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However, challenges persist, including scalability, interoperability with legacy systems, and the need for rigorous real-world validation of incident response effectiveness. Furthermore, we identify common shortcomings in existing research, such as algorithmic flaws, inadequate validation, poor metric reporting, and insufficient threat modeling, all of which impact incident-handling capabilities. Despite these limitations, our systematic analysis underscores that DTs can significantly bolster CI security for incident detection and response when these challenges are addressed. To our knowledge, this work provides the first full-fledged survey uniquely and specifically focused on DT-enabled cybersecurity incident detection and response within CI contexts, addressing a critical gap not comprehensively covered by prior reviews and serving as a foundational resource for stakeholders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-025-01113-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T06:04:13Z","timestamp":1755756253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Digital Twin-Enabled Incident Detection and Response: A Systematic Review of Critical Infrastructures Applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos E.","family":"Kampourakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Gkioulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Kavallieratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103383","volume":"133","author":"V Kampourakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kampourakis, V., Gkioulos, V., Katsikas, S.: A systematic literature review on wireless security testbeds in the cyber-physical realm. 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