yan, J.: Sonarsnoop: active acoustic side-channel attacks, arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.10250v1 (2018) 1\u201313"},{"key":"1044_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhang, P., Wang, F., Wu, X.: Design and implementation of the information transmission system based on ultrasound, in: IEEE 8th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC). IEEE, Chongqing, China 2019, 1862\u20131865 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITAIC.2019.8785630","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAIC.2019.8785630"},{"key":"1044_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Solewicz, Y., Daidakulov, A., Elovici, Y.: Acoustic data exfiltration from speakerless air gapped computers via covert hard drive noise, in: Proceeding of the European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Oslo, 2017, pp. 98\u2013115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66399-9_6"},{"key":"1044_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Solewicz, Y., Daidakulov, A., Elovici, Y.: Fansmitter: acoustic data exfiltration from (speakerless) air-gapped computers, arXiv 1606.05915 (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66399-9_6"},{"key":"1044_CR36","unstructured":"Guri, M., Elovici, Y., Shamir, A.: Mosquito: covert channel communication via audio transmissions, IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive (2018)"},{"key":"1044_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Solewicz, Y., Daidakulov, A., Elovici, Y.: Diskfiltration: Data exfiltration from speakerless air-gapped computers via covert hard drive noise (2016). arXiv:1608.03431","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66399-9_6"},{"key":"1044_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Solewicz, Y., Elovici, Y.: Fansmitter: acoustic data exfiltration from air-gapped computers via fans noise, Computers and Security, Elsevier (2020) 1\u201314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101721"},{"key":"1044_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koeune, F., Standaert, F.: A Tutorial on Physical Security and Side-Channel Attacks. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2005)","DOI":"10.1007\/11554578_3"},{"key":"1044_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bartolini, D., Miedl, P., Thiele, L.: On the capacity of thermal covert channels in multicores, in: Proceeding of the Eleventh European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys), Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2016, pp. 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155386","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155386"},{"key":"1044_CR41","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Zhang, W., Yu, N.: Data exfiltration via multipurpose rfid cards and countermeasures, arXiv 1902.00676v3 (2019) 1\u201314"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR42","first-page":"183","volume":"9","author":"K Yamamoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamamoto, K., Hirose, M., Saito, T.: Data exfiltration from air gapped computers based on arm CPU. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. (IJACSA) 9(1), 183\u2013190 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. (IJACSA)"},{"key":"1044_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Kedma, G., Kachlon, A., Elovici, Y.: Airhopper: bridging the air-gap between isolated networks and mobile phones using radio frequencies, in: Proceedings of the 2014 9th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software: The Americas (MALWARE), 2014, pp. 58\u201367","DOI":"10.1109\/MALWARE.2014.6999418"},{"key":"1044_CR44","unstructured":"Guri, M., Kachlon, A., Kedma, G., Mirsky, Y., Elovici, Y.: Gsmem: data exfiltration from air gapped computers over gsm frequencies, in: 24th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Association, 2015, pp. 848\u2013864"},{"key":"1044_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Monitz, M., Elovici, Y.: Usbee: air-gap covert-channel via electromagnetic emission from usb, in: 14th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, IEEE, Auckland, 2016, pp. 264\u2013268","DOI":"10.1109\/PST.2016.7906972"},{"key":"1044_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, Z., Zhang, Z., Koutsoukos, X.: Bitjabber: the world\u2019s fastest electromagnetic covert channel, in: HOST IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust, 2020, pp. December 6\u20139, 2020","DOI":"10.1109\/HOST45689.2020.9300268"},{"key":"1044_CR47","unstructured":"Schneir on Security, Cottonmouth-iii: Nsa exploit of the day, https:\/\/www.schneier.com\/blog\/archives\/2014\/03\/cottonmouth-iii.html (March 2014)"},{"key":"1044_CR48","unstructured":"NSA Playset, Turnipschool, http:\/\/www.nsaplayset.org\/turnipschool (2024)"},{"key":"1044_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Ji, X., Xu, W., Chen, Y., Tang, Y., Qu, G.: Magview: a distributed magnetic covert channel via video encoding and decoding, in: IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2020, pp. 357\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155386","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155386"},{"key":"1044_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2016.7428065","volume":"2016","author":"N Matyunin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matyunin, N., Szefer, J., Biedermann, S., Katzenbeisser, S.: Covert channels using mobile device\u2019s magnetic field sensors, in, 21st Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC). Macau 2016, 525\u2013532 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASPDAC.2016.7428065","journal-title":"Macau"},{"key":"1044_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Zadov, B., Daidakulov, A., Elovici, Y.: Odini: escaping sensitive data from faraday-caged, air-gapped computers via magnetic fields, arXiv:1802.02700v1 (2018) 1\u201318","DOI":"10.1109\/PST.2018.8514196"},{"key":"1044_CR52","unstructured":"Guri, M., Daidakulov, A., Elovici, Y.: Magneto: covert channel between air-gapped systems and nearby smartphones via cpu-generated magnetic fields (2018). arXiv:1802.02317"},{"key":"1044_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2938404","volume":"15","author":"M Guri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guri, M., Zadov, B., Elovici, Y.: Odini: escaping sensitive data from faraday-caged, air-gapped computers via magnetic fields. IEEE Transact. Inform. Forens. Secur. 15, 1190\u20131203 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Transact. Inform. Forens. Secur."},{"key":"1044_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robles-Durazno, A., Moradpoor, N., McWhinnie, J., Russell, G.: Waterleakage: a stealthy malware for data exfiltration on industrial control systems using visual channels, in: 2019 IEEE 15th International Conference on Control and Automation (ICCA), Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2019, pp. 724\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCA.2019.8899564","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCA.2019.8899564"},{"key":"1044_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1109\/IIPHDW.2018.8388344","volume":"2018","author":"D Bak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bak, D., Mazurek, P.: Air-gap data transmission using screen brightness modulation, in, International Interdisciplinary PhD Workshop (IIPhDW). Swinouj\u015bcie 2018, 147\u2013150 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IIPHDW.2018.8388344","journal-title":"Swinouj\u015bcie"},{"key":"1044_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Bykhovsky, D., Elovici, Y.: Air-jumper: covert air-gap exfiltration\/infiltration via security cameras and infrared (ir), Computers and Security (2018) 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.11.004"},{"key":"1044_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Zadov, B., Bykhovsky, D., Elovici, Y.: Ctrl-alt-led: leaking data from air-gapped computers via keyboard leds, in: 43rd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), IEEE, 2019, pp. 801\u2013810","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2019.00118"},{"key":"1044_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Zadov, B., Daidakulov, A., Elovici,Y.: xled: covert data exfiltration from air-gapped networks via switch and router leds, in: IEEE, 2018, pp. 1\u201312","DOI":"10.1109\/PST.2018.8514196"},{"key":"1044_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopes, A., Aranha, D.: Platform-agnostic low-intrusion optical data exfiltration, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Information Systems Security and Privacy (ICISSP), 2017, pp. 474\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0006211504740480","DOI":"10.5220\/0006211504740480"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2842116","volume":"6","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Zhang, W., Yang, Z., Yu, N.: Optical exfiltration of data via keyboard led status indicators to IP cameras. IEEE Int. Things J. 6(2), 1541\u20131550 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2842116","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Things J."},{"key":"1044_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Solewicz, Y., Daidakulov, A., Elovici, Y.: Mosquito: covert ultrasonic transmissions between two air-gapped computers using speaker-to-speaker communication, arXiv:1803.03422v2 (2018) 1\u201312","DOI":"10.1109\/DESEC.2018.8625124"},{"key":"1044_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto, K., Hirose, M., Saito, T.: Data exfiltration from air-gapped computers based on arm cpu, Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 9(1), (2018)","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2018.090125"},{"key":"1044_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Monitz, M., Mirsky, Y., Elovici, Y.: Bitwhisper: Covert signaling channel between air-gapped computers using thermal manipulations, in, IEEE 28th Computer Security Foundations Symposium. Verona, Italy 2015, 276\u2013289 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/CSF.2015.26"},{"key":"1044_CR64","unstructured":"Mirsky, Y., Guri, M., Elovici, Y.: Hvacker: bridging the air-gap by manipulating the environment temperature, arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.10454 (2018)"},{"key":"1044_CR65","unstructured":"Mirsky, Y., Guri, M., Elovici, Y.: Hvacker: bridging the air-gap by attacking the air conditioning system, arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.10454 (2018)"},{"key":"1044_CR66","unstructured":"Levels of representation (how it works), online (2013)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1044_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2018.8300280","volume":"15","author":"B Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, B., Ni, M., Fan, P.: Powermitter: data exfiltration from air-gapped computer through switching power supply. China Commun. 15(2), 170\u2013189 (2018)","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"1044_CR68","unstructured":"Radha, R., Gurupranesh, P.: Electromagnetic radiation from electronic appliances, in: International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Management, 2015, pp. 41\u201346"},{"key":"1044_CR69","unstructured":"Thiele, E.: Tempest for eliza, http:\/\/www.erikyyy.de\/tempest (2011)"},{"key":"1044_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., et\u00a0al.: Watch out your thumb drive: covert data theft from portable data storage via backscatter, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2023.3305607"},{"key":"1044_CR71","unstructured":"Faraday cage \/ for healthcare facilities, https:\/\/www.medicalexpo.com\/prod\/holland-shielding-systems\/product-78247-478191.html (2024)"},{"key":"1044_CR72","unstructured":"Emc for systems and installations part 4: filtering and shielding (2018)"},{"key":"1044_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M.: Air-gap electromagnetic covert channel, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2023.3300035"},{"key":"1044_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Ji, X., Xu, W., Chen, Y., Tang, Y., Qu, G.: Magview: a distributed magnetic covert channel via video encoding and decoding, in: IEEE INFOCOM 2020, IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2020, pp. 357\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155386","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155386"},{"key":"1044_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matyunin, N., Szefer, J., Biedermann, S., Katzenbeisser, S.: Covert channels using mobile device\u2019s magnetic field sensors, in, 21st Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC). Macau 2016, 525\u2013532 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASPDAC.2016.7428065","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2016.7428065"},{"key":"1044_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M., Zadov, B., Elovici, Y.: Odini: escaping sensitive data from faraday-caged, air-gapped computers via magnetic fields. IEEE Transact. Inform. Forens. Secur. 15, 1190\u20131203 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2938404"},{"key":"1044_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1109\/ICM60448.2023.10378946","volume":"2023","author":"N Bakir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakir, N., Samrouth, A., Samrouth, K.: Pso-ga-based federated learning for predicting energy consumption in smart buildings. Int Conf Microelectron (ICM) 2023, 234\u2013238 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICM60448.2023.10378946","journal-title":"Int Conf Microelectron (ICM)"},{"key":"1044_CR78","unstructured":"Led board tracking opencv, https:\/\/github.com\/rauferreira\/LED-board-tracking-OpenCV (2014)"},{"key":"1044_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollmer, M.: Infrared thermal imaging, in: Computer vision: a Reference Guide, Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 666\u2013670","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63416-2_844"},{"key":"1044_CR80","unstructured":"Guri, M., et al.: Powerhammer: exfiltrating data from air-gapped computers through power lines, arXiv:1804.04014v1 (April 2018)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1044_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3379473","volume":"4","author":"Z Shao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shao, Z., Islam, M., Ren, S.: Your noise, my signal: exploiting switching noise for stealthy data exfiltration from desktop computers. Proc ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst. 4(1), 1\u201339 (2020)","journal-title":"Proc ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"1044_CR82","unstructured":"Sin, M.: Why do ssds emit an audible noise when reading\/writing even though they supposedly contain\u2018no moving parts\u2019?, https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Why-do-SSDs-emit-an-audible-noise-when-reading-writing-even-though-they-supposedly-contain-no-moving-parts (February 2018)"},{"key":"1044_CR83","unstructured":"Automatic acoustic management (March 2020)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1044_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2391\/JCC.2020.04.010","volume":"17","author":"W Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Xu, M.: A novel method for detecting disk filtration attacks via the various machine learning algorithms. China Commun. 17(4), 99\u2013108 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2391\/JCC.2020.04.010","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"1044_CR85","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et\u00a0al.: Understanding the effectiveness of ultrasonic microphone jammers, arXiv:1904.08490v1 1(1): 1\u201317 (2019)"},{"key":"1044_CR86","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Nie, K.: Aiming to detect a malware of gsm frequency, arXiv:1705.04785v1 (2017) 1\u20137"},{"key":"1044_CR87","unstructured":"Block radio waves, https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/bring-science-home-block-radio-waves (December 2011)"},{"key":"1044_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brake, H., Wieringa, H., Rogalla, H.: Improvement of the performance of a mu-metal magnetically shielded room by means of active compensation, Meas. Sci. Technol. 596\u2013601 (1991)","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/2\/7\/004"},{"key":"1044_CR89","unstructured":"Nield, D.: How to make sure no one is spying on your computer, https:\/\/www.popsci.com\/find-and-remove-spyware (November 2019)"},{"key":"1044_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guri, M. et\u00a0al.: Brightness: leaking sensitive data from air-gapped workstations via screen brightness, in: 2019 12th CMI Conference on Cybersecurity and Privacy, IEEE, 2019, pp. 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSEE.2018.8646277","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSEE.2018.8646277"},{"key":"1044_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guri, M.: Air-viber: exfiltrating data from air-gapped computers via covert surface vibrations, arXiv:2004.06195v1 (April 2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2952257"},{"key":"1044_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El\u00a0Tawil, A.A., Samrouth, K.: Iews: a free open source intelligent early warning system based on machine learning, in: 2023 11th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS), 2023, pp. 1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISDFS58141.2023.10131709","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDFS58141.2023.10131709"},{"key":"1044_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samrouth, K., Husseini, P., Olivier, D.: Siamese network-based detection of deepfake impersonation attacks. Commun. Appl. ACM Transact. Multimedia Comput. (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3708352"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Information Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10207-025-01044-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10207-025-01044-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10207-025-01044-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T10:11:07Z","timestamp":1750500667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10207-025-01044-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-025-01044-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1615-5262","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"146"}}